which inspired the adoption of the Convention Regarding the Status of Stateless Persons in 1954 and the completion of the 1961Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Migrations forced from ... of the StatelessnessReductionConvention in 1961 There are 21 Articles, summarised below Article ... Parties to the 1961Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness ref ref http www.unhcr.org cgi bin ... to the Convention as of 20 September 2006 DEFAULTSORT 1961Convention On The Reduction Of Statelessness ...Refimprove date February 2007 Infobox Treaty name StatelessnessReductionConvention long name image ... both a Draft Convention on the Elimination of Future Statelessness, and a Draft Convention on the Reduction of Future Statelessness. ECOSOC approved both drafts. The 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons was done in September 1954 The Status Convention . ref http www.unhcr.org ... attract the nationality of the flag of that vessel or craft How the Convention works to reduce statelessness ... otherwise aiding the reduction of statelessness. Article 14 Disputes by Contacting States concerning ... States Image Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness.png thumb 500px right legend 007f00 ratified ... date signed 30 August 1961 location signed New York City date sealed date effective 13 December ... wikisource The Convention was originally intended as a Protocol to the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees , while the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons was adopted to cover stateless persons who are not refugees and therefore not within the scope of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. citation needed date September 2011 Statelessness prior ... document s. Background to UN action addressing the problem of statelessness Image UN General Assembly.jpg ... included the topic Nationality, including statelessness in its list of topics of international law ... was given priority. The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was done on 28 July 1951 ... more details
is stipulated in the 1961Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. ref cite web title Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness url http untreaty.un.org ilc texts instruments english conventions ..., the 1961Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness was adopted, which contains provisions to prevent ... the UN adopted another convention on statelessness, namely the 1961Convention on the Reductions of StatelessnessConvention on the Reduction of Statelessness . Image Reiseauswahl Staatenlose1.jpg 150px thumb Germany German 1954 Convention Travel Document Statelessness since 1961 The Convention on the Reductions of StatelessnessStatelessnessReductionConvention was adopted in 1961 and entered ... of Future Statelessness, and a Draft Convention on the Reduction of Future Statelessness ... ReductionConvention. On 13 December 1975, the 1961Convention entered into force. To date ... 1961.pdf Full Convention text of 1961Convention http www.unhcr.org protect PROTECTION 41b4790b4.pdf Map showing State Parties to 1961Convention http www.unhcr.org protect PROTECTION 45178f542.pdf Council of Europe Convention on Reduction of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession http www.hri.ca ... relating to the Status of Stateless Persons . The 1954 Statelessness Status Convention provided ... enjoy. The Statelessness Status Convention thus became the basis for an international protection ... to establish a mandate for the reduction of statelessness. In 1974, the General Assembly of the United ... the Convention compared to 66 states parties to the 1954 Statelessness Status Convention . Starting ... and Reduction of Statelessness and the Protection of Stateless Persons ref name Executive Committee ... constitute the primary international framework for protection of stateless persons and reduction of statelessness ... standards for reduction of statelessness in the Council of Europe region. That document underlines ... http www.unhcr.org statelessness UNHCR page on prevention and reduction of statelessness and protection ... more details
Infobox ILO convention code C61 name Reduction of Hours of Work Textiles Convention, 1937 adopt June 22, 1937 force Withdrawn br May 30, 2000 classify Hours of Work subject Working Time prev Minimum Age Non Industrial Employment Convention Revised , 1937 shelved next Safety Provisions Building Convention, 1937 shelved Reduction of Hours of Work Textiles Convention, 1937 is an International Labour Organization International Labour Organization International Labour Conference Convention . It was established in 1937 blockquote Considering that the question of the reduction of hours of work in the textile industry is the second item on the agenda of the Session Confirming the principle laid down in the Forty Hour Week Convention, 1935, including the maintenance of the standard of living Considering it to be desirable that this principle should be applied by international agreement to the textile industry ... blockquote br style clear both Withdrawn This Convention was never brought into force, and was withdrawn at the ILO General Conference May 30, 2000. Ratifications No countries ratified this Convention. External links http www.ilo.org www.ilo.org official ILO site. http www.ilo.org ilolex english conve.htm General description of ILO Conventions . http www.ilo.org ilolex english convdisp1.htm Individual Conventions . Category International Labour Organization conventions Category Working time Category Treaties concluded in 1937 International law stub ... more details
Infobox ILO convention code C51 name Reduction of Hours of Work Public Works Convention, 1936 adopt June 23, 1936 force Withdrawn br May 30, 2000 classify Hours of Work subject Working Time prev Recruiting of Indigenous Workers Convention, 1936 shelved next Holidays with Pay Convention, 1936 shelved Reduction of Hours of Work Public Works Convention, 1936 is an International Labour Organization International Labour Organization International Labour Conference Convention . It was established in 1936, with the preamble stating blockquote Considering that the question of the reduction of hours of work on public works undertaken or subsidised by Governments is the third item on the agenda of the Session ,... ref ILO blockquote br style clear both Withdrawn This Convention was never brought into force, and was withdrawn at the ILO General Conference May 30, 2000. Ratifications This Convention was not ratified by any countries. References note ILO ILO http www.ilo.org ilolex english convdisp1.htm Convention C51 External links http www.ilo.org www.ilo.org official ILO site. Category International Labour Organization conventions Category Working time Category Treaties concluded in 1936 International law stub ... more details
Infobox ILO convention code C116 name Final Articles Revision Convention, 1961 adopt June 26, 1961 force February 5, 1962 classify General Provisions subject Not Classified prev Radiation Protection Convention, 1960 next Social Policy Basic Aims and Standards Convention, 1962 shelved Final Articles Revision Convention, 1961 is an International Labour Organization International Labour Organization International Labour Conference Convention . It was established in 1961, with the preamble stating blockquote Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the partial revision of the Conventions adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation at its first thirty two sessions for the purpose of standardising the provisions regarding the preparation of reports by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office on the working of Conventions,... ref ILO blockquote br style clear both Ratifications class infobox bordered style width 50em text align left font size 95 style font size larger The following countries have ratified this Convention Country Date Notes br style clear both References note ILO ILO http www.ilo.org ilolex english convdisp1.htm Convention C116 External links http www.ilo.org www.ilo.org official ILO site. Category International Labour Organization conventions Category Treaties concluded in 1961 Category Treaties entered into force in 1962 International law stub ... more details
Politics of Kuwait Constitutional Convention elections were held in Kuwait on 30 December 1961, ref name TT having originally been planned for 1 November. ref name T1 The Reluctant Arab Force Slow Progress On Plan For Kuwait The Times , 29 August 1961, p6, Issue 55172 ref It was the country s first ever election, ref name TT Kuwait Holds Its First Election , The Times , 30 December 1961, p12, Issue 55276 ref and elected a body responsible for drawing up a constitution. ref name T1 Around 40,000 men were eligible to vote, ref name TT with turnout of registered voters at 90.0 . ref Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C 2001 Elections in Asia A data handbook, Volume I , p162 ISBN 019924958 ref A total of 74 candidates stood for the 20 elected seats. ref name TT Results class wikitable style text align right Party Votes Seats align left Merchants 10 align left Liberals 5 align left Tribal candidates 3 align left Shi ite candidates 2 align left Nominated members 11 align left Invalid blank votes align left Total 10,159 100 31 colspan 4 align left Source Nohlen et al References reflist Kuwaiti elections Category 1961 elections in Asia Category 1961 in Kuwait Category Elections in Kuwait Category Non partisan elections ... more details
Infobox ILO convention code C49 name Reduction of Hours of Work Glass Bottle Works Convention, 1935 shelved adopt June 25, 1935 force June 10, 1938 classify Hours of Work subject Working Time prev Maintenance of Migrants Pension Rights Convention, 1935 shelved next Recruiting of Indigenous Workers Convention, 1936 shelved shelved yes Reduction of Hours of Work Glass Bottle Works Convention, 1935 shelved is an International Labour Organization International Labour Organization International Labour Conference Convention . It was established in 1935, with the preamble stating blockquote Considering that the question of the reduction of hours of work is the sixth item on the agenda of the Session Confirming the principle laid down in the Forty Hour Week Convention, 1935, including the maintenance of the standard of living Having determined to give effect to this reduction forthwith in the case of glass bottle works,... ref ILO blockquote br style clear both Ratifications class infobox bordered style width 50em text align left font size 95 style font size larger The following countries have ratified this Convention Country Date Notes br style clear both References note ILO ILO http www.ilo.org ilolex english convdisp1.htm Convention C49 External links http www.ilo.org www.ilo.org official ILO site. Category International Labour Organization conventions Category History of glass Category Working time Category Treaties concluded in 1935 Category Treaties entered into force in 1938 International law stub ... more details
wiktionary reduce reduced reductionReduction , reduced , or reduce may refer to TOCright Science Chemistry Reduction , part of a reduction oxidation redox reaction in which atoms have their oxidation ... that inhibits oxidation Reductase , an enzyme that catalyzes a reduction reaction Reduction potential , a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons Ore reduction see smelting Computing and algorithms Reduction complexity , a transformation of one problem into another problem Graph reduction , an efficient version of non strict evaluation Strength reduction , a compiler ... by using previous values of the function Reduction recursion theory , given sets A and B of natural ... for deciding membership in A? L reduction , a transformation of optimization problems which keeps the approximability features Variance reduction , a procedure used to increase the precision of the estimates that can be obtained for a given number of iterations Partial order reduction , a technique for reducing the size of the state space to be searched by a model checking algorithm Bit Rate Reduction ... Reduction mathematics , the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form Beta reduction , the rewriting of an expression from lambda calculus into a simpler form Dimension reduction , the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration Lattice reduction , given an integer lattice basis as input, to find a basis with short, nearly orthogonal vectors Reduction of order , a technique for solving second order ordinary differential equations Relation reduction , the extent ... the relation dataset Reduction of the structure group , for a math G math bundle math B math and a map ... G math is isomorphic to math B math Reduction system , reduction strategy, the application of rewriting ... form of a matrix which completely and uniquely determines its row space Physics Dimensional reduction , the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero Reduction ... more details
Wikify date March 2010 Technical date February 2010 Service Statelessness is a design principle that is applied within the service orientation design paradigm , in order to design scalable Service computer science services by freeing up the services from managing their Program state state data whenever possible. ref name Wojciech Cellary and Sergiusz Strykowski Wojciech Cellary, Sergiusz Strykowski http delivery.acm.org 10.1145 1700000 1693045 p5 cellary.pdf?key1 1693045&key2 9553171721&coll GUIDE&dl GUIDE&CFID 84971756&CFTOKEN 37552233 E Government Based on Cloud Computing and Service Oriented Architecture Online .Date accessed 19 April 2010. ref This results in reduction of the resources consumed by a service as the actual state data management is delegated to an external component or to an architectural extension. By reducing the resource consumption, the service can handle more requests in a reliable manner. ref name IBMRed IBM Red Books http www.redbooks.ibm.com redbooks pdfs sg247607.pdf Power Systems and SOA Synergy Online .Date accessed 21 April 2010. ref Purpose The interaction of any two software programs involves keeping track of the interaction specific data as each subsequent interaction may depend upon the outcome of the previous interaction. This becomes more important ... state data. The Service Statelessness principle provides guidelines in favor of making the service .... Statelessness and Service Types The Service Statelessness principle could be applied to varying ... may need to be stateful in order to provide statelessness for task and entity services. ref name StatefulServices ... entities and as such require higher levels of statelessness so that they are not burdened with keeping .... The statelessness could either be achieved by delegating state management to some shared architectural ... oriented 2009 02 evolution of principles of service orientation service statelessness part 6.php Evolution of principles of Service Orientation Service Statelessness, part 6 Online .Date accessed ... more details
&ndash The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is signed at New York . April Main April 1961 April 5 ...Use mdy dates date March 2011 Year dab 1961 Year nav 1961 C20 year in topic NOTOC The year of 1961 Roman ... calendar . As MAD Magazine pointed out on its cover for the March 1961 issue, this was the first ... s Mad Cover Site ref Events January Main January 1961 January 3 President Dwight Eisenhower announces ... 24 &ndash B 52 Stratofortress , with two nuclear bomb s, 1961 Goldsboro B 52 crash crashes near ... capsule, designed to carry United States astronaut s into space. February Main February 1961 February ... . March Main March 1961 March&ndash April &ndash Drilling for Project Mohole is undertaken off the coast ... and white Pound sterling 5 notes cease to be legal tender in the United Kingdom UK . A 1961 Kurenivka ... Datin, text by Maurice Vidalin wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1961 for Luxembourg . March ... Kingdom . May Main May 1961 May 4 &ndash United States U.S. Freedom Riders begin interstate bus rides ... . President John F. Kennedy and Charles De Gaulle meet in Paris . June Main June 1961 June 1 &ndash ... help the United Kingdom sends in troops. July Main July 1961 July 4 &ndash The Soviet Union Soviet ... 12 18 url http www.hq.nasa.gov office pao History Timeline 1961 3.html title July 1961 publisher NASA ... 1961 3.html archivedate 17 November 2007 DASHBot deadurl no ref July 8 &ndash A mine explosion in Czechoslovakia ... Main August 1961 August &ndash USA founds Alliance for Progress . August 1 &ndash The Six Flags over ... 1961 September 1 &ndash First meeting held of the Non Aligned Movement . The Soviet Union resumes ... makes 12 more Tom and Jerry episodes until 1962. September 10 &ndash During the 1961 Italian Grand ... to replace the Organization for European Economic Co operation OEEC . October Main October 1961 ... of 1961 French police in Paris attack about 30,000 protesting a curfew applied solely to Algeria ... from the Lenin Mausoleum. November Main November 1961 November &ndash The Fantastic Four 1 comic debuts ... more details
Wiktionarypar conventionConvention may refer to Treaty , an agreement in international law Convention meeting , a large gathering of people who share a common interest Political convention , a formal gathering of people for political purposes Fan convention , a gathering of fans of a particular media property or genre Convention norm , a custom or tradition, a standard of presentation or conduct Bridge convention , a term in the game of bridge The Convention The Office episode The Convention The Office episode Convention Malcolm in the Middle episode Convention Malcolm in the Middle episode See also Conference disambiguation disambig ca Convenci cs Konvence de Konvent et Konvent es Convenci n fr Convention hr Konvencija id Konvensi it Convenzione lt Konvencija ja no Convention pl Konwent pt Conven o ru sk Konvencia sv Konvent zh ... more details
Risk reduction may refer to Absolute risk reduction or Relative risk reduction , statistical descriptors of an intervention. Risk management Safety Integrity Level Hedge finance disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
A reduction formula is used to represent some expression in a simpler form. It may refer to Mathematics Formulas of reduction , the decomposition of multiple integrals Integration by reduction formulae , expressing an integral in terms of the same integral but in lower powers Physics LSZ reduction formula , a method to calculate S matrix elements from the time ordered correlation functions of a quantum field theory disambig ... more details
The Birch Reduction is an organic reaction which is particularly useful in Organic chemistry Organic ... doi 10.1039 JR9440000430 title 117. Reduction by dissolving metals. Part I ref ref cite journal author Birch, A. J. journal J. Chem. Soc. year 1945 pages 809 doi 10.1039 jr9450000809 title 212. Reduction ... 10.1039 jr9460000593 title 119. Reduction by dissolving metals. Part III author Birch, A. J. ref ref cite journal journal J. Chem. Soc. year 1947 pages 102 doi 10.1039 jr9470000102 title 25. Reduction ... 1947 pages 1642 doi 10.1039 jr9470001642 title 327. Reduction by dissolving metals. Part V author Birch .... year 1949 pages 2531 doi 10.1039 jr9490002531 title 532. Reduction by dissolving metals. Part VI ... reduction of aromatic ring s in liquid ammonia with sodium , lithium or potassium and an alcohol .... Image BirchReductionScheme.svg center The Birch reduction An example is the reduction of naphthalene ... 450px naphthalene Birch Reduction Several reviews have been published. ref cite journal author Birch ... qr9581200017 title Reduction by metal amine solutions applications in synthesis and determination ... ref Image BirchReactionMechanism.svg center Reaction mechanism of the Birch reduction Regioselectivity The reduction of anisole is one of the simplest examples and is shown in Eqn. 1. Still another ... of radical anion B to the cyclohexadienyl radical C. Reaction regioselectivity Birch Reduction has ... of this was known. In 1961 a simple computation of the electron densities of the radical anion revealed ... and computations were in agreement with the early 1961 computations. With electron withdrawing .... The remaining item for discussion is the final protonation of the cyclohexadienyl anion. In 1961 ... computations were in agreement. Underlying mechanism of the Birch reduction The original Birch ... H ckel computations Using simple H ckel method H ckel computations in 1961 it was shown that the Birch ... in Metal Ammonia Reductions, Zimmerman, H. E, Tetrahedron, 1961, 16, 169 176. ref ref Base Catalyzed ... more details
Globalize US disambiguation page date August 2011 Deficit reduction can refer to any of various Acts of Congress related to the U.S. government budget deficit , including chrono order Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 Gramm Rudman Hollings Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 Deficit Reduction Act of 1993 Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 See also United States Congress Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction Deficit reduction in the United States disambig ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Image Reduction drive.JPG Reduction drive also with a transformation of the direction of rotation thumb A reduction drive is a mechanical device to shift rotational speed. A planetary reduction drive is a small scale version using ball bearing s in an epicyclic gearing epicyclic arrangement instead of toothed gear s. Image Planetary reduction drive.JPG Planetary reduction drive thumb Reduction drives are used in engine s of all kinds, to increase the amount of torque per revolution of a shaft the gearbox of any automobile car is a ubiquitous example of a reduction drive. Common household uses are washing machines, food blenders and window winders. Planetary reduction drives are typically attached between the shaft of the variable capacitor and the tuning knob of any radio , to allow fine adjustments of the tuning capacitor with smooth movements of the knob. Planetary drives are used in this situation to avoid backlash , which makes tuning easier. If the capacitor drive has backlash, when you attempt to tune in a station, the tuning knob will feel sloppy and it will be hard to perform small adjustments. Gear drives CAN be made to have no backlash by utilising split gears and spring tension but the shaft bearings have to be very precise. Category Hardware mechanical DEFAULTSORT Reduction Drive Engineering stub es Motor de impulsi n pl Reduktor mechaniczny ru uk ... more details
Supply reduction is one approach to social problems such as drug addiction . Other approaches are demand reduction and harm reduction . ref cite web url http www.burnet.edu.au freestyler gui files Supply 20Demand 20and 20Harm 20Reduction.pdf title Supply, demand and harm reduction publisher Burnet Institute, The Centre for Harm Reduction date 14 April 2004 ref In the case of illegal drugs , supply reduction efforts generally involves attempts to disrupt the manufacturing and distribution supply chain s for these drugs, by both civilian Law enforcement agency law enforcement and sometimes military forces. This approach, sometimes characterized as the War on Drugs , has been the dominant approach to drugs policy since the 1960s. ref cite web url http www.beckleyfoundation.org pdf report lawenforce.pdf title Report Three Law Enforcement and Supply Reduction publisher Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme author Marcus Roberts, Mike Trace and Axel Klein date 2004 ref References reflist See also Supply and demand Category Drug control law Crime stub ... more details
nocitations date September 2011 Recycling Source reduction is activities designed to reduce the volume or toxicity of waste generated, including the design and manufacture of products with minimum toxic content, minimum volume of material, and or a longer useful life. An example of source reduction is bringing a reusable bag to the grocery store. Synonyms Pollution Prevention or P2 and Toxics use reduction are also called source reduction because they address the use of hazardous substances at the source. Procedures Source Reduction is achieved through improvements in production and product design, or through Environmentally Preferable Purchasing EPP . Source reduction in the United States In the United States , the Federal Trade Commission offers guidance for labelling claims Source reduction refers to reducing or lowering the weight, volume or toxicity of a product or package. To avoid being misleading, source reduction claims must qualify the amount of the source reduction and give the basis for any comparison that is made. These principles apply regardless of whether a term like source reduced is used. reflist The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Program TURA offers 6 strategies to achieve source reduction Toxic chemical substitution Production process modification Finished product reformulation Production modernization Improvements in operations and maintenance In process recycling of production material See also Bioplastic Miniwaste Pre waste Sustainable packaging External links http p2rx.org United States National Pollution Prevention Information Center http p2ric.org TopicHubs toc.cfm?hub 26&subsec 7&nav 7 United States Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center http enviro.blr.com display.cfm id 71485 source WKP effort 6 NPPR Finds P2 Programs Effective http www.turi.org TURI http www.p2gems.org P2Gems Pollution prevention directory http www.zerowastenetwork.org Southwest Network for Zero Waste DEFAULTSORT Source Reduction Category Waste reduction Category ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 The concept of ego reduction occurs in several contexts. The term is predicated on the use of Sigmund Freud s concept of the Id, ego and super ego ego to describe the conscious adult self. Ego reduction has been used as a goal in Alcoholics Anonymous as a concept in BDSM play, as in entering subspace BDSM subspace as a concept in attaining religious humility . See also Egolessness DEFAULTSORT Ego Reduction Category Freudian psychology Psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Interventions infobox Name Ventricular reduction Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 37.35 MeshID OtherCodes Ventricular reduction is a type of operation in cardiac surgery to reduce enlargement of the heart from cardiomyopathy or ischemic aneurysm formation. See also Batista procedure Dor procedure Cardiac surgery DEFAULTSORT Ventricular Reduction Category Cardiac surgery Surgery stub ... more details
An orchestral reduction is a sheet music arrangement of a work originally for full symphony orchestra such as a symphony, overture, or opera , rearranged for a single instrument typically piano or organ music organ , a smaller orchestra, or a chamber ensemble with or without a keyboard e.g. a string quartet . A reduction for solo piano is sometimes called a piano reduction or piano score . During opera rehearsals, a r p titeur piano player will typically read from a piano reduction of the opera. When a choir is learning a work scored for choir and full orchestra, the initial rehearsals will usually be done with a pianist playing a piano reduction of the orchestra part. Before the advent of the phonograph, arrangements of orchestral works for solo piano or piano four hands were in common use for enjoyment at home. A reduction for a smaller orchestra or chamber ensemble may be used when not enough players are available, when a venue is too small to accommodate the full orchestra, to accompany less powerful voices, or to save money by hiring fewer players. Category Musical terminology Category Musical notation music stub ... more details
The term population reduction may be used in relation to many topics, including the following population decline or depopulation reductions in human population levels for reasons such as low birth rate, emigration, disease or war. population control deliberate attempts to control human population levels typically seeking an initial reduction as opposed to an increase , sometimes related to the Optimum Population concept. culling deliberate reductions in animal or plant population levels, by human action population reduction the phase preceding the extinction of a species the Population reduction theory a theory involving genocide disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2008 In Optimization computer science code optimization during the translation of computer programs into an executable form, and in mathematical reduction generally, a reduction strategy for a term rewriting system determines which reducible subterms or reducible expressions , redexes should be reduced contracted within a term it may be the case that a term may contain multiple redexes which are disjoint from one another and that choosing to contract one redex before another may have no influence on the resulting reduced form of the term, or that the redexes in a term do overlap and that choosing to contract one of the overlapping redexes over the other may result in a different reduced form of the term. It is the choice of which redex at each step in the reduction to contract that determines the strategy chosen. See evaluation strategy for the specific case dealing with the lambda calculus . See also Reduction system DEFAULTSORT Reduction Strategy comp sci stub Category Rewriting systems pt Estrat gia de redu o ... more details
In modular arithmetic , Barrett reduction is a reduction algorithm introduced in 1986 by P.D. Barrett. A naive way of computing math c a times b pmod n. , math would be to use a fast division algorithm . Barrett reduction and Montgomery reduction are algorithms designed to optimize this operation. Sources P.D. Barrett , Implementing the Rivest Shamir and Adleman Public Key Encryption Algorithm on a Standard Digital Signal Processor, Advances in Cryptology CRYPTO 86, Springer, 1986. http www.springerlink.com content c4f3rqbt5dxxyad4 Chapter 14 of Alfred J. Menezes , Paul C. van Oorschot, and Scott A. Vanstone . http www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca hac about chap14.pdf Handbook of Applied Cryptography . CRC Press, 1996. ISBN 0 8493 8523 7. Bosselaers, et al. , Comparison of Three Modular Reduction Functions, Advances in Cryptology Crypto 93, 1993. http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc summary?doi 10.1.1.40.3779 Category Computer arithmetic Category Cryptographic algorithms Category Modular arithmetic de Barrett Verfahren ... more details
Selective reduction or fetal reduction is the practice of abortion aborting one or more fetus es in a multifetal pregnancy , say quadruplets , to a twin or singleton pregnancy. Selective reduction is done for both medical and non medical reasons. Medical issues generally related to multiple births, including premature birth s, low birth weight s, and associated medical problems. Non medical reasons include that the couple or the mother do not feel that they are emotionally or financially ready to handle more than one child. ref cite web last HUTCHISON first COURTNEY title When Two or More Become One Selective Reduction for Multiple Births url http abcnews.go.com Health WomensHealth reducing twins singles womans choice story?id 14311243 .T2poumKok2Q publisher ABC News accessdate 21 March 2012 ref Selective reduction can also be used to reduce a twin pregnancy to a singleton one. This is a less common but growing practice as the risks in twin pregnancies, while existent, are much lower than ... Become One Selective Reduction for Multiple Births url http abcnews.go.com Health WomensHealth ... 21 March 2012 ref In many cases this type of multifetal reduction is chosen by couples who used Assisted ... web last Macnair first Dr Trisha title Selective reduction in pregnancy url http www.bbc.co.uk health ... 2012 ref Practice The reduction procedure is generally carried out during the first trimester of pregnancy ... 22selective reduction 22 and trimester&sig ErdszaeKBRqVoxUTwlST4DB7Qw PRA4 PT778,M1 Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide , page 913 Simon and Schuster 1999 Selective reduction is usually ... for the remaining fetus or fetuses, reduction does have its own risks, including the possibility that one ... geneticist, and a group of doctors, developed the procedure for selective reduction in the 1980s. ref name urlWashington Post Magazine Examines Selective Reduction Procedure For Pregnancies With Multiple ... Magazine Examines Selective Reduction Procedure For Pregnancies With Multiple Fetuses work accessdate ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
