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Encyclopedia results for 28S ribosomal RNA

28S ribosomal RNA





Encyclopedia results for 28S ribosomal RNA

  1. 28S ribosomal RNA

    28S ribosomal RNA is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of the prokaryotic 23S ribosomal RNA this is the structural RNA for the large component of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells. General references Lodish, H. Molecular Cell Biology 3rd ed. Freeman, 1995. Ribosome subunits DEFAULTSORT 28s Ribosomal Rna Category Ribosomal RNA ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal RNA

    be broken down into two subunits the S in 16S ribosomal RNA 16S represents Svedberg units class wikitable Type Size Large subunit Small subunit prokaryotic 70S 50S 5S ribosomal RNA 5S , 23S ribosomal RNA 23S 30S 16S ribosomal RNA 16S eukaryotic 80S 60S 5S ribosomal RNA 5S , 5.8S ribosomal RNA 5.8S , 28S ribosomal RNA 28S 40S 18S ribosomal RNA 18S Note that the S units of the subunits cannot simply ...File Ribosome shape.png thumb Ribosomal RNA rRNA is the RNA component of a ribosome Ribosomal ribonucleic ... in all living biological cell cells . Ribosomal RNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino ... a small 30S ribosomal subunit contains the 16S ribosomal RNA 16S rRNA. The large 50S ribosomal subunit contains two rRNA species the 5S and 23S ribosomal RNA 23S rRNAs . Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA 16S , 23S ribosomal RNA 23S , and 5S rRNA genes are typically organized as a co transcribed operon ... end of the 16S ribosomal RNA 16S rRNA in a ribosome binds to a sequence on the 5 end of mRNA called ... 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22 . The 18S ribosomal RNA 18S rRNA in most eukaryotes is in the small ribosomal subunit, and the large subunit contains three rRNA species the 5S ribosomal RNA 5S , 5.8S ribosomal RNA 5.8S and 28S ribosomal RNA 28S rRNAs . Mammalian cells have 2 mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA 12S and MT RNR2 16S rRNA molecules and 4 types of cytoplasmic rRNA the 28S, 5.8S, 18S, and 5S subunits ... structure of the small subunit ribosomal RNA SSU rRNA has been resolved by X ray crystallography ... upstream of the start codon in mRNA. Importance of rRNA Ribosomal RNA characteristics are important ... a comprehensive online resource for quality checked and aligned ribosomal RNA sequence data compatible ... rRNA European database on small subunit ribosomal RNA http rdp.cme.msu.edu Ribosomal Database Project II http wiki.biomine.skelleftea.se wiki index.php 16S ribosomal RNA 16S rRNA, BioMineWiki Rfam id RF00177 name Small subunit ribosomal RNA, 5 domain MeshName Ribosomal RNA Nucleic acids ...   more details



  1. 5.8S ribosomal RNA

    Infobox rfam Name 5.8S ribosomal RNA image RF00002.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of 5.8S ribosomal RNA Symbol 5 8S rRNA AltSymbols Rfam RF00002 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Ribosomal RNA rRNA Tax domain Eukaryota Archaea GO GO 0003735 GO 0005840 SO SO 0000375 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData In molecular biology the 5.8S ribosomal RNA 5.8S rRNA is a non coding RNA component of the large subunit of the Eukaryote eukaryotic ribosome and so plays an important role in translation genetics protein translation . It is Transcription genetics transcribed by RNA polymerase I as part of the 45S precursor that also contains 18S and 28S rRNA . Its function is thought to be in 5.8S rRNA ribosome translocation. ref name Abou 1997 cite journal last Abou first Elela S coauthors Nazar RN year 1997 title Role of the 5.8S rRNA in ribosome translocation journal Nucleic Acids Res volume 25 pages 1788&ndash 1794 pmid 9108162 doi 10.1093 nar 25.9.1788 issue 9 pmc 146658 ref It is also known to form covalent linkage to the p53 tumour suppressor protein. ref name Fontoura 197 cite journal last Fontoura first BM coauthors Atienza CA, Sorokina EA, Morimoto T, Carroll RB year 1997 title Cytoplasmic p53 polypeptide is associated with ribosomes journal Mol Cell Biol volume 17 pages 3146&ndash 3154 pmid 9154813 issue 6 pmc 232167 ref 5.8S rRNA is also found in archaea . 5.8S rRNA can be used as a reference gene for miRNA detection. ref name s58 real cite journal author Shi R, Chiang VL title Facile means for quantifying microRNA expression by real time PCR journal BioTechniques volume 39 issue 4 pages 519 25 year 2005 month October pmid 16235564 doi 10.2144 000112010 url http www.biotechniques.com ... 5.8S ribosomal RNA http rrna.uia.ac.be lsu index.html LSU http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov nuccore 186498419 ... Ribosome subunits Category Ribosomal RNA molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. 5S ribosomal RNA

    Infobox rfam Name 5S ribosomal RNA image RF00001.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of 5S ribosomal RNA Symbol 5S rRNA AltSymbols Rfam RF00001 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Ribosomal RNA rRNA Tax domain Eukaryota Bacteria Archaea GO GO 0005840 GO 0003735 SO SO 0000652 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Image PDB 1c2x EBI.png thumb 200px left A 3D representation of a 5S rRNA molecule. This structure is of the 5S rRNA from the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit and is based on a Transmission electron microscopy cryo electron microscopic reconstruction . ref name pmid10756104 cite journal author ... of ribosomal RNA rearrangements. journal Mol Cell volume 22 issue 4 pages 533 43 year 2006 pmid 16713583 doi 10.1016 j.molcel.2006.05.003 ref 5S ribosomal RNA 5 Svedberg S rRNA is a component of the large Ribosome ribosomal subunit in both prokaryote s 50S and eukaryote s 60S . Eukaryotic 5S rRNA is synthesised by RNA polymerase III , whereas most other eukaroytic rRNAs are cleaved from a 45S precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase I . In Xenopus oocyte s, it has been shown that fingers 4 7 of the nine zinc finger transcription factor TFIIIA can bind to the central region of 5S RNA. ref name ... links Rfam id RF00001 name 5S ribosomal RNA http rose.man.poznan.pl 5SData 5SData MeshName 5S Ribosomal RNA Ribosome subunits Category Ribosomal RNA molecular cell biology stub zh 5S RNA ... R title The 3D arrangement of the 23 S and 5 S rRNA in the Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunit ... of the central zinc fingers of transcription factor IIIA in binding to 5 S RNA journal J Mol Biol volume ... and TFIIIA serves to both repress further transcription genetics transcription of the 5S RNA gene and stabilize the 5S RNA transcript until it is required for ribosome assembly. ref name Pelham 1980 ... that can bind either the 5S RNA gene or 5S RNA journal Proc Natl Acad Sci volume 77 pages 4170 ...   more details



  1. 23S ribosomal RNA

    Infobox rfam Name Pseudoknot of the domain G G12 of 23S ribosomal RNA image PK G12rRNA secondary structure.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of PK G12rRNA Symbol PK G12rRNA AltSymbols Rfam RF01118 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Ribosomal RNA rRNA Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0001263 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData Image PDB 1c2w EBI.png thumb 200px left A 3D representation of the ribosome. This is a view of the 3D arrangement of the 23S and 5S rRNA in the Escherichia coli 50S ribosomal subunit based on a Transmission electron microscopy cryo electron microscopic reconstruction . ref name pmid10756104 cite journal author Mueller F, Sommer I, Baranov P, Matadeen R, Stoldt M, W hnert J, G rlach M, van Heel M, Brimacombe R title The 3D arrangement of the 23 S and 5 S rRNA in the Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal subunit based on a cryo electron microscopic reconstruction at 7.5 A resolution. journal J Mol Biol volume 298 issue 1 pages 35 59 year 2000 pmid 10756104 doi 10.1006 jmbi.2000.3635 ref Image PDB 2j28 EBI.jpg thumb 200px left A 3D representation of the ribosome. ref name pmid17086193 cite journal author Halic M, Blau M, Becker T, Mielke T, Pool MR, Wild K, Sinning I, Beckmann R title Following the signal sequence from ribosomal tunnel exit to signal recognition particle. journal Nature volume 444 issue 7118 pages 507 11 year 2006 pmid 17086193 doi 10.1038 nature05326 ref The 23S ... subunit 50S The ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity resides in this rRNA. This is achieved by a base ... 2011 See also 23S methyl RNA motif References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF01118 name 23S ribosomal RNA http www.ekevanbatenburg.nl PKBASE PKB00148.HTML Pseudobase entry for pseudoknot of the 23S ribosomal RNA PKB00148 Ribosome subunits Category Ribosomal RNA molecular cell biology stub es ARN ribosomal 23S ...   more details



  1. 18S ribosomal RNA

    18 Svedberg S ribosomal RNA abbreviated 18S rRNA is a part of the ribosomal RNA . The S in 18S represents Svedberg units. 18S rRNA is a component of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit 40S . 18S rRNA is the structural RNA for the small component of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosome s, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells. It is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of 16S ribosomal RNA in Prokaryote s and mitochondria . The genes coding for 18S rRNA are referred to as 18S rDNA . Sequence data from these genes is widely used in molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary history of organisms, especially invertebrates, as its slow evolutionary rate makes it suitable to reconstruct ancient divergences. Uses in phylogeny The small subunit SSU 18S rRNA gene is one of the most frequently used genes in phylogenetic studies and an important marker for random target polymerase chain reaction PCR in environmental biodiversity screening. ref name Meyer 2010 In general, rRNA gene sequences are easy to access due to highly conserved flanking regions allowing for the use of universal primer s. ref name Meyer 2010 Their repetitive arrangement within the genome provides excessive amounts of template DNA for PCR, even in smallest organisms. The 18S gene is part of the ribosomal functional core and is exposed to similar selective forces in all living beings. Thus, when the first large scale phylogenetic studies based on 18S sequences were published first and foremost phylogeny of the animal kingdom by Field et al. 1988 ref Field K. G., Olsen G. J., Lane D. J., Giovannoni S. J., Ghiselin M. T., Raff E. C., Pace N. R. & Raff R. A. 1988 . Molecular phylogeny of the animal kingdom . Science journal Science 239 4841 748 753. doi 10.1126 science.3277277 . ref the gene .... doi 10.1186 1471 2148 10 70 ref reflist Ribosome subunits DEFAULTSORT 18s Ribosomal Rna Category Ribosomal RNA cs 18S rRNA ...   more details



  1. 16S ribosomal RNA

    ?view long&pmid 17071787 ref Functions It has several functions Like the 23S ribosomal RNA large 23S ribosomal RNA , it has a structural role, acting as a scaffold defining the positions of the ribosomal ... P title Intragenomic heterogeneity between multiple 16S ribosomal RNA operons in sequenced ... of uncultured pathogens using ribosomal RNA sequences journal Methods Enzymol year 1994 volume 235 ... 16s Ribosomal Rna Category Ribosomal RNA ca ARN ribos mic 16S fr ARN ribosomique 16S ko 16S RNA ja 16S rRNA ru 16S uk 16S zh 16S RNA ... start codon on the mRNA . The 3 end of 16S RNA binds to the proteins S1 and S21 known to be involved in initiation of protein synthesis RNA protein cross linking by A.P. Czernilofsky et al. FEBS Lett. Vol 58, pp 281 284, 1975 . Interacts with 23S, aiding in the binding of the two ribosomal subunits ... abstract 173 2 697 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study W G Weisburg, S M Barns ... DA, Lane DJ title 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study journal J Bacteriol year ... Medicine Molecular Diagnosis Bacterial Sequencing http rdp.cme.msu.edu The Ribosomal Database Project ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal translocation

    Ribosomal translocation is a step in both Eukaryotic translation Elongation Eukaryotic elongation and Prokaryotic translation Elongation Prokaryotic elongation , during Translation genetics translation of messenger RNA into proteins disambig ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal DNA

    5.8S ribosomal RNA. Biochemistry 15 3 505 508, PMID 1252408. ref In cases for sibling species ...Image Eucaryot rdna.png thumb 400px right The gene segment of eukaryotic rDNA contains 18S, 5.8S, and 28S tracts and forms a tandem repetitive cluster the 5S rDNA is coded separately. NTS , nontranscribed spacer, ETS , external transcribed spacer, ITS , internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2, numbered from 5 end. Ribosomal DNA rDNA codes for ribosomal RNA . These sequences regulate amplification and Transcription genetics transcription initiation and contain transcribed and nontranscribed spacer segments. The ribosome is an intracellular macromolecule that produces proteins or polypeptide chains. The ribosome itself consists of a composite of proteins and RNA. As shown in the figure, rDNA consists of a tandem repeat of a unit segment, an operon, composed of NTS, ETS, 18S, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and 28S tracts. rDNA has another gene, coding for 5S rRNA, located in the genome in most eukaryotes. ref name Richard Richard GF, Kerrest A, Dujon B 2008 . Comparative genomics and molecular dynamics of DNA repeats in eukaryotes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 72 4 686 727, PMID 19052325, PMC 2593564 , DOI 10.1128 MMBR.00011 08 . ref 5S rDNA is also present in tandem repeats as in Drosophila . ref name Richard In the nucleus, the rDNA region of the chromosome is visualized as a nucleolus which forms expanded chromosomal loops with rDNA. The ribosomal RNA transcriptional units are clustered in tandem repeats. These rDNA regions are also called nucleolus organizer region s, as they give rise to the nucleolus ... evolution of the Drosophila 5S ribosomal genes. J Mol Evol 41 5 615 621, PMID 7490776. ref ... and coding regions in the EcoR I fragment of the ribosomal DNA of the Japanese pond frog Rana nigromaculata ... of species belonging to wide systematic levels. ref name Hillis Hillis DM, Dixon MT 1991 . Ribosomal .... ref Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Ribosomal Dna Category DNA de Ribosomale DNA es ADN ribos mico ja ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein

    refimprove date October 2011 Infobox protein family Symbol L31 Name Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L31 image width caption Pfam PF09784 Pfam clan InterPro IPR016340 SMART PROSITE PDOC00880 MEROPS SCOP 1m90 TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD A ribosomal protein is any of the protein s that, in conjunction with Ribosomal RNA rRNA , make up the Ribosome ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation genetics translation . A large part of the knowledge about these organic molecules has come from the study of Escherichia coli E. coli ribosomes. Most ribosomic proteins have been isolated and specific anti bodies have been produced. These, together with electron microscope electronic microscopy and the use of certain reactives, have allowed for the determination of the topography of the proteins in the ribosome. Proteins in E. coli ribosomes The ribosome of E. coli has about ... Arnold RJ, Reilly JP. 1999 Observation of Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins and their posttranslational ... in the small ribosomal subunit In the small 30S subunit of E. coli ribosomes, the proteins denoted ... proteins, S5, Ribosomal protein s6 S6 , S9, S12, S13, S16, S18, and S19 bind to the growing ribosome ... to helical junctions is important for initiating the correct tertiary fold of RNA and to organize the overall ... all contain long extensions that can contact the RNA in far reaching regions. Additional stabilization results from the proteins basic residues, as these neutralize the charge repulsion of the RNA backbone ... Map of Proteins in the Small Ribosomal Subunit. PLoS Comput. Biol. v2 2 e10. PMID 16485038 ref See also Alpha operon ribosome binding site Ribosomal protein L20 leader References references ... hammerhead ribozyme embedded in a mammalian messenger RNA. doi 10.1038 nature07117 External links http www.biochem.umd.edu biochem kahn bchm465 01 ribosome proteins.html 30S Ribosomal proteins at biochem.umd.edu MeshName Ribosomal Protein GeneticTranslation Category Proteins Category ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal frameshift

    A ribosomal frameshift allows alternative translation biology translation of a mRNA sequence by changing the open reading frame . It is commonly found in viruses including barley yellow dwarf virus , ref name pmid1840612 cite journal author Vincent JR, Lister RM, Larkins BA title Nucleotide sequence analysis and genomic organization of the NY RPV isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus journal J. Gen. Virol. volume 72 issue 10 pages 2347 55 year 1991 month October pmid 1840612 doi url http vir.sgmjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 1840612 ref potato leafroll virus ref name pmid8502558 cite journal author Kujawa AB, Drugeon G, Hulanicka D, Haenni AL title Structural requirements for efficient translational frameshifting in the synthesis of the putative viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase of potato leafroll virus journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 21 issue 9 pages 2165 71 year 1993 month May pmid 8502558 pmc 309480 doi 10.1093 nar 21.9.2165 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8502558 ref and simian retrovirus 1. ref name pmid9490779 cite journal author Sung D, Kang H title Mutational analysis of the RNA pseudoknot involved in efficient ribosomal frameshifting in simian retrovirus 1 journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 26 issue 6 pages 1369 72 year 1998 month March pmid 9490779 pmc 147434 doi 10.1093 nar 26.6.1369 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 9490779 ref Ribosomal frameshifting is promoted by a pseudoknot structure and slippery Nucleotide sequence sequence usually UUUAAAC . ref name pmid8517032 cite journal author Meulenberg ... required for translation of putative RNA dependent RNA polymerase . See also Translational frameshift HIV Ribosomal frameshift signal Navbox name hide the gallery title Gallery of secondary structure ... links http www.ekevanbatenburg.nl PKBASE Pseudobase http recode.ucc.ie Recode Category RNA Category Gene expression Category Cis regulatory RNA elements genetics stub ...   more details



  1. RNA

    of the ribosome 3CC2.png thumb Three dimensional representation of the 50S ribosomal subunit. RNA is in ochre, protein in blue. The active site is in the middle red . RNA and DNA are both nucleic acid s, but differ in three main ways Unlike double stranded DNA, RNA is a single stranded molecule ... of these modifications in RNA are not fully understood. However, it is notable that, in ribosomal ... prominent examples of non coding RNAs are transfer RNA tRNA and ribosomal RNA rRNA , both of which ... sequence on the messenger RNA chain through hydrogen bonding. ref name transcriptome Ribosomal ... , and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form ... en ra b .nju kle . k s d , or RNA , is one of the three major macromolecule s along with DNA and protein s essential for all known forms of life . Like DNA, RNA is made up of a long chain of components ... group. The sequence of nucleotides allows RNA to encode genetic information. All cellular organisms use messenger RNA mRNA to carry the genetic information that directs the synthesis of proteins. In addition, many virus es use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material. Some RNA molecules play ... on ribosome s. This process uses transfer RNA tRNA molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA rRNA links amino acids together to form proteins. The chemical structure of RNA is very similar to that of DNA, with two differences a RNA contains the sugar ribose , while DNA contains ... RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine . Unlike DNA, most RNA molecules are single ... , RNA contains ribose in deoxyribose there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the nucleic acid nomenclature 2 position . These hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because ... RNA s, contain self complementary sequences that allow parts of the RNA to fold ref citation author I. Tinoco and C. Bustamante title How RNA folds journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 293 pages 271 281 ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein leader

    A ribosomal protein leader is a mechanism used in Cell biology cells to control the cellular concentraction of a protein that forms a part of the ribosome , and to make sure that the concentration is neither too high nor too low. ref name Zen94 cite journal author Zengel JM, Lindahl L title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. volume 47 issue pages 331 70 year 1994 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 url series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref Ribosomal protein leaders are RNA sequences that are a part of the 5 UTR of mRNA s encoding a ribosomal protein. When cellular concentrations of the ribosomal protein are high, excess protein will bind to the mRNA leader. This binding event can lower gene expression via a number of mechanisms for example, in the protein bound state, the RNA could form an intrinsic termination intrinsic transcription termination stem loop . When cellular concentrations of the ribosomal protein are not high, they are occupied in the ribosome, and are not available in significant quantities to bind the mRNA leader. This leads to increased expression of the gene, which leads to the synthesis of more copies of the ribosomal protein. Many examples of ribosomal protein leaders are known in bacteria , including ribosomal protein L20 leader ref name Zen94 and ribosomal S15 leader . ref cite journal last Benard first L coauthors Philippe C, Ehresmann B, Ehresmann C, Portier C year 1996 title Pseudoknot and translational control in the expression of the S15 ribosomal protein journal Biochimie volume 78 pages 568&ndash 576 pmid 8955900 doi 10.1016 S0300 9084 96 80003 4 issue 7 ref References references Category ribosomal protein leader ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal S15 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal S15 leader image RF00114.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of S15 Symbol S15 AltSymbols Rfam RF00114 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0005836 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The E. coli ribosomal S15 leader is an cis regulatory element RNA element that can form two alternative structures found in the ribosomal S15 protein. One of the two alternate structures is a series of three stem loop hairpins , the other includes a pseudoknot . ref cite journal last Benard first L coauthors Philippe C, Ehresmann B, Ehresmann C, Portier C year 1996 title Pseudoknot and translational control in the expression of the S15 ribosomal protein journal Biochimie volume 78 pages 568&ndash 576 pmid 8955900 doi 10.1016 S0300 9084 96 80003 4 issue 7 ref This structure causes translational regulation of the S15 protein . Only the final two hairpins are conserved in other species. See also Ribosomal protein L20 leader References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00114 name Ribosomal S15 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L21 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L21 leader image RF00559.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L21 leader Symbol L21 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00559 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding ribosomal protein L21, a protein of unknown function, and ribosomal protein L27 rplU ysxB rpmA . Other ribosomal protein leaders identified in the same study include those for Ribosomal protein L10 leader L10 , Ribosomal protein L13 leader L13 , Ribosomal protein L19 leader L19 and Ribosomal protein L20 leader L20 . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00559 name Ribosomal protein L21 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein s6

    protein Name ribosomal protein S6 caption image width HGNCid 10429 Symbol RPS6 AltSymbols EntrezGene 6194 OMIM 180460 RefSeq NM 001010 UniProt P62753 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 9 Arm p Band 21 LocusSupplementaryData Ribosomal protein S6 rpS6 is a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit and is therefore thought to be involved in regulating Translation biology translation . Once thought to regulate the translation of 5 terminal oligopyrimidine TOP RNA, this has since been disproven. While the true function of rpS6 is currently under investigation, studies have shown that it is involved in the regulation of cell size, cell proliferation, and glucose homeostasis. Studies show that the p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinases S6K1 and S6K2 and p90 ribsomal protein S6 kinases RSK both phosphorylate rpS6 and that S6K1 and S6K2 predominate this function. External links MeshName Ribosomal Protein S6 GeneticTranslation ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L10 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L10 leader image RF00557.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L10 leader Symbol L10 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00557 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding ribosomal proteins L10 and L12 rplJ rplL . A Rho GTP binding protein Rho independent transcription terminator structure that is probably involved in regulation is included at the 3 end. Other ribosomal protein leaders identified in the same study include those of Ribosomal protein L13 leader L13 , Ribosomal protein L19 leader L19 , Ribosomal protein L20 leader L20 and Ribosomal protein L21 leader L21 . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00557 name Ribosomal protein L10 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L19 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L19 leader image RF00556.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L19 leader Symbol L19 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00556 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding ribosomal protein L19 rplS . Other ribosomal protein leaders identified in the same study include Ribosomal protein L10 leader L10 , Ribosomal protein L13 leader L13 , Ribosomal protein L20 leader L20 and Ribosomal protein L21 leader L21 . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00556 name Ribosomal protein L19 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L20 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L20 leader image RF00558.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L20 leader Symbol L20 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00558 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding initiation factor 3 followed by ribosomal proteins L35 and L20 infC rpmI rplT . A Rho GTP binding protein Rho independent Transcription genetics transcription terminator structure that is probably involved in regulation is included at the 3 end. Other ribosomal protein leaders identified in the same study include those of Ribosomal protein L10 leader L10 , Ribosomal protein L13 leader L13 , Ribosomal protein L19 leader L19 and Ribosomal protein L21 leader L21 . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00558 name Ribosomal protein L20 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L5

    MH, Bachellerie JP title U21, a novel small nucleolar RNA with a 13 nt. complementarity to 28S rRNA, is encoded in an intron of ribosomal protein L5 gene in chicken and mammals journal Nucleic ...PBB geneid 6125 60S ribosomal protein L5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL5 gene . ref ... Cloning, sequencing and expression of the L5, L21, L27a, L28, S5, S9, S10 and S29 human ribosomal ... of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal protein that is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein belongs to the L18P family of ribosomal proteins. It is located ... subunit of casein kinase II. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple ... has been found. This gene is co transcribed with the small nucleolar RNA gene U21, which is located in its fifth intron. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed ... Gene RPL5 ribosomal protein L5 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 6125 accessdate ref Interactions Ribosomal protein L5 has been shown to Protein protein ... 1998 month February title Interaction of the HIV 1 rev cofactor eukaryotic initiation factor 5A with ribosomal ... D R, Bae Y S year 1996 month September title Interaction of the beta subunit of casein kinase II with the ribosomal ... Krishna, Jin Aiwen, Allio Theresa, Burkhart William A, Xiong Yue year 2003 month Dec. title Ribosomal protein L11 negatively regulates oncoprotein MDM2 and mediates a p53 dependent ribosomal stress ... 1994 month November title The ribosomal L5 protein is associated with mdm 2 and mdm 2 p53 complexes ... of mammalian ribosomal proteins. journal Biochem. Cell Biol. volume 73 issue 11 12 pages 933 47 ... al. title Ribosomal protein genes are overexpressed in colorectal cancer isolation of a cDNA clone encoding the human S3 ribosomal protein. journal Mol. Cell. Biol. volume 11 issue 8 pages 3842 9 year ...   more details



  1. RNA polymerase

    include Messenger RNA mRNA &mdash template for the Translation biology synthesis of proteins by ribosome s. Non coding RNA or RNA genes &mdash a broad class of genes that encode RNA that is not translated into protein. The most prominent examples of RNA genes are transfer RNA tRNA and ribosomal RNA ... Ribosomal RNA rRNA &mdash a component of ribosomes Micro RNA &mdash regulates gene activity Catalytic ... and to bacterial RNAP RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre rRNA 45S 35S in yeast , which matures into 28S ... Grummt I. title Regulation of mammalian ribosomal gene transcription by RNA polymerase I. journal ...infobox enzyme Name DNA Directed RNA Polymerase EC number 2.7.7.6 CAS number 9014 24 8 IUBMB EC number 2 7 7 6 GO code 0034062 image width 260px caption Check the EC number again RNA polymerase RNAP or RNApol , also known as DNA dependent RNA polymerase , is an enzyme that produces RNA . In cell biology cell s, RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA gene s as templates, a process called Transcription genetics transcription . RNA polymerase enzymes are essential to life and are found ... polymerizes ribonucleotide s at the 3 end of an RNA transcript. History RNAP was discovered ... author Jerard Hurwitz year 2005 month December title The Discovery of RNA Polymerase journal Journal ... Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Roger D. Kornberg for creating detailed molecular images of RNA ... of RNAP molecules too small to be resolved. Each RNAP is transcribing an RNA RNA strand , which can ... End indicates the 5 end , where the longer RNA molecules are almost completely transcribed ... coli RNA polymerase year 2000 volume 54 pages 499 518 pmid 11018136 doi 10.1146 annurev.micro.54.1.499 ... biology promoter s. It then produces an RNA chain, which is Complementarity molecular biology complementary to the template DNA strand. The process of adding nucleotide s to the RNA strand is known ... length of the dystrophin gene . RNAP will preferentially release its RNA transcript at specific DNA ...   more details



  1. Ribosomal protein L13 leader

    Infobox rfam Name Ribosomal protein L13 leader image RF00555.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of L13 leader Symbol L13 leader AltSymbols Rfam RF00555 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg leader Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData This family is a putative ribosomal protein leader autoregulatory structure ref name Zen94 cite journal last Zengel first JM coauthors Lindahl L year 1994 title Diverse mechanisms for regulating ribosomal protein synthesis in Escherichia coli journal Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. volume 47 pages 331&ndash 370 pmid 7517053 doi 10.1016 S0079 6603 08 60256 1 series Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology isbn 9780125400473 ref found in B. subtilis and other low GC Gram positive bacteria . It is located in the 5 untranslated regions of mRNA s encoding the L13 S9 rplM rpsI ribosomal protein operon . ref name Zen94 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00555 name Ribosomal protein L13 leader Category ribosomal protein leader molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element

    Infobox rfam Name DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element image RF00382.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of DnaX Symbol DnaX AltSymbols Rfam RF00382 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Translational frameshift frameshift element Tax domain Bacteria GO SO SO 0005836 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element is a cis regulatory element RNA element found in the mRNA of the dnaX gene in E. coli . The dnaX gene has two encoded products tau and gamma which are produced in a 1 1 ratio. The gamma protein is synthesised due to programmed reading frame frameshifting and is shorter than tau. The two products of the dnaX gene are DNA polymerase III holoenzyme DNA polymerase III subunits. ref cite journal last Larsen first B coauthors Gesteland RF, Atkins JF year 1997 title Structural probing and mutagenic analysis of the stem loop required for Escherichia coli dnaX ribosomal frameshifting programmed efficiency of 50 journal J Mol Biol volume 271 pages 47&ndash 60 pmid 9300054 doi 10.1006 jmbi.1997.1162 issue 1 ref ref cite journal last Blinkova first A coauthors Burkart MF, Owens TD, Walker JR year 1997 title Conservation of the Escherichia coli dnaX programmed ribosomal frameshift signal in Salmonella typhimurium journal J Bacteriol volume 179 pages 4438&ndash 4442 pmid 9209069 issue 13 pmc 179275 ref References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00382 name DnaX ribosomal frameshifting element Category Cis regulatory RNA elements molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. HIV ribosomal frameshift signal

    Infobox rfam Name HIV Ribosomal frameshift signal image RF00480.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of HIV FE Symbol HIV FE AltSymbols Rfam RF00480 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Cis regulatory element Cis reg Translational frameshift frameshift element Tax domain Virus es GO SO SO 0000233 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData The HIV ribosomal frameshift signal is an cis regulatory element RNA element . HIV uses a system called 1 ribosomal Translational frameshift frameshifting to produce the required ratio of Gag and Gag Pol polyproteins. The stem loop structure of the frameshift signal is thought to impede the ribosome and cause slippage in the 5 direction, this causes the 1 frameshift and translation then continues in the new frame. ref cite journal last Biswas first P coauthors Jiang X, Pacchia AL, Dougherty JP, Peltz SW year 2004 title The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 ribosomal frameshifting site is an invariant sequence determinant and an important target for antiviral therapy journal J Virol volume 78 pages 2082 2087 pmid 14747573 doi 10.1128 JVI.78.4.2082 2087.2004 issue 4 pmc 369415 ref See also HIV Rev response element Retrovirus direct repeat 1 dr1 References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00480 name HIV Ribosomal frameshift signal Category Cis regulatory RNA elements molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Small nucleolar RNA SNORD21

    Infobox rfam Name Small nucleolar RNA SNORD21 image RF00068.jpg width caption Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of SNORD21 Symbol SNORD21 AltSymbols U21 Rfam RF00068 miRBase miRBase family RNA type Gene Small nuclear RNA snRNA Small nucleolar RNA snoRNA CD box Tax domain Eukaryota GO GO 0006396 GO 0005730 SO SO 0000593 CAS number EntrezGene HGNCid OMIM PDB RefSeq Chromosome Arm Band LocusSupplementaryData U21 is a member of the C D class of snoRNA which contain the C UGAUGA and D CUGA Structural motif box motifs . U21 is encoded within an intron of the gene for ribosomal protein L5 in mammals ref cite journal last Qu first LH coauthors Nicoloso M, Michot B, Azum MC, Caizergues Ferrer M, Renalier MH, Bachellerie JP year 1994 title U21, a novel small nucleolar RNA with a 13 nt. complementarity to 28S rRNA, is encoded in an intron of ribosomal protein L5 gene in chicken and mammals journal Nucleic Acids Res volume 22 pages 4073&ndash 4081 pmid 7937132 doi 10.1093 nar 22.20.4073 issue 20 pmc 331892 ref , but within introns of the ADP ribosylation factor gene in Drosophila ref 2 cite journal last Renalier first MH coauthors Nicoloso M, Qu LH, Bachellerie JP year 1996 title SnoRNA U21 is also intron encoded in Drosophila melanogaster but in a different host gene as compared to warm blooded vertebrates journal FEBS Lett volume 379 pages 212&ndash 216 pmid 8603691 doi 10.1016 0014 5793 95 01511 6 issue 3 ref . U21 snoRNA has a 13 nucleotide region of complementarity with an invariant region of eukaryotic 28S ribosomal RNA . References reflist 1 External links Rfam id RF00068 name Small nucleolar RNA SNORD21 Category Small nuclear RNA small nucleolar RNA molecular cell biology stub ...   more details




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