Wiktionary digraphDigraph may refer to Digraph orthography , a pair of characters used together to represent a single sound, such as sh in English Typographical ligature , the joining of two letters as a single glyph, such as Digraph computing , a two character sequence used in computing to enter a single conceptual character Digraph or directed graph , in graph theory Digraph, component of a CIA cryptonym , a covert code name disambiguation de Digraph fr Digraphe la Digraphum th ... more details
Or is a Digraph orthography digraph in some languages, such as Daighi tongiong pingim Taiwanese language . Taiwanese Or is a digraph in Daighi tongiong pingim , a writing system for Taiwanese Hokkien , standing for mid central vowel or o close mid back rounded vowel ref http www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk ipa vowels.html IPA Vowels ref ref , Taiwanese Tong iong Pingim Dictionary , , Tainan City , Jul 2006 . ref See also Close back unrounded vowel Reference reflist External links http www.dang.idv.tw Formosa Culture small traditional Chinese small http gdtcuax.blogspot.com Daiuan Giannwborx Category Latin digraphs and trigraphs zh Or ... more details
wiktionary The DB Digraph orthography digraph Unicode & x238 , is a ligature of Latin alphabet Latin d and b , and used in Africanist linguistics for the transcription of certain African languages , to represent IPAblink b . Unicode & x238 was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U 0238 small LATIN SMALL LETTER DB DIGRAPH small . As of 2006 , only a handful of typeface fonts can display the character. These include Charis SIL , Code2000 , Doulos SIL and DejaVu fonts . References http www.fileformat.info info unicode char 0238 index.htm Unicode Character LATIN SMALL LETTER DB DIGRAPH U 0238 cite book last Pullum first Geoffrey K. authorlink Geoffrey K. Pullum coauthors Ladusaw, William A. year 1996 title Phonetic Symbol Guide publisher University of Chicago Press page 159 See also Latin alphabet Category Latin alphabet ligatures DB Category Phonetic transcription symbols DB Category Latin digraphs and trigraphs Latin alphabet stub no Db bokstav ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Sh is a digraph orthography digraph of the Latin alphabet , a combination of S and H . European languages English In English language English , sh usually represents IPAblink . The exception is in compound word s, where the s and h are not a digraph, but pronounced separately, e.g. hogshead is hogs head IPA h z.h d , not hog shead IPA h . d . Sh is not considered a distinct letter for collation purposes. American Literary braille includes a single cell contraction for the digraph with the dot pattern 1 4 6 . It stands for the word shall in isolation. Spanish In Spanish, sh appears in loan words like shampoo , pronounced sometimes IPAblink , sometimes IPAblink t . The combination also appears in compound words such as wikt deshecho deshecho , mainly combinations of prefix des and a word beginning with h in these cases it is not a digraph, as the letter s is pronounced normally, i.e., IPAblink s , and the h is silent as usual. Albanian In Albanian language Albanian , sh represents IPAblink . It is considered a distinct letter, named sh ,and placed between S and T in the albanian alphabet . German In German language German , sh is used to transliterate Cyrillic , pronounced as IPA in Russian language Russian . It is often replaced with trigraph sch , which normally represents IPA . Irish In Irish language Irish sh is pronounced IPA h and represents the Irish initial mutations lenition of s for example mo shaol IPA m hi my life cf. saol IPA s i life . Occitan In Occitan language Occitan , sh represents IPAblink . It mostly occurs in the Gascon language Gascon dialect of Occitan and corresponds with s or ss in other Occitan ... shamp shampoo . For s h , see Interpunct Occitan . Other languages Uyghur Language SH sh , a digraph ... , which is written x in Pinyin, hs digraph hs in Wade Giles, and sy digraph sy in Yale ... In Ido , sh represents IPAblink . DEFAULTSORT Sh Digraph Category Latin digraphs and trigraphs br ... more details
Nh is a digraph orthography digraph of the Latin alphabet , a combination of N and H . Together with Lh digraph L lh and the interpunct , it was a typical feature of Old Occitan language Old Occitan , the language used by Middle Ages medieval troubadour s. African languages In some African languages , nh is used to represent a dental IPAblink n . Clarify date November 2010 Is there an example of which languages? In the Orthography for languages of Guinea pre 1985 pre 1985 orthography of Guinea for its languages, nh represented a velar IPAblink , which is currently written . Asian languages In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese , initial nh indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in IPA n , which is otherwise spelled n . Japanese Early romanization s of Japanese language Japanese sometimes used nh to represent a prepalatal. Today, this is usually written ny digraph ny . Vietnamese In Vietnamese language Vietnamese , nh represents a palatal IPAblink word initially. It was formerly considered a distinct letter, but is no longer. When this digraph occurs word finally, its phonetic value varies between dialects In the northern dialect, it represents a velar nasal IPA , just as Ng digraph ng does however, its presence may alter the pronunciation of the preceding vowel. For example, banh is pronounced IPA ba , as opposed to IPA ba bang . In the southern dialect, it represents an alveolar nasal IPA n and shortens the preceding vowel. The Vietnamese alphabet inherited this digraph from the Portuguese orthography . Australian languages In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages , nh represents a dental IPAblink n . Due to allophony , it may also represent a palatal IPAblink . European languages Occitan In Occitan language Occitan ... borrowed this digraph from Occitan. ref Jean Pierre JUGE 2001 Petit pr cis Chronologie occitane ... Practical Orthography of African Languages DEFAULTSORT Nh Digraph Category Latin digraphs and trigraphs ... more details
Other uses Digraph disambiguation Refimprove date May 2009 IPA notice Image Lldigraph.png thumb In Welsh, the Ll digraphdigraph Ll , ll fused for a time into a typographic ligature ligature . See list of Latin digraphs list of Cyrillic digraphs A digraph or digram from the lang el d s double and ... used by the language. Usually, the term digraph is reserved for grapheme s whose pronunciation is always .... cn date December 2011 this doesn t seem like a logical necessity. Types of digraph also List ... digraph strategy in many orthographies. Heterogeneous consonant digraphs in English include ch digraph ... when used as an etymological digraph in words of Greek origin, less commonly to IPA voiceless postalveolar fricative in words of French origin. ci usually appears as IPA before vowels. Gh digraph ... IPA s voiceless alveolar fricative or IPA voiceless postalveolar fricative before e or i . Sh digraph sh represents IPA voiceless postalveolar fricative . Th digraph th usually corresponds to IPA ... information on English, see English orthography . There is also a split digraph , which has ..., though it does not represent a different sound from l , being essentially an etymological digraph ... between vowels is normally voiced, IPA z . In German language German , this digraph was fused into the ligature . In Romance languages such as Spanish or Catalan language Catalan , rr digraph rr ... flap IPA the two are different phonemes in these languages . In Spanish the digraph nn ... Spanish . In Portuguese language Portuguese , the digraph nh indicates IPA equivalent to Spanish ... as in Dd digraph dd , ll , tt digraph tt . Note however that Rr digraph rr is a trill contrasting ... dialects. For example, in Breton language Breton there is a digraph zh that is pronounced IPA z in most dialects, but IPA h in Vannetais. Similarly, the Saintongeais dialect of French has a digraph ... has a digraph ix that is pronounced IPA in Eastern Catalan , but IPA j or IPA js in Western Catalan ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Gh is a digraph orthography digraph found in many languages. In Latin based orthographies English In English language English , gh historically represented IPA x the voiceless velar fricative , as in the Scottish Gaelic word loch . In modern English, gh is almost always either silent or pronounced IPA f see Ough combination ough . It is thought that before disappearing, the sound became partially or completely voiced to IPA x or IPA , which would explain the new spelling Old English language Old English used a simple h and the diphthongization of any preceding vowel. When gh occurs at the beginning of a word in English, it is pronounced IPA as in ghost , ghastly , ghoul , ghetto , ghee etc. In this context, it does not derive from a former IPA x . American Literary Braille has a dedicated cell pattern for the digraph gh dots 1 2 6 . Esperanto In Esperanto orthography , gh can be used when printers lack type for . Galician In Galician language Galician , it is often used to represent the pronunciation of gheada . Irish In Irish language Irish , gh represents IPA the voiced velar fricative and IPA j the Palatal approximant voiced palatal approximant . Word initially it represents the Irish initial mutations lenition of g , for example mo ghiall IPA ga m ji l my jaw cf. giall IPA ga i l jaw . Italian In Italian language Italian and Romanian language Romanian , gh represents IPA the voiced velar plosive before e and i . Maltese The Maltese language has a related digraph, g . It is considered a single letter, called g ajn the same word for eye and spring hydrosphere spring , named for the corresponding Arabic letter Ayin ayin . It is usually silent, but it is necessary to be included because it changes the pronunciation of neighbouring ... IPA the velar consonant before a , e , i , o , and u . Uyghur language GH gh , a digraph ... of English consonants List of Latin digraphs Yogh DEFAULTSORT Gh Digraph Category Latin digraphs ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Th is a digraph orthography digraph in the Latin script . It is the most common digraph in order of frequency in the English language. ref http scottbryce.com cryptograms stats.htm ref Stops Cluster t.h The most literal use of th is to represent a consonant cluster of t and h as in English knighthood . A phoneme cluster does not technically constitute a digraph, which strictly symbolizes a single phoneme. Aspirated t The digraph th was introduced in Latin , which used it to transliterate the letter theta , in loans from Ancient Greek Greek . Theta was pronounced as an aspirated stop IPA t in Classical Greek Classical and Koine Greek . th is used in academic transcription systems to represent letters in oriental alphabets which have the value IPA t . According to Royal Thai General System of Transcription , for example, th represents a series of Thai language Thai letters with the value IPA t . t Because neither IPA t nor IPA were native phonemes in Latin, the digraph th came to be pronounced IPA t . The spelling retained the digraph for etymological reasons. This practice was then borrowed into German language German , French language French and other languages, where th still appears in originally Greek words but is pronounced IPA t . See German orthography . Interlingua also employs this pronunciation. In early modern times, French, German and English all expanded this by analogy to words in which there is no etymological reason for it, but for the most part the modern spelling systems have eliminated this. Examples of unetymological th in English is the name of the River Thames Etymology River Thames from Middle English Temese and the name ... eth to represent this sound. The digraph th gradually superseded these letters in Middle English . Languages ... and fell out of wide use in English by the 15th century, being superseded by the digraph th . The sounds ... Two letter combinations Footnotes Reflist DEFAULTSORT Th Digraph Category English th Category Latin ... more details
Ny is a digraph in a number of languages such as Catalan language Catalan , Hungarian language Hungarian , Malay language Malay , and Luganda Ganda . In most of these languages, including all of the ones named above, it denotes the palatal nasal IPA . It has had widespread use for languages of West Africa , though in some countries the IPA letter, Unicode , is now used. It is sometimes used in modern Spanish language Spanish where cannot be used, such as in earlier computer programming or Internet domain name s. ref name nic.es FAQ about .es domain names https www.nic.es faqs que puede.html cuatro Cuando se pueda usar la letra , existe alguna preferencia para solicitar nombres de dominio? . N or ny are mentioned as substitutes for . ref Aragonese The writing of the palatal nasal in Aragonese language Aragonese has been a matter of debate since the first orthographic codification of the language graf a de Uesca in 1987 by the Consello d a Fabla Aragonesa at a convention in Huesca . Medieval Aragonese had used several different digraphs, but the two preferable options were as in Spanish or ny as in Catalan . was the one chosen and it has been used in almost all texts of the last decades, although the subject remained controversial, and some writers continued to promote the use of the digraph ny . Ny is used in an alternative Aragonese orthography , the graf a SLA devised in 2004 by the Sociedat de Ling istica Aragonesa in 2004. Some orthographic conventions might be revised by the Academia de l Aragon s , created in 2006 but, As of 2008 lc on , it had not decided ... letter but a consonantal digraph n followed by y to represent IPA . The letter y in Catalan is only used to form ny and has no other purpose when writing the language. We find this digraph in any ... language Indonesian , ny represents the palatal nasal IPA . Until 1972, this digraph was spelled ... DEFAULTSORT Ny Digraph Category Hungarian language Category Latin digraphs and trigraphs an Ny ca ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Dz is a digraph orthography digraph of the Latin alphabet , used in Polish language Polish , Kashubian language Kashubian , Macedonian language Macedonian , Slovak language Slovak , and Hungarian language Hungarian to represent IPAslink d z . In Dene Suline language Dene Suline Chipewyan and Cantonese Pinyin it represents IPAslink t s . In Polish dz generally represents IPAblink d z . However, when followed by i it is palatalized to IPAblink d . Examples of dz Audio Pl dzwon 2.ogg dz won bell br Audio Pl rodzaj.ogg ro dz aj kind, type Compare dz followed by i br Audio Pl dziecko.ogg dzi ecko child br Audio pl dziewczyna.ogg dzie wczyna girl, girlfriend In Lithuanian Empty section date July 2010 In Macedonian The Macedonian alphabet Macedonian digraph Dz , like in Polish alphabet Polish and Hungarian alphabet Hungarian represents a single phoneme. It is the Macedonian transliteration from the Cyrillic character Dze S not actually based on the Latin letter S . It is used as an extra grapheme the only sound and letter in the Macedonian alphabet to not have an equivalent in the alphabets of Serbo Croatian , which Macedonian adopted as part of its Macedonian alphabet The Second Committee and Adoption codification in the 1940s. The letter appears ninth in order between Gje and E in the Macedonian Latinic format. In Slovak In Slovak, the digraph dz is the ninth letter alphabet letter of the Slovak alphabet . Example words with this phoneme include me dz i between , among hr dz a dam , dike The digraph may never be divided by hyphenation me dz i me dz i hr dz a hr dz a However, when d and z come from different morpheme s, they are treated as separate letters, and must be divided by hyphenation o dz emok type of folk dance o d z e mok na dz vukov supersonic na d z vu ko v In both cases od from and nad above are a prefix to the stems zem ... DEFAULTSORT Dz Digraph Category Polish language Category Hungarian language Category Latin digraphs ... more details
, as in loch . Breton In Breton language Breton ch represents the IPAblink . This digraph should not be confused ... IPA t . Traditional Spanish alphabet Structure The letter ch is a digraph orthography digraph ... collation rules, so that for purposes of collation the digraph ch is now considered a sequence ... others. Breton language Breton has evolved a modified form of this digraph, c h for representing IPA ... The letter ch is a digraph orthography digraph consisting of the sequence of Latin alphabet grapheme ... century, the Czech language used to contain many digraph orthography digraphs like modern Polish language ... of Jan Hus . Besides ch , there is only one digraph used in the Czech language d , representing voiced postalveolar affricate . However, ch is the only Czech digraph which is treated as a single letter ... CH ch digraph , a digraph in Uyghur Uyghur Latin Y ziqi Uyghur Latin script , CH ch represents IPAlink ... Two letter combinations References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Ch Digraph Category Latin digraphs and trigraphs Category Article Feedback 5 als Ch Digraph an Ch ast Ch br Ch ca Ch cs Ch cy Ch da Ch de Ch Digraph es Ch eo Ch fa Ch fr Ch digramme ko CH it Ch digramma kw Ch sw Ch ht CH hu Ch digr f ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Sz is a digraph orthography digraph of the Latin alphabet , used in Hungarian language Hungarian , Polish language Polish , Kashubian language Kashubian , and formerly in German language German . Hungarian language Polish In Polish orthography , sz represents a voiceless retroflex fricative IPA , similar to English sh . It usually corresponds to Sha or in other Slavic languages. sz should not be confused with or s followed by i , termed soft sh , a voiceless alveolo palatal fricative IPA . Examples of sz Audio pl obszar.ogg ob sz ar area, territory br Audio Pl p aszcz.ogg p a sz cz coat, cloak Compare br Audio Pl wieca.ogg wieca candle br Audio Pl i .ogg i to go br Audio Pl sierpie .ogg si erpie August Kashubian In Kashubian language Kashubian , sz represents a voiceless postalveolar fricative IPA , like English sh . Examples These examples are Kashubian words that use the letter sz , with the English translation following. sz topi rz bat szczawa sorrel szcz ka jaw szcz ka pike szersz hornet Hungarian Sz is the thirty second letter of the Hungarian alphabet . Its name is using English language English pronunciation with letter romanization ess in the alphabet. It represents IPA s . Thus, names like Franz Liszt Liszt are pronounced IPA list list. In Hungarian, even if two characters are put together to make a different sound, they are considered one letter a true digraph , and even acronym s keep the letter intact. Hungarian usage of s and sz are the reverse of the Polish usage. In Hungarian, s represents IPA a sound similar to IPA . Therefore, the Hungarian capital of Budapest is natively pronounced IPA bud p t , rhyming with standard English fleshed rather than pest . More commonly, the last syllable is rhymed with flashed rather than past . Examples These examples are Hungarian words that use the letter sz ... DEFAULTSORT Sz Digraph Category Latin digraphs and trigraphs br Sz lizherenn hu Sz digr f pl Sz ... more details
and the Genootschap Onze Taal consider the ij to be a digraph of the letters i and j . There are a few Dutch compound words containing an ij that is not a digraph. An example is the mathematical .... In the Netherlands , when a word starting with IJ is capitalized, the entire digraph is capitalized ... rule for Dutch words. However, capitalization of the entire digraph is the norm. Usage Capitalization When a Dutch word starting with IJ is capitalized, the entire digraph is capitalized ... of the ISO 8859 character encoding s, and therefore the digraph is most often encoded as an i followed ... more details
to directed graph s on at least five vertices as the so called digraph reconstruction conjecture. Many results supporting the digraph reconstruction conjecture appeared between 1964 and 1976 ... year 1991 . ref The falsity of the digraph reconstruction conjecture caused doubt about the reconstruction ... to construct counterexamples. ref name s77 In 1979, Ramachandran revived the digraph reconstruction conjecture in a slightly weaker form called the new digraph reconstruction conjecture . In a digraph ... and is denoted by od v respectively, id v . New digraph reconstruction conjecture If D and E are any ... title A digraph reconstruction conjecture volume 8 year 1979 . ref ref citation last Ramachandran first ... B mr 630977 pages 143 149 title On a new digraph reconstruction conjecture volume 31 year 1981 . ref The new digraph reconstruction conjecture reduces to the reconstruction conjecture in the undirected ... vertices must have the same degree. Thus, the new digraph reconstruction conjecture is stronger than the reconstruction conjecture, but weaker than the disproved digraph reconstruction conjecture. Several families of digraphs have been shown to satisfy the new digraph reconstruction conjecture and these include all the digraphs in the known counterexample pairs to the digraph reconstruction conjecture. As of 2008, no counterexample to the new digraph reconstruction conjecture is known. References ... more details
NY can be an abbreviation for New York, see New York disambiguation ny can be a ny digraph letter or digraph in different alphabets and languages disambig fr NY sw NY ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 unicode Lower case minuscule unicode is a letter of the Latin alphabet . It was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986, when it was replaced by the digraph orthography digraph nd digraph nd . See also unicode Latin alphabet DEFAULTSORT D topbar Category Uncommon Latin letters typ stub de fr ja no pl zh ... more details
Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania a , Aa digraph aa , b , Mb digraph mb , , c , d , Nd digraph nd , , e , ee, f , g , ng , h , i , Ii digraph ii , j , Nj digraph nj , k , l , m , n , , , o , Oo digraph oo , p , r , s , t , u , Letter combination of uu uu , w , x , y , Guinea See also Orthography ... , i , j , Nj digraph nj , k , l , m , n , , , o , p , r , s , t , c , u , w , y , br Version 2 with keyboard ready characters a , b , bh, nb, c , d , Dh digraph dh , Nd digraph nd , e , f , g , ng , Gn digraph gn or Ny digraph ny , h , i , j , k , l , m , n , o , p , q , r , s , t , u , w , y ... from Fuuta Jalon , we are unable, so far, to find words that use the and Nj digraph nj characters ... , Mb digraph mb , n , Nd digraph nd , ng , Nj digraph nj , , , o , p , r , s , t , u , w , y , , Mali, Burkina Faso a , Aa digraph aa , b , Mb digraph mb , , c , d , Nd digraph nd , , e , ee, f , g , ng , h , i , Ii digraph ii , j , Nj digraph nj , k , l , m , n , , , o , Oo digraph ... a , Aa digraph aa , b , Mb digraph mb , , c , d , Nd digraph nd , , e , ee, f , g , ng , h , i , Ii digraph ii , j , Nj digraph nj , k , l , m , n , , ny , o , Oo digraph oo , p , r , s , t , u ... more details
ZH may stand for Canton of Z rich South Holland Zuid Holland Shenzhen Airlines IATA airline designator Zettahenry , an SI unit of inductance Chinese language List of ISO 639 1 codes ISO 639 1 , zh based on the native name of the Chinese language &mdash zhongwen &mdash and as used in the Wikipedia to represent zh WP the Chinese Wikipedia . Zhe Cyrillic , a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet Zh digraph , a digraph in some languages, such as Albanian, Uyghur Uyghur Latin Y ziqi Uyghur Latin script and pinyin Chinese When transliterating into English, zh is the usual digraph for the sound IPAblink in languages such as Russian In Uyghur Latin Y ziqi Uyghur Latin script Digraph Zh is for the sound IPAblink . disambiguation de ZH eo ZH fa ZH fr ZH ko ZH it ZH lt ZH ja ZH pl Zh pt ZH ro ZH ru Zh sq Zh fi Zh zh ZH ... more details
Digram can refer to a bigram or digram, a sequence of two words, syllables, or letters a digraph orthography , a pair of letters used to write one speech sound a Tai Xuan Jing Symbol with two lines disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 unicode Lower case minuscule unicode is a letter of the Latin alphabet . It is similar to the Cyrillic script Cyrillic in appearance. A very similar glyph has also sometimes been used for the uppercase form of unicode . It was used in the Zhuang alphabet from 1957 to 1986, when it was replaced by the digraph orthography digraph mb digraph mb . In upside down text , the letter in lowercase form is often used as a substitute for turned g for its wider availability in fonts such as Verdana Verdana Ref and Georgia typeface Georgia than other substitutes, such as the real Unicode turned g and another substitute, B with hook . See also unicode unicode Latin alphabet DEFAULTSORT B topbar Category Uncommon Latin letters typ stub de fr ja no zh ... more details
unicode lowercase unicode is a Latin letter z with a swash tail encoded by Unicode , at codepoints U 2C7F for uppercase and U 0240 for lowercase was used as a phonetic transcription phonetic symbol by linguists studying African languages to represent a voiced labio alveolar fricative IPAblink z . ref http std.dkuug.dk jtc1 sc2 WG2 docs n2799.pdf Proposal to add two Africanist phonetic characters to the UCS , Michael Everson & Peter Constable, June 12, 2004. ref ref http std.dkuug.dk JTC1 SC2 wg2 docs n3447.pdf Proposal to encode two phonetic characters and two Shona characters , Lorna A. Priest, October 2, 2007. ref In 1931, it was adopted into the orthography of Shona language Shona for a whistled z , but it was dropped in 1955 due to the lack of the character on typewriter s and typeface font s. Today the digraph orthography digraph zv digraph zv is used. Notes and references references See also unicode unicode Z with hook Latin alphabet Z Category Uncommon Latin letters Z Category Phonetic transcription symbols Z Writingsystem stub de ... more details
wiktionary ow OW or ow may refer to ow digraph Obwalden , a canton of Switzerland Executive Airlines IATA code disambiguation DEFAULTSORT Ow cs OW de OW eo OW fr OW ko OW it OW sw OW nl OW ja OW ... more details
Xh or XH can refer to the International Telecommunications Union callsign prefix for Mexico Xhosa language ISO 639 alpha 2 code Xh digraph disambig Category Initialisms de XH fr XH it XH sw XH lt XH ja XH sq Xh fi Xh ... more details
Following independence, the government of Guinea adopted rules of transcription for the languages of Guinea based on the 26 letter ISO basic Latin alphabet basic Latin alphabet . This included use of various digraphs for sounds not represented in European languages. Guinea language orthography This system was widely used within the country but differed from the orthographies of neighboring countries of West Africa , as developed in the wake of the 1966 Bamako conference on harmonizing orthographies of the languages of the region. Following the change of government in 1984, it was decided to adopt an orthography similar to the African reference alphabet used elsewhere in the region. ref Diallo, Alpha Mamadou, Usages et images des langues en guin e , Universit de Conakry. http www.unice.fr ILF CNRS ofcaf 19 DIALLO.pdf ref ref Diallo, Amadou tude sur le r le de l ducation non formelle dans la strat gie de r duction de la pauvret SRP en Guin e , Minist re du Plan de la R publique de Guin e GTZ, Conakry 3 2006. http www.srp guinee.org download diallo education non formelle et srp.pdf ref A tentative and incomplete table follows class wikitable class sortable Pre 1985 Post 1985 Language s IPA value Bh digraph bh Pular language Pular IPA Dh digraph dh Pular language Pular IPA Gh digraph gh Pular language Pular IPA Kh digraph kh x Susu language Susu IPA Nh digraph nh Pular language Pular , Maninka language Maninka IPA Ny digraph ny Pular language Pular , Maninka language Maninka , Susu language Susu IPA Yh digraph yh Pular language Pular IPA Maninka language Maninka , Susu language Susu IPA Maninka language Maninka , Susu language Susu IPA Dy digraph dy j Maninka language Maninka IPA Ty digraph ty c Maninka language Maninka IPA References reflist Category Latin alphabets Category Writing systems of Africa Category Multilingual orthographies Guinea stub Writingsystem stub ... more details
Poles adopted the Latin alphabet in the 12th century. This alphabet, however, was ill equipped to deal with Polish phonology , particularly the palatal consonant s now written as , , , D digraph d , the retroflex consonant retroflex group now Sz digraph sz , , and Cz digraph cz as well as the nasal vowels now written as , . Consequently, Polish spelling in the Middle Ages was highly inconsistent as writers struggled to adapt the Latin alphabet to the needs of the Polish language. There was no unified system different writers came up with different systems before the modern Polish orthography was firmly established. In the earliest documents the letter c could signify c, cz , or k while the letter z was used for , z, , and . Writers soon began to experiment with Digraph orthography digraph s combinations of letters , new letters and , and eventually diacritic s. Some examples from the Bull of Gniezno 1136 and the Holy Cross Sermons 13th 14th centuries class wikitable sortable Modern Middle Ages Examples with modern orthography in brackets Nasal vowels , am, an, e, em, en, o, um, un, Dambnizia D bnica , Chrustov Chrz st w , s si , sa s c, ch, cz, t Chotan Chocian , cynich czyni , czyalo cia o Cz digraph cz c, ch, che Lunciz czyca , Bichek Byczek , rech rzecz , uciny uczyni Dz digraph dz c, cz, dz, z Zeraz Sieradz , drudzi drudzy , doracy doradzi , pyeny cz pieni dz i i, y faly chwali , ubogy ubogi j g, i, j, y ienze, iaco jako , Voibor k c, ck, k Cochan Kochan , Curassek Kurasek , ktore kt re , taco tako , peckle piekle Rz digraph rz r, rz np. Krisan Krzy an , przichodzi przychodzi , grzechow grzech w s s, ss, z gloz g os , gest, sstokrocz stokro s, sch, ssy, sy swyata wiata , swyeczsk wieczk , prossycz prosi , syadl siad Sz digraph sz s, sch, ss, sz Calis Kalisz , Gneuos Gniewosz , schuka szuka , napelnysz nape nisz , masch masz t t, th themu temu , thu tu u u, v trvdnem, uznaie uznaje , vczil uczy , Bogvmil Bogumi w u, ... more details
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