dabconcept Ethnic intolerance can refer to the following ethnic hatred ethnic conflict discrimination racism ethnic nationalism disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
File Morto i Serbi.jpg thumb 250px Graffiti saying Death to Serbs on the destroyed Serbian Orthodox St. George cathedral in Prizren , International recognition of Kosovo disputed region of Kosovo Ethnic hatred , inter ethnic hatred , racial hatred , or ethnic tension refers to feelings and acts of prejudice and hostility towards an ethnic group in various degrees. See list of anti ethnic and anti national terms for specific cases. There are multiple origins for ethnic hatred and the resulting ethnic conflict s. In some societies it is rooted in tribalism , while in others it originates from a history of non peaceful co existence and the resulting actual disputed issues. Often ethnic conflict is enhanced by nationalism and feeling of national superiority. For which reason inter ethnic hatred borders with racism , and often the two terms are conflated. On the opposite side, ethnic conflict may stem from the feeling of real or perceived discrimination by another ethnic group, see reverse racism . Ethnic hatred has often been exploited and even fueled by some political leaders to serve their agenda of seeking to consolidate the nation or gain electorate by calling for a united struggle against a common real or imaginary enemy. ref http www.globalpolicy.org security issues ind pak 2002 0707ethnic.htm Using Ethnic Hatred to Meet Political Ends about ethnic problems in Indian subcontinent ref In many countries incitement to ethnic or racial hatred is a criminal offense . See also Racism Ethnic cleansing Genocide Ethnocide World on Fire Hate crime Religious hatred References reflist Category Anti national sentiment Category Ethnic conflict Hatred, ethnic sociology stub is Kyn ttahatur ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Globalize date December 2010 An ethnic elite refers to an ethnic group which in a local context has gained a position of economic and power over that of other groups. Ethnic elitism elites may also foster ideologies and beliefs which serve to sustain their relative power. The ethnic elite may be divided in two basic ways &mdash either an elite ethnic majority or an elite ethnic minority . The term Market dominant minorities market dominant minority has also been used. See also Minority rights Dominant minority Minoritarianism Ethnocracy Sinocentrism White Latin Americans References references DEFAULTSORT Ethnic Elite Category Ethnicity Culture stub Ethno stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Terrorism Ethnic violence also known as ethnic terrorism or ethnically motivated terrorism refers to violence expressly motivated by ethnic hatred . It is commonly related to political violence , and often the terms are interchangeable, or one is used as a pretext for the other when politically expedient. Racist terrorism is a form of ethnic violence dominated by overt racism and xenophobic reactionism. This form typically involves attacks on ethnic minorities minorities , and is associated with right wing extremism . Racial supremacist groups such as Neo Nazis epitomize ethnic terrorists, though other violent ethnic supremacism ethnic supremacist groups qualify. Violent ethnic rivalry is the subject matter of Jewish sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz s Der Rassenkampf Struggle of the Races , 1909 and more recently of Amy Chua s notable study, World On Fire How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability and Kevin B. MacDonald s controversial works on the Darwinian evolutionary politics of Judaism, which have been called anti Semitic and white supremacist. ref Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report, Spring 2007, Issue 125, http www.splcenter.org get informed intelligence report browse all issues 2007 spring promoting hate ref Examples PKK Pogrom Combat 18 , United Kingdom The Order group The Order , United States Ku Klux Klan , United States Hammerskins , International Serb Paramilitary groups i.e. Arkan s White tigers and many more The Croatian Usta e headed by Ante Paveli Azanian People s Liberation Army APLA , South Africa Death Angels , United States MLNQ Don Black nationalist and Operation Red Dog 2005 Cronulla riots Cronulla Race Riots in Sydney , 2005 2006 Moscow market bombing , Russia Riots in Kondopoga , Karelia , Russia in 2006 The Hedvig Malina case The Armenian Revolutionary Federation Dashnaks ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Ethnic Violence Category Racism Category Terrorism by form Category Ethnic conflict ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 An ethnic majority refers to a condition in which a particular ethnic group comprises the majority of a particular population. It is frequently based on genealogy . For example, we can refer to the Caucasian race , or the Asian race , or the black race . However, it can also refer to a commonality in cultural or religious practices, as well as linguistic or behavioral practices. For more information, refer to majority , minority group minority , and or ethnicity . See also high elite DEFAULTSORT Ethnic Majority Category Ethnicity ... more details
Ethnic Vietnamese may mean Vi t Ki u or Overseas Vietnamese , referring to people of Vietnamese descent not living in Vietnam Vietnamese people , referring to people of Vietnamese descent without restriction disambig ... more details
Ethnic Chinese may refer to Han Chinese , the dominant ethnic group in the People s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Macao, the Republic of China Taiwan and Singapore. Overseas Chinese , people of Chinese birth or descent living outside of China, generally assumed to be part of the above Han group, although there are also people with non Han ancestry from China. Zhonghua minzu , the umbrella term to refer to all ethnic groups native to China. See also List of ethnic groups in China groups within the People s Republic of China PRC and the Republic of China ROC, Taiwan . disambig zh ... more details
Ethnic history is a branch of social history that studies ethnic groups and immigrants. Barkan 2007 argues ... policies and decisions, and, especially, develop compassion for the ethnic and gender groups under study Defining the field Ethnic history is especially important in the U.S. and Canada. Oscar Handlin ... and sponsor of ethnic historiography. Handlin s Pulitzer prize winning interpretation, The Uprooted 1951 was highly influential. ref Oscar Handlin and Mary F. Handlin, The New History and the Ethnic .... ref Stephan Thernstrom, ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups 1980 http books.google.com ... looks at the historiography of Canadian ethnic history and finds to alternative methodologies. One ... phenomenon and integrates it into the mainstream of Canadian culture. ref Roberto Perin, Clio as Ethnic ... 4, pp441 467 ref A significant trend has been to integrate ethnic history with other new historiographical ... history or women s history . Organizations The Immigration and Ethnic History Society was formed ... immigration ethnic his soc.htm Immigration and Ethnic History Society ref The American Conference ... Society is the oldest ethnic society, founded in 1892 it has 3,300 members and publishes American ... twice each year. ref See http www.polishamericanstudies.org index.html PAHA website ref H ETHNIC ... globally. ref see http www.h net.org ethnic H ETHNIC website ref See also Emigration from Europe European American White Latin American Ethnic groups in the Middle East Historical immigration ... States Languages of Europe List of ethnic groups Notes references Bibliography Barkan, Elliott ... ethnic Research, Journal of American Ethnic History, Jan 2007, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 85 99 Gabaccia, Donna ... experts, covering both Catholics and Protestants. Hoerder, Dirk. Ethnic studies in Canada from the 1880s to 1962 A historiographical perspective and critique, Canadian Ethnic Studies, 1994, Vol. 26 Issue 1, pp 1 18 Levinson, David. Ethnic Groups Worldwide A Ready Reference Handbook, 1998 , ISBN 978 ... more details
Forms of government Ethnic democracy is a political system that combines a structured ethnic dominance with democratic, political and civil rights for all. Both the dominant ethnic group and the minority ethnic groups have citizenship and are able to fully participate in the political process. Ethnic .... Nor is an ethnic democracy a Herrenvolk democracy which is by definition a democracy officially limited to the core ethnic nation only. ref name smooha Smooha , S. The model of ethnic democracy Israel ... The term ethnic democracy was introduced by University of Haifa sociologist Sammy Smooha in a book published in 1989. ref Smooha , S. http www.ecmi.de download working paper 13.pdf The model of ethnic ... Smooha defines eight features that are the core elements of his model of an ethnic democracy ref name Priit Priit J rve. http www.ecmi.de download working paper 7.pdf Ethnic Democracy and Estonia , European Centre for Minority Issues, ECMI Working Paper 13, 2000. ref Ethnic nationalism installs a single core ethnic nation in the state. The state separates membership in the single core ethnic nation from citizenship. The state is owned and ruled by the core ethnic nation. The state mobilises the core ethnic nation. Non core groups are accorded incomplete individual and collective rights .... Smooha also defines ten conditions that can lead to the establishment of an ethnic democracy ref name Priit The core ethnic nation constitutes a solid numerical majority. The non core population constitutes a significant minority. The core ethnic nation has a commitment to democracy. The core ethnic ... into more than one ethnic group. The core ethnic nation has a sizeable, supportive Diaspora. The homelands ... democratic ethnic state has taken place. Applicability of the model The model has been applied by researchers ... Sammy Smooha contends that Israel is a model or archetypical ethnic democracy. ref name smooha ref S Smooha, http img2.tapuz.co.il CommunaFiles 32398285.pdf Ethnic democracy Israel as an archetype ... more details
lead missing date April 2011 Ethnic Media Ethnic Media is media fashioned with a particular ethnic minority group or ethnic minority community, in mind. Academic Yu Shi tenders an operational definition for ethnic media Ethnic media are often regarded as media by and for ethnics in a host country with content in ethnic languages. ref Shi, Yu. 2009, p. 599 . Re evaluating the alternative role of ethnic .... ref Shi also adds, ethnic media can be published by big ethnic media groups and by small organic ethnic communities , as well. ref Shi, Yu. 2010 . Audio Interview. ref Practitioner Inga Buchbinder ..., television, radio, online, print, magazine any sort of publication that caters to a specific ethnic ..., print, and magazine outlets that qualify as ethnic media, academic John D.H. Downing adds musical culture and forms of religious expression to the ethnic media mix. Downing finds, these may, along ... in the often fraught atmosphere between the ethnic majority and ethnic minorities. ref Downing ... Sage Publications. ref Downing finds that ethnic media tends to circulate, within at least three ... ethnic groups. ref Downing, John. 2001, p. 81 . Radical Media Rebellious communication and social movements. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. ref Ethnic Media as Alternative Media Analogous to the debate ... factors that classify a respective ethnic media outlet as an alternative media outlet is also, at play. Thus, Ethnic Media is not by definitional default, Alternative Media. Again, the work of academics .... Discernment of whether or not a respective ethnic media outlet qualifies as an alternative media ... role of ethnic media in the United States reference has to be made to their 1 individual place of origin ... role of ethnic media in the US the case of Chinese language press and working class women readers. Sage Publications. ref Examples of Ethnic Media Black Enterprise Black Enterprise Magazine Black Entertainment ... Network Univision Univision Television Network My own media Examples of Ethnic Alternative Media Chicago ... more details
Use mdy dates date October 2011 Ethnic studies is the interdisciplinary study of racialized peoples in the world ... studies , and orientalism were imbued with an inherently eurocentric perspective. Ethnic studies ... terms. History In the United States, the field of Ethnic studies evolved out of the American Civil ... Americans, and Native Americans in the United States American Indians . Ethnic studies departments ... for Ethnic studies occurred in 1968, led by Third World Liberation Front, a joint effort of the Afro ... of a School of Ethnic studies, when President S.I. Hayakawa ended the strike by taking a hardline approach, appointed Dr. James Hirabayashi the first dean of the School now College of Ethnic ... of color in response to the strike s demands. In 1972, The National Association for Ethnic studies ... a department of Ethnic studies in 1969. Courses in Ethnic studies tried to address the criticism ... and ignored because of Euro centric bias. Ethnic studies also often encompasses issues of gender ... number of comparative Ethnic studies programs. Ethnic studies as an institutional discipline varies by location. For instance, whereas the Ethnic studies Department at UC Berkeley comprises separate ... vnews display.v ART 2005 02 09 4209bd8f7f02c While early Ethnic studies scholarship focused on the previously ... to the Ethnic studies, whiteness studies has instead focused on how the political and juridical ..., what constitutes Ethnic studies work is fluid as scholars have taken up the study of race and ethnicity across almost all disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. In general, an Ethnic ... study of different groups. Criticism Ethnic studies has always been opposed by different elements. Proponents of Ethnic studies feel that this is a reactionary movement from the right. They point ... topics of academic research. What they object to is the current state of Ethnic studies which they see ... which, in their view, greatly undermined the scholarly validity of the research. However, Ethnic ... more details
Ethnic nationalism or Ethnicism is a form of nationalism wherein the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity . Whatever specific ethnicity is involved, ethnic nationalism always includes some element of Kinship descent from previous generations and the implied claim of ethnic essentialism , i.e. the understanding of ethnicity as an essence that remains unchanged over time. The central theme of ethnic ... language, a common faith, and a common ethnic ancestry. ref name ReferenceA Muller, Jerry Z. Us and Them ... The central political tenet of ethnic nationalism is that ethnic group s can be identified unambiguously ... to claim a common nation based upon ethnicity. In scholarly literature, ethnic nationalism is usually contrasted with civic nationalism . Ethnic nationalism bases membership of the nation on descent .... Hence, nation states with strong traditions of ethnic nationalism tend to define nationality or citizenship ... the law of soil, birth within the nation state . Ethnic nationalism is therefore seen as exclusive ... traditions, then, ethnic nationalism tends to emphasise narratives of common descent. The theorist Anthony D. Smith uses the term ethnic nationalism for non Western culture Western concepts ... and Nationalism 14 1 171 190. DOI 10.1111 j.1469 8129.2008.00323.x ref Ethnic nationalism is also ... of their own dominant ethnic group, if desired. ref name ReferenceA For example, Italy allows ... is open to ethnic Germans . Clarify date December 2011 According to the Greek nationality ... given laws and in turn receive legal privileges. A nation state for the ethnic group derives political legitimacy from its status as homeland of that ethnic group, from its protective function against ... life, which may not have been possible under the ethnic group s previous status as an ethnic minority . See also Ethnic group Identity politics Diaspora politics Essentialism Nationalism Ethnic ... The Nationalism Project Nationalism Ethnicity Ethnic nationalism DEFAULTSORT Nationalism ... more details
An ethnic conflict or ethnic war is a conflict between ethnic group s often as a result of ethnic nationalism ... result in war crime s such as genocide . Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally ... of whether ethnic conflict has become more prevalent since the end of the Cold War , and on devising ... . Theories of ethnic conflict Image BergenBelsen4.jpg thumb right The symbolic grave of Margot Frank Margot and Anne Frank at Bergen Belsen concentration camp The causes of ethnic conflict ... schools in order to increase our understanding of ethnic conflict. Primordialist accounts Proponents of primordialist accounts of ethnic conflict argue that e thnic groups and nationalities exist ... tie of primordialityhuth A response to Eller and Coughlan , Ethnic and Racial Studies 17 1 , pp. 164 171, p. 168 ref The primordialist account relies on a concept of kinship between members of an ethnic group. Donald L. Horowitz argues that this kinship makes it possible for ethnic groups to think in terms of family resemblances . ref Donald L. Horowitz 1985 Ethnic Groups in Conflict , Berkeley ... to the concept of ethnic wars as a myth because they argue that the root causes of ethnic conflict ... scientists argue that the concept of ethnic war is misleading because it leads to an essentialism ... in the United States, in the debate about white ethnic persistence in what was supposed to have been ... than social classes . ref name Smith In this account of ethnic identification, e thnicity and race ... accounts. Moreover, the scholars of this school do generally not oppose neither that ethnic difference ... over such difference. Instrumentalists simply claim that ethnic difference is not sufficient ... for and Limits to Their Settlement in Andreas Klinke, Ortwin Renn & Jean Paul Lehners, ,eds, Ethnic ..., set of accounts stress the importance of the socially constructed nature of ethnic groups, drawing ... of ethnic conflict and civil war s have introduced theories that draw insights from all three traditional ... more details
cleanup rewrite date December 2010 In sociology, the term ethnic nepotism describes a human tendency ... a multi ethnic society . The term was coined in the 1960s in the context of the ethnic tribal tensions ... see e.g. The Journal of modern African studies 7 1969 , p. 23 in reference to ethnic nepotism among the Mbaise in Nigeria Audrey C. Smock, Ibo politics the role of ethnic unions in Eastern Nigeria , Harvard University Press, 1971. ref Influenced by W.D. Hamilton s theory of kin selection , ethnic nepotism describes a human tendency for in group bias or in group favouritism applied on the ethnic ... . In other words, ethnic nepotism points toward a biological basis for the phenomenon of people preferring ... social scientists as a prominent ethnic marker, is in his view often not a myth at all. huh date ... Book review of Vanhanen Ethnic Conflicts , Johan M.G. van der Dennen, Human Ethology Bulletin, 15 ... possible to defend ethnic genetic interests in an adaptive manner, even when the altruism ..., indicating a higher level of public altruism. For example, the degree of ethnic homogeneity correlates .... Case studies of the United States, Africa and South East Asia find that multi ethnic societies are less ... kin selection and ethnic nepotism by his genetic similarity theory which proposes that genetically ... ethnics carry copies of the same genes, ethnic consciousness is rooted in the biology of altruism and mutual reciprocity. Thus ethnic nationalism, xenophobia and genocide can become the dark side ... concentration of genetic interest inclusive tness in their own ethnic group than they do in other ethnic groups, they can be expected to adopt ideas that promote their group over others. Political ... www.charlesdarwinresearch.org Nations 20and 20Nationalism 2005.pdf Ethnic Nationalism, evolutionary ... ethnic nepotism is limited to external appearance, or it also includes other loci. Citation needed ... as to which of these specific alleles are the most important for expression of ethnic nepotism ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2010 The concept of ethnic origin is an attempt to classify people, not according to their current nationality , but according to where their ancestors came from. For example somebody living in a monocultural environment, speaking English for example and clearly a member of an English speaking cultural milieu, may be descended from immigrants speaking some other language and still participate in some of aspects their culture. Ethnic origin has become a popular classification in statistics , where the concept of Race classification of human beings races has been largely discarded since World War II , for various reasons. A reaction against the abuses of the Nazism Nazis and apartheid made it hard to collect, store or publish racial data Citation needed date February 2010 . Social scientists in general have lost interest in race as useful concept of study Citation needed date February 2010 , with many other differences between population groups more significant. However the relative prosperity of distinguishable groups remain of interest in public policy discussions. In the US, however, the use of the term race is still current. The Race U.S. census census asks questions about race, though the classification used is no different from what would be termed ethnic origin elsewhere Citation needed date February 2010 . The concept of ethnic origin in practice may seem arbitrary and without a rigorous definition of how to assign a person to the particular categories. If a person was asked for their ethnic origin and answered how do I tell what ethnic origin ... different ethnic origins. The answer of interest to the questioner is probably whether the person considers themselves to be a member of a particular ethnic subdivision of society, or are considered .... This raises the question of whether ethnic origin is just another term for ethnic group Citation ... Ethnic stub ... more details
Ethnic Electronica also known as Ethno Electronica or Ethno Techno combines elements of electronic music electronic and world music and was developed in the 1990s. The term Ethnic Electronica appears in music zines , in online music related forums and blogs, and also in a title of a 2003 compilation Another Life A Journey Into Ethnic Electronica Love Cat Music . ref http www.mystrands.com album 274934 Another Life A Journey Into Ethnic Electronica by Various Artists ref The term Ethno Techno was first seen with the release of Ethno Techno Sonic Anthropology Vol 1 Wax Trax in 1994. ref cite web title Various Ethnotechno Sonic Anthropology Vol. 1 url http www.discogs.com Various Ethnotechno Sonic Anthropology Volume I release 140428 publisher Discogs accessdate 8 March 2011 ref Notable acts of Ethnic Electronica include Bryn Jones with his project Muslimgauze before his death in 1999 , the artists of Asian underground movement Asian Dub Foundation , State of Bengal , Transglobal Underground , Natacha Atlas , Mozani Ramzan, ref cite web title Mozani Ramzan Get Down With Some Malaysian Ethno Techno url http www.magneticmag.com 2012 01 mozani ramzan get down with some malaysian ethno techno publisher Magnetic Magazine accessdate January 23, 2012 ref Shpongle , Zavoloka , Banco de Gaia , Zingaia , Afro Celt Sound System , early work by Yat Kha with Ivan Sokolovsky ref in russian language http www.zvuki.ru R P 13188 , R.I.P. on zvuki.ru this article calls Yat Kha the first Russian ethnic electronica ref . Among the commercial acts which work with this subgenre Praise band Praise , Enigma musical project Enigma , Deep Forest , Ivan Kupala musical project Ivan Kupala , Agricantus musical project Agricantus . References references music genre stub Category Electronic music genres Category Contemporary folk subgenres es Etno electr nica it Etno elettronica ru sk Ethnic electronica uk ... more details
Multiple issues expert subject November 2008 refimprove November 2008 pov March 2012 An ethnic joke is a humorous remark relating to an ethnic, racial or cultural group, often referring to a ethnic stereotype stereotype of the group in question for its punchline. Ethnic jokes have been around since people first noticed they were different from one another, and ethnocentrism and a sense of ethnic identity appeared. Jokes feed upon difference and distinctions not only ethnic, of course and if one of the functions of ethnic jokes is to ridicule and depreciate these in out groups, another function is to maintain and strengthen a sense of one s identity in some in group. It may be that ethnic humour ...?id aZkRJJnc6BUC&pg PA57&dq Davies, Christie. Ethnic Humor&source gbs toc r&cad 0 0 PPA67,M1 title An Anatomy of Humor ref Ethnic jokes are often considered to be offensive and as a form of hate speech ... varies from one nation or society to the next, about who is considered a racial minority or ethnic group. Citation needed date May 2010 Ethnic jokes come and go with social change , particularly with waves ... Americans are one of the most economically successful ethnic groups in the US. In 2010, a documentary ... tolerant of the Irish. But in other cases the ethnic jokes are addressed against those who are historically ..., racial and ethnic jokes have become increasingly socially unacceptable in recent years, and have become ... from diverse ethnic backgrounds do this on a regular basis, about whites, other groups and themselves ... id 9598717 title Science gets the last laugh on ethnic jokes publisher MSNBC ref However, it is claimed by some that ethnic jokes have a basis in fact, ref cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi ... accessdate 2009 01 22 ref and some ethnic jokes deliberately try to prove their point, for instance cquote2 Q How does every ethnic joke start? br A With a look over your shoulder. Racial targets Ethnicity Ethnic jokes are often aimed at minorities within certain regions, or peoples from neighbouring ... more details
Discrimination sidebar An ethnic stereotype is a generalized representation of an ethnic group , composed of what are thought to be typical characteristics of members of the group. Ethnic stereotypes are commonly portrayed in ethnic joke s. Some of these jokes can be very offensive, yet many find them funny. Ethnic stereotypes Image National stereotypes.jpg thumb 250px right A 19th century children s literature children s book informs its readers that the Dutch people Dutch are a very industrious race , and that China Chinese children are very obedient to their parents . Stereotypes of African Americans African Americans Stereotypes of Argentines Argentines Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States East Asians Anti Japanese sentiment Japanese Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans Hispanics and Latinos Stereotypes of Native Americans Native Americans Stereotypes of South Asians South Asians Russophobia Russians Western stereotypes of West and Central Asians West and Central Asians Stereotypes of Arabs and Muslims Arabs Stereotypes of Jews Jews Anti Iranian sentiment Persians Stereotypes of white people White people Anti Irish racism Irish Anti Italianism Italians Anti Polonism Polish people Anti French sentiment French people Anti Chilean sentiment Chileans black people Black people See also Cross race effect Mores Racism Stereotype List of ethnic slurs List of archetypal names Niggas vs. Black People References Al , Maurizio. 2010 . http ww.razonypalabra.org.mx N N74 VARIA74 23AliV74.pdf Medios de comunicaci n, asuntos tnicos e intercultura en Colombia . En Revista Raz n y Palabra, 74 nov.2010 ene.2011 . M xico DF ITESM Campus Estado de M xico. ISSN 1605 4806. cite journal author Terracciano A, Abdel Khalek AM, Ad m N, et al. title National character does not reflect ... 96 100 year 2005 month Oct pmid 16210536 doi 10.1126 science.1117199 pmc 2775052 Ethnic stereotypes Ethnicity DEFAULTSORT Ethnic Stereotype Category Social psychology Category Ethnic and racial stereotypes ... more details
Ethnic option is a term coined by sociologist Mary C. Waters to express her conception that ethnic identity is something that is flexible, symbolic and voluntary, not a definitive aspect of their identity for the descendants of immigrants. ref Omi, Michael, Racial Identity and the State, in Adams, Maurianne, Readings for diversity and social justice, Routledge, 2000, p. 78. ref ref Kleg, Milton, Hate, Prejudice, and Racism, SUMY Press, 1993, p. 43 44. ref Waters argues that with the achievement of middle class suburban status, ethnicity becomes a lifestyle option, a costless form of community. ref Hickman, Mary J., Migration and Diaspora, in Joseph N. Cleary, Claire Connolly, The Cambridge companion to modern Irish culture, p. 131, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 131 ref References reflist Category Ethnicity ... more details
globalize date December 2010 An ethnic enclave is an ethnic community which retains some cultural distinction ... based on ethnic groups. Sometimes when date October 2011 an entire city which date October 2011 ... in the suburbs. ref Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Enclaves in New York and Los Angeles. John R. Logan American Sociological Review, Vol. 115, April pp. 299&ndash 322 ref Ethnic enclaves form all over the world, not just in the United States. Historically, the formation of ethnic enclaves may be involuntary, as an ghetto ethnic or racial ghetto , due to housing discrimination which prevented members of ethnic, or religious minorities from settling in other parts of town. For example, in the United ... their home villages. To city residents who are not part of the community, the ethnic area has become a dining and shopping destination and source of authentic ethnic food and groceries, such as Chinese ... leaders have found ways to promote certain ethnic enclaves as tourist attraction s for revenue. Services and goods in the area are oriented toward the ethnic group, and the lingua franca for business ... even within especially with American born descendants of ethnic immigrants &mdash the ethnic group. Ethnic enclaves may also be sources of imported goods not easily found or sold in mainstream American ... are also sources of ethnic language media. These often provide a different scope of coverage than ... about mainland China. The ethnic media might focus closely on events in the country of origin and within the ethnic enclaves themselves such as political rallies in Chinatown and satellite immigrant communities. Economy In the case of many ethnic enclaves, businesses started by the members of the community ... to the people that live in the enclave and are of the same ethnic background as the other people ... from outside competition. Religion Religion has played a predominant role in the forming of ethnic ... concentration of an ethnic group permits it to create its own business enterprises, thus ... more details
Altar to Inari kami at the Fushimi Inari taisha Fushimi Inari Shrine in Kyoto . Shinto is the ethnic religion of the Japanese people . Ethnic religion may include officially sanctioned and organized ... detached from ethnicity. A partly overlapping concept is that of folk religion referring to ethnic ... . Adherents of an ethnic religion may constitute an ethnoreligious group . In antiquity, religion ..., etc. With the rise of Christianity , Islam and Buddhism , ethnic religions came to be marginalized ... million tribal religionists, ethnic religionists, or animists, including African traditional religion ..., even revealed religion will assume local traits and in a sense will revert to an ethnic religion ... of national church es with ethnic flavours such as Germanic Christianity Germanic , Ethiopian church ... Orthodoxy Russian and others. The term ethnic religion is therefore also applied to a religion in a particular ... in the Caribbean has been considered an ethnic religion by some scholars, because Hindus in Trinidad , Guyana , and Suriname consider themselves a distinct ethnic group. ref name van der Veer cite ... April title Brahmanism Abroad On Caribbean Hinduism as an Ethnic Religion journal Ethnology volume ... have been described as an ethnic religion, because they are closely associated with the ethnic ... of Ethnic Identity and Boundary Among Second Generation Korean Americans journal Sociology of Religion ... universal religions that seek worldwide acceptance and actively look for new converts, or ethnic religions that are identified with a particular ethnic group and do not seek converts. ref name Hinnells ... accessdate 2009 09 17 ref Judaism is considered an ethnic religion by some authors defining ... or nation. Within Hinduism, there are regional or tribal currents with ethnic traits, sometimes termed Folk Hinduism . Indigenous traditional ethnic religions File Female Shiva devotees in red.jpg ... n African Americans Winti Surinamese people Surinamese Asian ethnic religions B n Tibetans Chinese ... more details
Refimprove date June 2011 White ethnic is a term used in United States sociology to refer to Definitions of whiteness in the United States whites who are not of European Protestant background. ref name Marger2008p282quote cite book last Marger first Martin N. year 2008 title Race and Ethnic Relations American and Global Perspectives publisher Cengage Learning edition 8 isbn 0 495 50436 X page 282 Religion is the most critical factor in separating white ethnics in American society. As Catholics and secondarily Jews ... they were immediately set apart from the Protestant majority at the time of their entrance and given a strongly negative reception. ref They consist of a number of distinct groups, and within the United States make up approximately 9.4 of the population. ref name Marger2008p281 cite book last Marger first Martin N. year 2008 title Race and Ethnic Relations American and Global Perspectives publisher Cengage Learning edition 8 isbn 0 495 50436 X page 281 ref Only once in the United States Census the 1970 US Census was there an official demographic survey of white ethnics and it found about 19 million out of the then 200 million people claimed white ethnic ancestry. Citation needed date April 2010 The term white ethnic almost always carried the connotation of being blue ... showrev.php?id 988 accessdate 16 December 2009 ref White ethnic identities were thought to be the strongest ... part of the national scene. Also a number of ethnic organization groups in the 1960s and 1970s were more vocal and supported promotion of the white ethnic cultures of the United States. In the early ... to discrimination and ethnic stereotypes by the White Anglo Saxon Protestant or WASP elite. However, since the mid 20th century, most traditional white ethnic groups have ranked at the top of socio ... be considered as traditional ethnic groups as the term is normally understood in the United States ... reflist Use dmy dates date June 2011 Category American people of European descent Category Ethnic ... more details
Ethnic Japanese may mean Japanese people , when referring to people of Japanese descent ref name Britannica cite web url http p2.www.britannica.com ebc article 203169 title Japan people publisher Encyclop dia Britannica, Inc. accessdate 05 07 2007 year 2007 ref May also be used as a term to refer to the Yamato people as opposed to the minority peoples of Japan the Ainu people Ainu , Ryukyuan people Ryukyuans , Burakumin and immigrant groups such as the Han Chinese and Koreans . Japanese diaspora , when referring to people of Japanese descent not living in Japan ref Quote lack of political rights enjoyed by ethnic Japanese in Japan cite journal title Beyond the Illusion of Homogeneity Inward looking Japanese in the Age of Globalization last Ishii first Yuka journal Social Science Japan Journal year 2005 volume 8 issue 2 pages 267 271 doi 10.1093 ssjj jyi035 ref References reflist disambig ... more details
Ethnic cleansing is a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain ... described ethnic cleansing as the planned deliberate removal from a specific territory, persons of a particular ethnic group , by force or intimidation, in order to render that area ethnically homogenous ... Yugoslavia , ethnic cleansing has been carried out by means of murder, torture, arbitrary arrest ... page 33, Paragraph 129 ref Ethnic cleansing is not to be confused with genocide . These terms ... on nations or religio ethnic groups. Ethnic cleansing is similar to forced deportation or population transfer whereas genocide is the intentional murder of part or all of a particular ethnic, religious ... in international law v onepage&q &f false ref The idea in ethnic cleansing is to get people to move ..., 2001 Naimark N. M., 2001, Fires of Hatred Ethnic Cleansing in 20th Century Europe, Cambridge Harvard ... s ref Some academics consider genocide as a subset of murderous ethnic cleansing. ref name Mann Mann M., 2005,The Dark Side of Democracy Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, Cambridge Cambridge University Press ..., ethnic cleansing bleeds into genocide, as mass murder is committed in order to rid the land of a people. ref name MassVio Naimark, N. 2007, Theoretical Paper Ethnic Cleansing, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence http www.massviolence.org Ethnic Cleansing ref Synonyms include ethnic purification . ref Drazen Petrovic, http www.ejil.org journal Vol5 No3 art3.html Ethnic Cleansing An Attempt at Methodology ... The official United Nations definition of ethnic cleansing is rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove from a given area persons of another ethnic or religious group. The term ethnic cleansing has been defined as a spectrum, or continuum by some historians ... it merges with deportation and genocide . At the most general level, however, ethnic cleansing ... more details
An ethnic bioweapon biogenetic weapon aims to harm only or primarily persons of specific ethnicities or genotype s. History of ethnic bioweapons One of the first fictional discussions of ethnic weapons is in Robert A. Heinlein s 1942 novel Sixth Column republished as The Day After Tomorrow in which a race specific radiation weapon is used against a so called Pan Asianism Pan Asian invader fact date February 2012 . Genetic weapon In 1997, U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen referred to the concept as a possible risk. ref cite web author William Cohen title Terrorism, Weapons of Mass Destruction, and U.S. Strategy date 1997 04 28 work Sam Nunn Policy Forum, University of Georgia url http www.defenselink.mil transcripts 1997 t042897 t0428coh.html accessdate 2006 07 12 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20041118074748 http www.defense.gov transcripts 1997 t042897 t0428coh.html archivedate 2004 11 18 ref In 1998 some biological weapon experts considered such a genetic weapon a plausible possibility, and believed the former Soviet Union had undertaken some research on the influence of various substances on human genes. ref http www.pbs.org wgbh pages frontline shows plague interviews davis.html Interview of Dr Christopher Davis, UK Defence Intelligence Staff , Plague War , Frontline TV series Frontline , Public Broadcasting Service PBS , October 1998 ref The possibility of a genetic ... was The potential to target a particular ethnic group with a biological agent is probably not far ... Israel planning ethnic bomb as Saddam caves in author Uzi Mahnaimi coauthors Marie Colvin publisher ... the story, ref cite news title Israel s Ethnic Weapon? publisher Wired News url http www.wired.com ... news 9904,ridgeway,3697,6.html title Ethnic Warfare publisher The Village Voice author James Ridgeway ... chemically to melanin , is an ethnic bioweapon deliberately designed to target blacks fact date ... warfare Category Race and health Category Genocide Category Racism Category Ethnic cleansing Category ... more details
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