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Encyclopedia results for 16S ribosomal RNA

16S ribosomal RNA





Encyclopedia results for 16S ribosomal RNA

  1. 16S ribosomal RNA

    P title Intragenomic heterogeneity between multiple 16S ribosomal RNA operons in sequenced ... 16s Ribosomal Rna Category Ribosomal RNA ca ARN ribos mic 16S fr ARN ribosomique 16S ko 16S RNA ja 16S rRNA ru 16S uk 16S zh 16S RNA ... Structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3 angstroms resolution title Structure of functionally activated small ribosomal subunit at 3.3 angstroms resolution journal Cell volume 102 issue 5 pages 615 23 year 2000 pmid 11007480 ref 16 svedberg S ribosomal RNA or 16 Svedberg S rRNA ...?view long&pmid 17071787 ref Functions It has several functions Like the 23S ribosomal RNA large 23S ribosomal RNA , it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal ... start codon on the mRNA . The 3 end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis RNA protein cross linking by A.P. Czernilofsky et al. FEBS Lett. Vol 58, pp 281 284, 1975 . Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal subunits ... abstract 173 2 697 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study W G Weisburg, S M Barns ... DA, Lane DJ title 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study journal J Bacteriol year ... of uncultured pathogens using ribosomal RNA sequences journal Methods Enzymol year 1994 volume 235 ... are shown in blue and the single RNA strand in orange. ref name Schluenzen cite journal doi 10.1016 ... Aligned 16S rDNA data and tools Bot generated title ref The genes coding for it are referred to as 16S rDNA and are used in reconstructing phylogenies. Multiple sequences of 16S rRNA can exist ... I, Holmstr m C, Doolittle WF, Kjelleberg S title Use of 16S rRNA and rpoB Genes as Molecular Markers ... pmid 14612235 doi 10.1016 S0378 1097 03 00717 1 ref Carl Woese pioneered this use of 16S rRNA. In addition ... analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences is done with the help of several Primer molecular biology ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal RNA

    be broken down into two subunits the S in 16S ribosomal RNA 16S represents Svedberg units class wikitable Type Size Large subunit Small subunit prokaryotic 70S 50S 5S ribosomal RNA 5S , 23S ribosomal RNA 23S 30S 16S ribosomal RNA 16S eukaryotic 80S 60S 5S ribosomal RNA 5S , 5.8S ribosomal RNA 5.8S , 28S ribosomal RNA 28S 40S 18S ribosomal RNA 18S Note that the S units of the subunits cannot simply ... a small 30S ribosomal subunit contains the 16S ribosomal RNA 16S rRNA. The large 50S ribosomal subunit contains two rRNA species the 5S and 23S ribosomal RNA 23S rRNAs . Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA 16S , 23S ribosomal RNA 23S , and 5S rRNA genes are typically organized as a co transcribed operon ... end of the 16S ribosomal RNA 16S rRNA in a ribosome binds to a sequence on the 5 end of mRNA called ...File Ribosome shape.png thumb Ribosomal RNA rRNA is the RNA component of a ribosome Ribosomal ribonucleic ... in all living biological cell cells . Ribosomal RNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino ... 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 . The 18S ribosomal RNA 18S rRNA in most eukaryotes is in the small ribosomal subunit, and the large subunit contains three rRNA species the 5S ribosomal RNA 5S , 5.8S ribosomal RNA 5.8S and 28S ribosomal RNA 28S rRNAs . Mammalian cells have 2 mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA 12S and MT RNR2 16S rRNA molecules and 4 types of cytoplasmic rRNA the 28S, 5.8S, 18S, and 5S subunits ... structure of the small subunit ribosomal RNA SSU rRNA has been resolved by X ray crystallography ... upstream of the start codon in mRNA. Importance of rRNA Ribosomal RNA characteristics are important ... a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible ... rRNA European database on small subunit ribosomal RNA http rdp.cme.msu.edu Ribosomal Database Project II http wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se wiki index.php 16S ribosomal RNA 16S rRNA, BioMineWiki Rfam id RF00177 name Small subunit ribosomal RNA, 5 domain MeshName Ribosomal RNA Nucleic acids ...   more details



  1. 16S

    16S or 16s may refer to 16S ribosomal RNA , in biology Myrtle Creek Municipal Airport s FAA identifier Fujitsu Micro 16s , a 1983 Business personal computer Letter NumberCombDisambig ...   more details



  1. 28S ribosomal RNA

    28S ribosomal RNA is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of the prokaryotic 23S ribosomal RNA this is the structural RNA for the large component of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells. General references Lodish, H. Molecular Cell Biology 3rd ed. Freeman, 1995. Ribosome subunits DEFAULTSORT 28s Ribosomal Rna Category Ribosomal RNA ...   more details



  1. 18S ribosomal RNA

    18 Svedberg S ribosomal RNA abbreviated 18S rRNA is a part of the ribosomal RNA . The S in 18S represents Svedberg units. 18S rRNA is a component of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit 40S . 18S rRNA is the structural RNA for the small component of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosome s, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells. It is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of 16S ribosomal RNA in Prokaryote s and mitochondria . The genes coding for 18S rRNA are referred to as 18S rDNA . Sequence data from these genes is widely used in molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of organisms, especially invertebrates, as its slow evolutionary rate makes it suitable to reconstruct ancient divergences. Uses in phylogeny The small subunit SSU 18S rRNA gene is one of the most frequently used genes in phylogenetic studies and an important marker for random target polymerase chain reaction PCR in environmental biodiversity screening. ref name Meyer 2010 In general, rRNA gene sequences are easy to access due to highly conserved flanking regions allowing for the use of universal primer s. ref name Meyer 2010 Their repetitive arrangement within the genome provides excessive amounts of template DNA for PCR, even in smallest organisms. The 18S gene is part of the ribosomal functional core and is exposed to similar selective forces in all living beings. Thus, when the first large scale phylogenetic studies based on 18S sequences were published first and foremost phylogeny of the animal kingdom by Field et al. 1988 ref Field K. G., Olsen G. J., Lane D. J., Giovannoni S. J., Ghiselin M. T., Raff E. C., Pace N. R. & Raff R. A. 1988 . Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom . Science journal Science 239 4841 748 753. doi 10.1126 science.3277277 . ref the gene .... doi 10.1186 1471 2148 10 70 ref reflist Ribosome subunits DEFAULTSORT 18s Ribosomal Rna Category Ribosomal RNA cs 18S rRNA ...   more details



  1. 5S ribosomal RNA

    Infobox rfam Name 5S ribosomal RNA image RF00001.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of 5S ribosomal RNA Symbol 5S rRNA AltSymbols Rfam RF00001 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Ribosomal RNA rRNA Tax domain Eukaryota Bacteria Archaea GO GO 0005840 GO 0003735 SO SO 0000652 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Image PDB 1c2x EBI.png thumb 200px left A 3D representation of a 5S rRNA molecule. This structure is of the 5S rRNA from the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit and is based on a Transmission electron microscopy cryo electron microscopic reconstruction . ref name pmid10756104 cite journal author ... of ribosomal RNA rearrangements. journal Mol Cell volume 22 issue 4 pages 533 43 year 2006 pmid 16713583 doi 10.1016 j.molcel.2006.05.003 ref 5S ribosomal RNA 5 Svedberg S rRNA is a component of the large Ribosome ribosomal subunit in both prokaryote s 50S and eukaryote s 60S . Eukaryotic 5S rRNA is synthesised by RNA polymerase III , whereas most other eukaroytic rRNAs are cleaved from a 45S precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase I . In Xenopus oocyte s, it has been shown that fingers 4 7 of the nine zinc finger transcription factor TFIIIA can bind to the central region of 5S RNA. ref name ... links Rfam id RF00001 name 5S ribosomal RNA http rose.man.poznan.pl 5SData 5SData MeshName 5S Ribosomal RNA Ribosome subunits Category Ribosomal RNA molecular cell biology stub zh 5S RNA ... R title The 3D arrangement of the 23 S and 5 S rRNA in the Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunit ... of the central zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA in binding to 5 S RNA journal J Mol Biol volume ... and TFIIIA serves to both repress further transcription genetics transcription of the 5S RNA gene and stabilize the 5S RNA transcript until it is required for ribosome assembly. ref name Pelham 1980 ... that can bind either the 5S RNA gene or 5S RNA journal Proc Natl Acad Sci volume 77 pages 4170 ...   more details



  1. 23S ribosomal RNA

    Infobox rfam Name Pseudoknot of the domain G G12 of 23S ribosomal RNA image PK G12rRNA secondary structure.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of PK G12rRNA Symbol PK G12rRNA AltSymbols Rfam RF01118 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Ribosomal RNA rRNA Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0001263 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Image PDB 1c2w EBI.png thumb 200px left A 3D representation of the ribosome. This is a view of the 3D arrangement of the 23S and 5S rRNA in the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit based on a Transmission electron microscopy cryo electron microscopic reconstruction . ref name pmid10756104 cite journal author Mueller F, Sommer I, Baranov P, Matadeen R, Stoldt M, W hnert J, G rlach M, van Heel M, Brimacombe R title The 3D arrangement of the 23 S and 5 S rRNA in the Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunit based on a cryo electron microscopic reconstruction at 7.5 A resolution. journal J Mol Biol volume 298 issue 1 pages 35 59 year 2000 pmid 10756104 doi 10.1006 jmbi.2000.3635 ref Image PDB 2j28 EBI.jpg thumb 200px left A 3D representation of the ribosome. ref name pmid17086193 cite journal author Halic M, Blau M, Becker T, Mielke T, Pool MR, Wild K, Sinning I, Beckmann R title Following the signal sequence from ribosomal tunnel exit to signal recognition particle. journal Nature volume 444 issue 7118 pages 507 11 year 2006 pmid 17086193 doi 10.1038 nature05326 ref The 23S ... subunit 50S The ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity resides in this rRNA. This is achieved by a base ... 2011 See also 23S methyl RNA motif References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF01118 name 23S ribosomal RNA http www.ekevanbatenburg.nl PKBASE PKB00148.HTML Pseudobase entry for pseudoknot of the 23S ribosomal RNA PKB00148 Ribosome subunits Category Ribosomal RNA molecular cell biology stub es ARN ribosomal 23S ...   more details



  1. 5.8S ribosomal RNA

    Infobox rfam Name 5.8S ribosomal RNA image RF00002.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of 5.8S ribosomal RNA Symbol 5 8S rRNA AltSymbols Rfam RF00002 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Ribosomal RNA rRNA Tax domain Eukaryota Archaea GO GO 0003735 GO 0005840 SO SO 0000375 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData In molecular biology the 5.8S ribosomal RNA 5.8S rRNA is a non coding RNA component of the large subunit of the Eukaryote eukaryotic ribosome and so plays an important role in translation genetics protein translation . It is Transcription genetics transcribed by RNA polymerase I as part of the 45S precursor that also contains 18S and 28S rRNA . Its function is thought to be in 5.8S rRNA ribosome translocation. ref name Abou 1997 cite journal last Abou first Elela S coauthors Nazar RN year 1997 title Role of the 5.8S rRNA in ribosome translocation journal Nucleic Acids Res volume 25 pages 1788&ndash 1794 pmid 9108162 doi 10.1093 nar 25.9.1788 issue 9 pmc 146658 ref It is also known to form covalent linkage to the p53 tumour suppressor protein. ref name Fontoura 197 cite journal last Fontoura first BM coauthors Atienza CA, Sorokina EA, Morimoto T, Carroll RB year 1997 title Cytoplasmic p53 polypeptide is associated with ribosomes journal Mol Cell Biol volume 17 pages 3146&ndash 3154 pmid 9154813 issue 6 pmc 232167 ref 5.8S rRNA is also found in archaea . 5.8S rRNA can be used as a reference gene for miRNA detection. ref name s58 real cite journal author Shi R, Chiang VL title Facile means for quantifying microRNA expression by real time PCR journal BioTechniques volume 39 issue 4 pages 519 25 year 2005 month October pmid 16235564 doi 10.2144 000112010 url http www.biotechniques.com ... 5.8S ribosomal RNA http rrna.uia.ac.be lsu index.html LSU http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov nuccore 186498419 ... Ribosome subunits Category Ribosomal RNA molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. 16S rRNA

    16S rRNA may refer to 16S ribosomal RNA , the prokaryotic ribosomal subunit MT RNR2 Mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA , the eukaryotic ribosomal subunit disambig ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein

    refimprove date October 2011 Infobox protein family Symbol L31 Name Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L31 image width caption Pfam PF09784 Pfam clan InterPro IPR016340 SMART PROSITE PDOC00880 MEROPS SCOP 1m90 TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD A ribosomal protein is any of the protein s that, in conjunction with Ribosomal RNA rRNA , make up the Ribosome ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation genetics translation . A large part of the knowledge about these organic molecules has come from the study of Escherichia coli E. coli ribosomes. Most ribosomic proteins have been isolated and specific anti bodies have been produced. These, together with electron microscope electronic microscopy and the use of certain reactives, have allowed for the determination of the topography ... Arnold RJ, Reilly JP. 1999 Observation of Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins and their posttranslational ... in the small ribosomal subunit In the small 30S subunit of E. coli ribosomes, the proteins denoted S4, S7, S8, S15, S17, S20 bind independently to 16S rRNA. After assembly of these primary binding proteins, S5, Ribosomal protein s6 S6 , S9, S12, S13, S16, S18, and S19 bind to the growing ribosome ... to helical junctions is important for initiating the correct tertiary fold of RNA and to organize the overall ... all contain long extensions that can contact the RNA in far reaching regions. Additional stabilization results from the proteins basic residues, as these neutralize the charge repulsion of the RNA backbone ... Map of Proteins in the Small Ribosomal Subunit. PLoS Comput. Biol. v2 2 e10. PMID 16485038 ref See also Alpha operon ribosome binding site Ribosomal protein L20 leader References references ... hammerhead ribozyme embedded in a mammalian messenger RNA. doi 10.1038 nature07117 External links http www.biochem.umd.edu biochem kahn bchm465 01 ribosome proteins.html 30S Ribosomal proteins at biochem.umd.edu MeshName Ribosomal Protein GeneticTranslation Category Proteins Category ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal translocation

    Ribosomal translocation is a step in both Eukaryotic translation Elongation Eukaryotic elongation and Prokaryotic translation Elongation Prokaryotic elongation , during Translation genetics translation of messenger RNA into proteins disambig ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal frameshift

    A ribosomal frameshift allows alternative translation biology translation of a mRNA sequence by changing the open reading frame . It is commonly found in viruses including barley yellow dwarf virus , ref name pmid1840612 cite journal author Vincent JR, Lister RM, Larkins BA title Nucleotide sequence analysis and genomic organization of the NY RPV isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus journal J. Gen. Virol. volume 72 issue 10 pages 2347 55 year 1991 month October pmid 1840612 doi url http vir.sgmjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 1840612 ref potato leafroll virus ref name pmid8502558 cite journal author Kujawa AB, Drugeon G, Hulanicka D, Haenni AL title Structural requirements for efficient translational frameshifting in the synthesis of the putative viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase of potato leafroll virus journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 21 issue 9 pages 2165 71 year 1993 month May pmid 8502558 pmc 309480 doi 10.1093 nar 21.9.2165 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8502558 ref and simian retrovirus 1. ref name pmid9490779 cite journal author Sung D, Kang H title Mutational analysis of the RNA pseudoknot involved in efficient ribosomal frameshifting in simian retrovirus 1 journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 26 issue 6 pages 1369 72 year 1998 month March pmid 9490779 pmc 147434 doi 10.1093 nar 26.6.1369 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9490779 ref Ribosomal frameshifting is promoted by a pseudoknot structure and slippery Nucleotide sequence sequence usually UUUAAAC . ref name pmid8517032 cite journal author Meulenberg ... required for translation of putative RNA dependent RNA polymerase . See also Translational frameshift HIV Ribosomal frameshift signal Navbox name hide the gallery title Gallery of secondary structure ... links http www.ekevanbatenburg.nl PKBASE Pseudobase http recode.ucc.ie Recode Category RNA Category Gene expression Category Cis regulatory RNA elements genetics stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal DNA

    5.8S ribosomal RNA. Biochemistry 15 3 505 508, PMID 1252408. ref In cases for sibling species ... evolution of the Drosophila 5S ribosomal genes. J Mol Evol 41 5 615 621, PMID 7490776. ref ... and coding regions in the EcoR I fragment of the ribosomal DNA of the Japanese pond frog Rana nigromaculata ... of species belonging to wide systematic levels. ref name Hillis Hillis DM, Dixon MT 1991 . Ribosomal .... ref Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Ribosomal Dna Category DNA de Ribosomale DNA es ADN ribos mico ja ...   more details



  1. RNA

    of the ribosome 3CC2.png thumb Three dimensional representation of the 50S ribosomal subunit. RNA is in ochre, protein in blue. The active site is in the middle red . RNA and DNA are both nucleic acid s, but differ in three main ways Unlike double stranded DNA, RNA is a single stranded molecule ... of these modifications in RNA are not fully understood. However, it is notable that, in ribosomal ... prominent examples of non coding RNAs are transfer RNA tRNA and ribosomal RNA rRNA , both of which ... sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding. ref name transcriptome Ribosomal ... , and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form ... en ra b .nju kle . k s d , or RNA , is one of the three major macromolecule s along with DNA and protein s essential for all known forms of life . Like DNA, RNA is made up of a long chain of components ... group. The sequence of nucleotides allows RNA to encode genetic information. All cellular organisms use messenger RNA mRNA to carry the genetic information that directs the synthesis of proteins. In addition, many virus es use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material. Some RNA molecules play ... on ribosome s. This process uses transfer RNA tRNA molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA rRNA links amino acids together to form proteins. The chemical structure of RNA is very similar to that of DNA, with two differences a RNA contains the sugar ribose , while DNA contains ... RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine . Unlike DNA, most RNA molecules are single ... , RNA contains ribose in deoxyribose there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the nucleic acid nomenclature 2 position . These hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because ... RNA s, contain self complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold ref citation author I. Tinoco and C. Bustamante title How RNA folds journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 293 pages 271 281 ...   more details



  1. Fujitsu Micro 16s

    The Fujitsu Micro 16s was a business personal computer from Fujitsu that was launched in 1983 , around the same time as the launch of the original IBM Personal Computer XT IBM PC XT . The Micro 16s used a plug in microprocessor board, and two models were offered, an Intel 8086 and a Zilog Z80 expansion board. Additional expansion boards with the Motorola 68000 , Intel 80286 and Zilog Z8000 processors were also planned. Additionally it had a Motorola 6809 co processor. As operating systems one could choose between Multiuser DOS Concurrent CP M 86 with GSX graphic extension, MP M 86 , MS DOS , CP M for the Z80 board and Unix . It could support up to four 320 KB 5.25 floppy disk drives, and a hard disk of up to 20 MB. It had advanced color graphics with 640x200 resolution with 8 colors per pixel, based on an Motorola 6845 video chip, and used an RGB color video monitor. Up to 1152 KB of memory could be supported. External links http www.old computers.com museum computer.asp?c 888 Micro 16s at old computers.com Fujitsu Category Early microcomputers Category Personal computers microcompu stub it Fujitsu Micro 16s sr Fujitsu Micro 16s ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer analysis

    Orphan date April 2012 RRNA Ribosomal RNA rRNA intergenic spacer analysis RISA is a method of microbial community analysis that provides a means of comparing differing environments or treatment impacts without the bias imposed by culture dependent approaches. This type of analysis is often referred to as Community Fingerprinting community fingerprinting . RISA involves PCR amplification of a region of the rRNA gene operon between the small 16S and large 23S subunits called the intergenic spacer intergenic spacer region ISR. By using Oligonucleotide oligonucleotide primers targeted to conserved regions in the 16S and 23S genes, RISA fragments can be generated from most of the dominant bacteria in an environmental sample. While the majority of the rRNA operon serves a structural function, portions of the 16S 23S intergenic region can encode Transfer RNA tRNAs depending on the bacterial species. However the taxonomic value of the ISR lies in the significant heterogeneity in both length and nucleotide sequence. In RISA, we attempt to exploit the length heterogeneity of the ISR, which has been shown to range between 150 and 1500 bp with the majority of the ISR lengths being between 150 and 500 bp. The resulting PCR product will be a mixture of fragments contributed by several dominant community members. This product is electrophoresed in a polyacrylamide gel , and the DNA is visualized following staining. The result is a complex banding pattern that provides a community specific profile, with each DNA band corresponding to a bacterial population on the original assemblage. References references Borneman, J. and E.W. Triplett. 1997. Molecular microbial diversity in soils from eastern Amazonia evidence for unusual microorganisms and microbial population shifts associated with deforestation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63 2647 2653. Sigler, W.V. and J. Zeyer. 2002. Microbial diversity and activity along the forefields of two receding glaciers Microb. Ecol. 43 397 407. Sigler, W.V. ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein leader

    A ribosomal protein leader is a mechanism used in Cell biology cells to control the cellular concentraction of a protein that forms a part of the ribosome , and to make sure that the concentration is neither too high nor too low. ref name Zen94 cite journal author Zengel JM, Lindahl L title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. volume 47 issue pages 331 70 year 1994 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 url series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref Ribosomal protein leaders are RNA sequences that are a part of the 5 UTR of mRNA s encoding a ribosomal protein. When cellular concentrations of the ribosomal protein are high, excess protein will bind to the mRNA leader. This binding event can lower gene expression via a number of mechanisms for example, in the protein bound state, the RNA could form an intrinsic termination intrinsic transcription termination stem loop . When cellular concentrations of the ribosomal protein are not high, they are occupied in the ribosome, and are not available in significant quantities to bind the mRNA leader. This leads to increased expression of the gene, which leads to the synthesis of more copies of the ribosomal protein. Many examples of ribosomal protein leaders are known in bacteria , including ribosomal protein L20 leader ref name Zen94 and ribosomal S15 leader . ref cite journal last Benard first L coauthors Philippe C, Ehresmann B, Ehresmann C, Portier C year 1996 title Pseudoknot and translational control in the expression of the S15 ribosomal protein journal Biochimie volume 78 pages 568&ndash 576 pmid 8955900 doi 10.1016 S0300 9084 96 80003 4 issue 7 ref References references Category ribosomal protein leader ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal S15 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal S15 leader image RF00114.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of S15 Symbol S15 AltSymbols Rfam RF00114 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0005836 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The E. coli ribosomal S15 leader is an cis regulatory element RNA element that can form two alternative structures found in the ribosomal S15 protein. One of the two alternate structures is a series of three stem loop hairpins , the other includes a pseudoknot . ref cite journal last Benard first L coauthors Philippe C, Ehresmann B, Ehresmann C, Portier C year 1996 title Pseudoknot and translational control in the expression of the S15 ribosomal protein journal Biochimie volume 78 pages 568&ndash 576 pmid 8955900 doi 10.1016 S0300 9084 96 80003 4 issue 7 ref This structure causes translational regulation of the S15 protein . Only the final two hairpins are conserved in other species. See also Ribosomal protein L20 leader References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00114 name Ribosomal S15 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L21 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L21 leader image RF00559.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L21 leader Symbol L21 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00559 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding ribosomal protein L21, a protein of unknown function, and ribosomal protein L27 rplU ysxB rpmA . Other ribosomal protein leaders identified in the same study include those for Ribosomal protein L10 leader L10 , Ribosomal protein L13 leader L13 , Ribosomal protein L19 leader L19 and Ribosomal protein L20 leader L20 . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00559 name Ribosomal protein L21 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein s6

    protein Name ribosomal protein S6 caption image width HGNCid 10429 Symbol RPS6 AltSymbols EntrezGene 6194 OMIM 180460 RefSeq NM 001010 UniProt P62753 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 9 Arm p Band 21 LocusSupplementaryData Ribosomal protein S6 rpS6 is a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit and is therefore thought to be involved in regulating Translation biology translation . Once thought to regulate the translation of 5 terminal oligopyrimidine TOP RNA, this has since been disproven. While the true function of rpS6 is currently under investigation, studies have shown that it is involved in the regulation of cell size, cell proliferation, and glucose homeostasis. Studies show that the p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinases S6K1 and S6K2 and p90 ribsomal protein S6 kinases RSK both phosphorylate rpS6 and that S6K1 and S6K2 predominate this function. External links MeshName Ribosomal Protein S6 GeneticTranslation ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L10 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L10 leader image RF00557.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L10 leader Symbol L10 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00557 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding ribosomal proteins L10 and L12 rplJ rplL . A Rho GTP binding protein Rho independent transcription terminator structure that is probably involved in regulation is included at the 3 end. Other ribosomal protein leaders identified in the same study include those of Ribosomal protein L13 leader L13 , Ribosomal protein L19 leader L19 , Ribosomal protein L20 leader L20 and Ribosomal protein L21 leader L21 . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00557 name Ribosomal protein L10 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L19 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L19 leader image RF00556.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L19 leader Symbol L19 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00556 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding ribosomal protein L19 rplS . Other ribosomal protein leaders identified in the same study include Ribosomal protein L10 leader L10 , Ribosomal protein L13 leader L13 , Ribosomal protein L20 leader L20 and Ribosomal protein L21 leader L21 . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00556 name Ribosomal protein L19 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L20 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L20 leader image RF00558.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L20 leader Symbol L20 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00558 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding initiation factor 3 followed by ribosomal proteins L35 and L20 infC rpmI rplT . A Rho GTP binding protein Rho independent Transcription genetics transcription terminator structure that is probably involved in regulation is included at the 3 end. Other ribosomal protein leaders identified in the same study include those of Ribosomal protein L10 leader L10 , Ribosomal protein L13 leader L13 , Ribosomal protein L19 leader L19 and Ribosomal protein L21 leader L21 . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00558 name Ribosomal protein L20 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L13 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L13 leader image RF00555.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L13 leader Symbol L13 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00555 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding the L13 S9 rplM rpsI ribosomal protein operon . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00555 name Ribosomal protein L13 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element

    Infobox rfam Name DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element image RF00382.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of DnaX Symbol DnaX AltSymbols Rfam RF00382 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Translational frameshift frameshift element Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0005836 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element is a cis regulatory element RNA element found in the mRNA of the dnaX gene in E. coli . The dnaX gene has two encoded products tau and gamma which are produced in a 1 1 ratio. The gamma protein is synthesised due to programmed reading frame frameshifting and is shorter than tau. The two products of the dnaX gene are DNA polymerase III holoenzyme DNA polymerase III subunits. ref cite journal last Larsen first B coauthors Gesteland RF, Atkins JF year 1997 title Structural probing and mutagenic analysis of the stem loop required for Escherichia coli dnaX ribosomal frameshifting programmed efficiency of 50 journal J Mol Biol volume 271 pages 47&ndash 60 pmid 9300054 doi 10.1006 jmbi.1997.1162 issue 1 ref ref cite journal last Blinkova first A coauthors Burkart MF, Owens TD, Walker JR year 1997 title Conservation of the Escherichia coli dnaX programmed ribosomal frameshift signal in Salmonella typhimurium journal J Bacteriol volume 179 pages 4438&ndash 4442 pmid 9209069 issue 13 pmc 179275 ref References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00382 name DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element Category Cis regulatory RNA elements molecular cell biology stub ...   more details




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