of knowledge Greek language Greek , Episteme in Celsus Library in Ephesus , Turkey. Knowledge ... of knowledge is called epistemology , and the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as justified true belief . However no single agreed upon definition of knowledge exists, and there are numerous theories to explain it. The following quote from Bertrand Russell s Theory of Knowledge illustrates the difficulty in defining knowledge. The question how knowledge should be defined is perhaps the most ... sight it might be thought that knowledge might be defined as belief which is in agreement with the facts ... knows what sort of agreement between them would make a belief true. Let us begin with belief. Knowledge ... and reasoning while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment in human ... Press, 2002 , 238 266. ref Theories of knowledge File Knowledge Reid Highsmith.jpeg thumb left Robert Reid painter Robert Reid , Knowledge 1896 . Thomas Jefferson Building , Washington, D.C. see ... that philosophy s core was theory of knowledge, a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their foundation Without this idea of a theory of knowledge, it is hard to imagine what philosophy ... blockquote The definition of knowledge is a matter of on going debate among philosopher s in the field ... In Plato s Theaetetus dialogue Theaetetus , Socrates and Theaetetus discuss three definitions of knowledgeknowledge as nothing but perception, knowledge as true judgment, and, finally, knowledge ... knowledge it must be theory of justification justified , truth true , and belief believed . Some ... of alternatives proposed, including Robert Nozick s arguments for a requirement that knowledge ... knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the evidence for the belief ... is boiling. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way knowledge is used in natural languages. He saw knowledge as a case of a family resemblance . Following this idea ... more details
Knowledge is a detailed familiarity with, or understanding of, a person, thing or situation. It can also refer to a concept in English law, see knowingly Taxicabs of the United Kingdom The Knowledge The Knowledge , the rigorous geographical training obligatory for London taxi drivers Knowledge band , Jamaican reggae group Knowledge rapper , England s first documented rapper The Knowledge book series The Knowledge book series , children s series Knowledge magazine , the former name of British music journal Kmag magazine Kmag Knowledge song Knowledge song , by ska core band Operation Ivy Knowledge TV channel , an educational television channel in British Columbia, formerly called Knowledge Network Techniques of Knowledge , the meditation techniques taught by Prem Rawat and others BBC Knowledge Worldwide , an international TV channel BBC Knowledge magazine BBC Knowledge , a British magazine KNOW FM , a Minnesota Public Radio station Carnal knowledge , Biblical term for sexual intercourse disambig fr Kennis nl Kennis doorverwijspagina ja ru ... more details
The name Knowledge Channel may represent Knowledge Channel ABS CBN Educational television channel in the Philippines Knowledge TV channel Educational television channel in British Columbia, Canada Knowledge Channel Mauritius Educational television channel in Mauritius disambig ... more details
Dangerous Knowledge may refer to Dangerous Knowledge Orientalism and Its Discontents , a 2006 book by Robert Graham Irwin Dangerous Knowledge , a 2007 documentary by David Malone independent filmmaker David Malone disambig ... more details
Tree of Knowledge may refer to NOTOC Religion and mythology Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil , a tree in the Garden of Eden, mentioned in the Book of Genesis Publications The Tree of Knowledge , a novel by P o Baroja Drvo Znanja , a Croatian magazine Tree of Knowledge , a 1970s publication by Marshall Cavendish The Tree of Knowledge The Biological Roots of Human Understanding , a 1987 book by Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela 1987 Other meanings Tree of Knowledge Australia , the traditional birthplace of the Australian Labor Party Tree of Knowledge System , a conceptual approach to the unification of psychology theories The Tree of Knowledge, a single by Pagan Wanderer Lu Films The Tree of Knowledge 1920 film The Tree of Knowledge 1920 film , a 1920 silent film directed by William C. deMille disambig eo La arbo de la sciado fr Arbre de la connaissance ... more details
distinguish2 the Prop dia volume of the Encyclop dia Britannica, part of which is titled Outline of Knowledge The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide knowledgeKnowledge &ndash familiarity with someone or something, which can include fact s, information , description s, and or skills acquired through experience or education . It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit as with practical skill or expertise or explicit as with the theoretical ... http oxforddictionaries.com view entry m en us1261368 m en us1261368 ref Types of knowledge A priori and a posteriori A priori and a posteriori knowledge Descriptive knowledge Extelligence Experience Libre knowledge Metaknowledge knowledge about knowledge Procedural knowledge Self knowledge psychology Self knowledge Tacit knowledge Management of knowledgeKnowledge acquisition Methods for attaining knowledge include Exploration Outline of space exploration Space exploration Revelation Research ... skills Studying Knowledge building Knowledge building communities Rejection Knowledge storage Knowledge can be stored in Book s Knowledge base s Wikipedia Knowledge representation AI Library Libraries Memory Knowledge retrieval Stored knowledge can be retrieved by Knowledge retrieval Knowledge discovery Knowledge transfer Reading process Reading Recollection History of the knowledge of humankind ... History of philosophy History of science Politics of knowledge Access to Knowledge movement Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities New encyclopedism Open access publishing Open access Knowledge of humankind Humanities Outline of classical studies Classics ... of knowledge . By E. F. Schumacher . Prop dia &ndash first of three parts of the History ... , presenting its Outline of Knowledge . See also Belief Data Information Truth Wisdom clear References ... Knowledge Outline footer DEFAULTSORT Outline Of Knowledge Category Outlines Knowledge Category Knowledge ... more details
The Knowledge may refer to The Knowledge book series , a children s book series The Knowledge, the popular name for the rigorous geographical training obligatory for London taxicabs of the United Kingdom Knowledge , the body of facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education The Knowledge , a song by Toasty from A Bugged Out Mix Miss Kittin album A Bugged Out Mix See also Knowledge disambig ... more details
more footnotes date January 2011 Body of Knowledge BOK or BoK is a term used to represent the complete ... professional association . While the term body of knowledge is also used to describe the document that defines that knowledge the body of knowledge itself is more than simply a collection of terms ... Domain ontologies and upper ontologies ontology for a specific domain . Examples of Bodies of Knowledge The following are examples of Bodies of Knowledge from professional organisations Radiology Leadership Common Body of Knowledge RLI CBK from the Radiology Leadership Institute for Radiology professionals ACM computer science body of knowledge Computer Science Body of Knowledge ACM for computer science curriculum definition Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge Common Body of Knowledge CBK for international Information Security professionals Software Engineering Body of Knowledge SWEBOK for the profession of software engineering Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK from the Project Management ... and Technology Body of Knowledge GISTBoK for the geospatial realm EABOK Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge EABOK for the Enterprise Architecture EA discipline Business Analysis Body of Knowledge BABOK from the IIBA for the Business Analysis profession Data Management Body of Knowledge DMBOK from the DAMA for the Data Management profession Modeling and Simulation Body of Knowledge Massage Therapy Body of Knowledge MTBOK for massage therapists Contracting body of knowledge IACCM See also Knowledge organization Knowledge representation Ontology information science Ontology information science ... http www.technofunctionalinstitute.org Technofunctional Body of Knowledge for Enterprise resource planning ERP experts http www.usabilitybok.org Usability Body of Knowledge for the usability profession http www.thecqi.org Knowledge Hub Knowledge portal Body of Quality Knowledge for quality assurance professionals Chartered Quality Institute http www.regulationbodyofknowledge.org Body of Knowledge ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Domain knowledge is that valid knowledge used to refer to an area of human endeavour, an autonomous computer activity, or other specialized discipline. Domain expert Specialists and experts use and develop their own domain knowledge. If the concept domain knowledge or domain expert is used, we emphasize a specific domain which is an object of the discourse interest problem. Knowledge capture More particular, in software engineering , domain knowledge is knowledge about the environment in which the target system operates, for example, software agent s. Domain knowledge is important, because it usually must be learned from software users in the domain as domain specialists experts , rather than from software developers. Expert s domain knowledge frequently informal and ill structured is transformed in computer programs and active data, for example in a set of rules in knowledge bases, by knowledge engineer s. Communicating between end users and software developers is often difficult. They must find a common language to communicate in. Developing enough shared vocabulary to communicate can often take a while. The same knowledge can be included in different domain knowledge. Knowledge which may be efficient in every domain is called domain independent knowledge, for example logic s and mathematics. Operations on domain knowledge are performed by meta knowledge . Literature Hj rland, B. & Albrechtsen, H. 1995 . Toward A New Horizon in Information Science Domain Analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1995, 46 6 , 400 425. See also Domain engineering Knowledge engineering Problem domain Artificial Intelligence DEFAULTSORT Domain Knowledge Category Knowledge az Elm sah si de Wissensgebiet ... more details
Distributed knowledge is a term used in multi agent system research that refers to all the knowledge that a community of agents possesses and might apply in solving a problem. Distributed knowledge is approximately what a wise man knows or what someone who has complete knowledge of what each member of the communities knows. Distributed knowledge might also be called the aggregate knowledge of a community, as it represents all the knowledge that a community might bring to bear to solve a problem. Other related phrasings include cumulative knowledge, collective knowledge, pooled knowledge, or the wisdom of the crowd. Distributed knowledge is the union of all the knowledge of individuals in a community. Example The logicians Alice and Bob are sitting in their dark office wondering whether or not it is raining outside. Now, none of them actually knows, but Alice knows something about her friend Carol, namely that Carol wears her red coat only if it is raining. Bob does not know this, but he just saw Carol, and noticed that she was wearing her red coat. Even though none of them knows whether or not it is raining, it is distributed knowledge amongst them that it is raining. If either one of them tells the other what they know, it will be clear to the other that it is raining. If we denote by math varphi math that Carol wears a red coat and with math varphi Rightarrow psi math that if Carol wears a red coat, it is raining, we have math K b varphi land K a varphi Rightarrow psi Rightarrow D a,b psi math Directly translated Bob knows that Carol wears a red coat and Alice knows that if Carol wears a red coat it is raining so together they know that it is raining. Distributed knowledge is related to the concept Wisdom of the crowd . Distributed knowledge reflects the fact that no one ... about Knowledge , The MIT Press, 1995. ISBN 0 262 56200 6 See also common knowledge dispersed knowledge disciplinary knowledge tags interactional expertise Category Knowledge ... more details
Zero knowledge may mean Zero knowledge proof , a concept from cryptography, an interactive method for one party to prove to another that a usually mathematical statement is true, without revealing anything other than the veracity of the statement Non interactive zero knowledge proof , a common random string shared between the prover and the verifier is enough to achieve computational zero knowledge without requiring interaction Zero knowledge password proof , an interactive method for one party the prover to prove to another party the verifier that it knows a value of a password disambig ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced February 2009 context October 2009 A modern development and belief that the progress of knowledge is the result of distinct and independent spheres, and that knowledge in one discipline has little connection with knowledge in another discipline. Thus, specialists pursue their work in isolation from one another rather than as aspects of a unity or whole. DEFAULTSORT Specialization Of Knowledge Category Knowledge philo stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Definition Encapsulated knowledge is the value endowing meta Resource based ... s design and functionality. Properties Encapsulated knowledge may be considered that knowledge which ... and acquirable in a marketplace, and provides utility to those who have the tacit knowledge necessary to use it. It is a recent addition to the Knowledge based theory of the firm knowledge based view of the firm . Encapsulated knowledge differs from both tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge . Encapsulated knowledge is not tacit because it resides outside of the human mind. It may also be distinguished from tacit knowledge in that it is a consequence of the application of tacit knowledge upon physical or material objects. It is also useful to distinguish encapsulated knowledge from explicit knowledge . Encapsulated knowledge is not precisely explicit, even though this term has generally been juxtaposed with tacit knowledge, because it is knowledge concealed from its users, and explicitness implies observability. Encapsulated knowledge is distinguishable from codified knowledge primarily ... of explicit, codified knowledge makes it susceptible to misappropriation. Encapsulated knowledge, on the other hand, facilitates the marketing of knowledge since it can only be partially ... are motivated by a desire to inexpensively transfer knowledge. While codification is a process that reduces ... of the cost of learning to make use of the encapsulated knowledge. For example, utility can be realized from the use of knowledge encapsulated in a computer or an automobile apart from having ... of some form of encapsulated knowledge. References cite book last Boisot first Max authorlink Max Boisot coauthors title Knowledge Assets Securing Competitive Advantage in the Information Economy ... journal last Langlois first Richard N. authorlink coauthors title Knowledge, Consumption, and Endogenous ... Teece first David J. authorlink David Teece coauthors title Strategies for Managing Knowledge Assets ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2007 Knowledge capital is a concept which asserts that ideas have intrinsic value which can be shared and leveraged within and between organizations. Knowledge capital connotes that sharing skills and information is a means of sharing power. Knowledge capital is the know how that results from the experience, information, knowledge , learning, and skills of the employees or individual of an organization or group. Of all the factors of production, knowledge capital creates the longest lasting competitive advantage. It may consist entirely of technical information as in chemical and electronics industries or may reside in the actual experience or skills acquired by the individuals as in construction and steel industries . Knowledge capital is an essential component of human capital . Knowledge capital at large can be a strong vision, strategic information on market and business model, networks, talent, supply chain, innovation and creativity. There is also knowledge liability, the unknown concerning future business models, lack of knowledge on product service, on human potential, on governance and supply chain. The balance between knowledge capital and knowledge liability equals knowledge equity. Knowledge equity plus emotional equity equals immaterial value of the company goodwill . See also Emotional capital Triple Accounting Types of capital corp stub Category Capitalism Category Capital ... more details
refimprove date December 2009 In economics , dispersed knowledge , also known as partial knowledge , is information that is dispersed throughout the marketplace, and is not in the hands of any single agent. All agents in the market have imperfect knowledge however, they all have a good indicator of everyone else s knowledge and intentions, and that is the price . The price indicates information that the player does not know by deciding to buy, sell or abstain at that price it also gives the player a chance to bring their knowledge to bear and reflect itself in the price. Most of the knowledge, however, is tacit knowledge people usually are not fully aware of the knowledge that they are sharing via price signals, nor do they fully perceive the knowledge that they use when they make a price decision. When a buyer goes to market, the prices he or she finds therein for products and services have been set by the complex calculus that is the sum total of the tacit knowledge residing within the market. Price signal s are one possible solution to the economic calculation problem . This viewpoint is popular especially among Austrian School economists such as Friedrich Hayek . The problem is thus in no way solved if we can show that all the facts, if they were known to a single mind as we hypothetically assume them to be given to the observing economist , would uniquely determine the solution ... only partial knowledge. To assume all the knowledge to be given to a single mind in the same manner ... ref http www.econlib.org library Essays hykKnw1.html The Use of Knowledge in Society ref Wikipedia itself provides an example of the dispersed knowledge concept. See also Blind men and an elephant Distributed knowledge Division of labor Invisible hand Opportunity cost The Fatal Conceit The Use of Knowledge in Society Tax choice Wisdom of the crowd References reflist DEFAULTSORT Dispersed Knowledge Category Austrian School Category Economics terminology Category Knowledge Economic term stub es ... more details
Multiple issues notability January 2010 original research January 2010 unreferenced January 2010 orphan September 2010 Considering two companies involved in collaborative Research and development R&D or product development , Knowledge Relevance is determined by two attributes wikt complementarity complementarity and value of knowledge. The more complementary are the knowledge pool s of partnering companies, the more the attraction between them. The greater the value of those knowledge pools, the greater the attraction as well. For instance, the knowledge pool of a leading firm in designing and manufacturing personal computer s would have a high attraction for a knowledge pool of a leading firm in memory chip s and vice versa. Category Knowledge Category Research and development ... more details
Knowledge modeling is a process of creating a computer interpretable model of knowledge or standard specifications about a kind of process and or about a kind of facility or product. The resulting knowledge model can only be computer interpretable when it is expressed in some knowledge representation language or data structure that enables the knowledge to be interpreted by software and to be stored in a database or data exchange file. br Knowledge based engineering or knowledge aided design is a process of computer aided usage of such knowledge models for the design of products, facilities or processes. The design of products or facilities then uses the knowledge model to guide the creation of the facility or product that need to be designed. In other words it used knowledge about a kind of object ... process implies the creation of a process model, which design activity can be guided by the knowledge that is contained in a knowledge model about such a kind of process. The resulting process model, product model or facility model is typically also stored in a database. Usually the knowledge representation language only allows to represent knowledge about kinds of things , whereas another ... things. If the knowledge representation language enables to express both, then the knowledge model ... that enables the expression of knowledge as well as information about individual things is Gellish English . The basis of a knowledge model of an assembly physical object is a decomposition .... For example, knowledge about a compressor system includes that a compressor system consists .... Assume that this knowledge is expressed in a knowledge representation language that expresses knowledge ... type is defined that is called shall have as part a . Then a part of a knowledge model about a compressor system will consist of the following expressions of knowledge facts compressor system shall ... shall have as part a pump system pump system shall have as part a pump Such a knowledge model will be further ... more details
In artificial intelligence, knowledge based agents draw on a pool of logical sentences to infer conclusions about the world . At the knowledge level , we only need to specify what the agent knows and what its goals are a logical abstraction separate from details of implementation. This notion of knowledge level was first introduced by Allen Newell in the 1980s, to have a way to rationalize an agent s behavior. The agent takes actions based on knowledge it possesses, in an attempt to reach specific goals. It chooses actions according to the principle of rationality . Beneath the knowledge level resides the symbol level . Whereas the knowledge level is world oriented, namely that it concerns the environment in which the agent operates, the symbol level is system oriented, in that it includes the mechanisms the agent has available to operate. The knowledge level rationalizes the agent s behavior, while the symbol level mechanizes the agent s behavior. For example, in a computer program, the knowledge level consists of the information contained in its data structures that it uses to perform certain actions. The symbol level consists of the program s algorithms, the data structures themselves, and so on. See also Knowledge level modeling knowledge relativity References T. Menzies. Applications of Abduction Knowledge Level Modeling. November 1996. A. Newell. The Knowledge Level. Artificial Intelligence, 18 1 87 127, 1982. Category Artificial intelligence ... more details
about an information science discipline information about practitioners in this discipline Knowledge engineers Knowledge engineering KE was defined in 1983 by Edward Feigenbaum , and Pamela McCorduck as follows quote KE is an engineering discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer system ..., it refers to the building, maintaining and development of knowledge based systems . ref citation last Kendal first S.L. last2 Creen first2 M. title An introduction to knowledge engineering year 2007 ... system s. Knowledge engineering is also related to mathematical logic , as well as strongly involved in cognitive science and socio cognitive engineering where the knowledge is produced by socio ... and logic works. Various activities of KE specific for the development of a knowledge based system Assessment of the problem Development of a knowledge based system shell structure Acquisition and structuring of the related information , knowledge and specific preferences IPK model Implementation of the structured knowledge into knowledge bases Testing and validation of the inserted knowledge ... might be iterative, and many challenges could appear. Knowledge engineering principles Since the mid 1980s, knowledge engineers have developed a number of principles, methods and tools to improve the knowledge acquisition and ordering. Some of the key principles are Citation needed date May 2008 There are different types of knowledge each requiring its own approach and technique. types of experts and expertise, such that methods should be chosen appropriately. ways of representing knowledge, which can aid the acquisition, validation and re use of knowledge. ways of using knowledge, so that the acquisition ... the efficiency of the acquisition process. Knowledge Engineering is the process of eliciting Knowledge for any purpose be it Expert system or AI development Views of knowledge engineering There are two main views to knowledge engineering ref citation last Schreiber first August Th. last2 Akkermans ... more details
Cleanup date November 2008 Merge to Knowledge transfer date June 2010 Knowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge i.e. information , skills , or expertise is exchanged among people, friend ... that knowledge constitutes a valuable intangible asset for creating and sustaining competitive ... The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 39, No. 3 jstor 256654 ref Knowledge sharing activities are generally supported by knowledge management system s. However, technology constitutes only one of the many factors that affect the sharing of knowledge in organizations, such as organizational culture , Trust social sciences trust , and incentives . ref name Cabrera cite journal title Knowledge ... Studies pages 687 710 volume 23 issue 5 doi 10.1177 0170840602235001 ref The sharing of knowledge constitutes a major challenge in the field of knowledge management because some employees tend to resist sharing their knowledge with the rest of the organization. ref name Patriota cite journal title Groupware ... is the notion that knowledge is property and ownership thus very important. ref name Dalkir Dalkir, K. 2005 . Knowledge Management In Theory And Practice. Jordan Hill, Oxford Elsevier Inc 132 133 ref ... for what they create. ref name Dalkir However, Dalkir 2005 identified the risk in knowledge sharing ... Dalkir If knowledge is not shared, negative consequences such as isolation and resistance to ideas occur. Shared knowledge offers different viewpoints and possible solutions to problems. To promote knowledge sharing and remove knowledge sharing obstacles, the organizational culture should encourage .... Knowledge flow While knowledge is commonly treated as an object, at times it is more appropriate ... self awareness last Snowden first D. year 2002 journal Journal of Knowledge Management pages 100 111 volume 6 issue 2 doi 10.1108 13673270210424639 ref Knowledge as a flow can be related to the concept of tacit knowledge, discovered by Polanyi ref name Polanyi cite book title Personal Knowledge ... more details
Knowledge Web is the name of four different projects The KnowledgeWeb Project Knowledge Web Project supervised by James Burke science historian James Burke A project under the European FP6 Sixth Framework Program An example of a knowledge web software platform is the Jumper 2.0 open source project The Knowledge Web created by AFAC Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council previously Australasian Fire Authorities Council for collaboration on Fire and Emergency Services for Australasia disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 In philosophy , knowledge relativity is the notion that knowledge can be seen as the relation between a form of knowledge representation representation with up to two sorts of intent &ndash communication and use goals &ndash and with up to three subjects &ndash one who knows, one who is informed, and one who observes and confirms. This relational and subject oriented view of knowledge is an alternative to the Objectivity philosophy objectivist truth based view common in logic . Category Epistemology epistemology stub ... more details
Procedural knowledge , also known as imperative knowledge , is the knowledge exercised in the performance ... property law. Procedural knowledge, or implicit knowledge is different from other kinds of knowledge , such as declarative knowledge , in that it can be directly applied to a task. For instance, the procedural knowledge one uses to solve problems differs from the declarative knowledge one possesses about problem solving because this knowledge is formed by doing ref name Koedinger Koedinger ... . In some legal systems, such procedural knowledge has been considered the intellectual property of a company, and can be transferred when that company is purchased. One limitation of procedural knowledge is its job dependence thus it tends to be less general than declarative knowledge. For example, a computer expert might have knowledge about a computer algorithm in multiple languages, or in pseudo ... knowledge is that it can involve more sense s, such as hands on experience, practice at solving problems, understanding of the limitations of a specific solution, etc. Thus procedural knowledge ... knowledge is one type of knowledge that can be possessed by an intelligent agent . Such knowledge ..., an AI system based on declarative knowledge might just contain a map of the building, together with information ... to use those actions to achieve the agent s goals. Cognitive psychology main Tacit knowledge In cognitive psychology , procedural knowledge is the knowledge exercised in the accomplishment of a task, and thus includes knowledge which, unlike declarative knowledge , cannot be easily articulated by the individual ... knowledge without even being aware that they are learning Stadler,1989 . For example, most individuals ... of attractiveness or being funny. This example illustrates the difference between procedural knowledge ... knowledge, though it is not an instance of know how. Of course, both forms of knowledge are, in many ... that procedural knowledge can be acquired by nonconscious processing of information about ... more details
In the broadest sense knowledge environments may be defined as social practices, technological and physical arrangements intended to facilitate collaborative knowledge building , decision making, inference or discovery, depending on the epistemology epistemological premises and goals. Overview Knowledge environments departing from constructivist epistemology assume that knowledge about a domain is built ... of knowledge environments is to host and support activities of knowledge building, the means including ... ontologies . Wikipedia itself is prototypical example of a knowledge environment in this sense. From another perspective, the purpose of a knowledge environment can be defined as to facilitate consistent knowledge outcomes. Knowledge outcomes reveal themselves as learning, communication, goals, decisions, etc. Consistent knowledge outcomes imply predictable learning results or replicable communication results and predictable quality of decisions. The design of knowledge environments is both commonplace ... librarian and every database manager is a creator of a knowledge environment. At a specialised level knowledge environments need sophisticated architecture and modeling capabilities. This is necessary when the creator of the knowledge environment wants to deliver replicaple results in hundreds of specific instances of the same knowledge environment. On the other hand, the strengthening trend ... . In a significant sense, knowledge environments are in such cases created not only by their authors or owners but also by the contributors of their ontologies. Types There are various kinds of knowledge ... the goal is collaborative knowledge building Learning environments where the main goal of the participants is to gain some kind of knowledge, skill, or conceptual clarity Virtual environments incorporating ... in which knowledge is constructed by means of collaborative authoring of text, but even non verbal, e.g. audiovisual content Online simulations of ecology, economy, or society Knowledge intensive ... more details
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