TOC right ADME is an acronym in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology for absorption pharmacokinetics a bsorption , distribution pharmacology d istribution , metabolism m etabolism , and excretion e xcretion , and describes the disposition of a pharmaceutical Chemical compound compound within an organism . The four criteria all influence the drug levels and kinetics of drug exposure to the tissues and hence influence the performance and pharmacological activity of the compound as a drug . Criteria Absorption Administration For a compound to reach a tissue, it usually must be taken into the bloodstream often via mucus mucous surfaces like the digestive tract intestinal absorption before being taken up by the target cells. Factors such as poor compound solubility, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, chemical instability in the stomach, and inability to permeate the intestinal wall can ... toxicity of the compound is taken into account ADME Tox or ADMET . When the Liberation of the substance ... chemistry Computational chemists try to predict the ADME Tox qualities of compounds through methods ... QSAR . The route of administration critically influences ADME. Lethal concentration Lethal concentration ... in vitro and in vivo ADME tools for lead optimization and drug candidate selection journal ... Can we estimate the accuracy of ADME Tox predictions?, doi 10.1016 j.drudis.2006.06.013 journal ... to Know About ADME, but Were too Afraid to Ask https www.cloegateway.com services cloe knowledge pages service frontpage.php Open Access ADME PK Database http www.ochem.eu OCHEM.eu Free online database of ADME measurements integrated with a QSAR modeling environment http www.netsci.org Science Special feature06.html The Emerging Role of A.D.M.E. in Optimizing Drug Discovery and Design Medicinal chemistry Pharmacology Category Pharmacokinetics Category Medicinal chemistry ar ADME ca ADME es ADME eu LADME it ADME ja ADME pl LADME sl LADME sr th ADME ... more details
wiktionary ADMET ADMET may refer to ADME Tox , absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion toxicity in pharmacokinetics Acyclic diene metathesis , an olefin metathesis polymerisation method disambig ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal title Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology cover Image Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology.jpg center discipline Pharmacology , toxicology abbreviation frequency Monthly history 2005 present impact 3.069 impact year 2008 publisher Informa country United Kingdom website http informahealthcare.com page Description?journalCode emt link1 http informahealthcare.com loi emt link1 name Online access ISSN 1471 2598 eISSN 1744 7607 OCLC 57377939 CODEN EODMBQ RSS http informahealthcare.com action showFeed?ui 0&mi 3cbh9l&ai ss&jc emt&type etoc&feed rss Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology is a peer reviewed medical journal publishing review articles on ADME ADME Tox . The journal is indexed in MEDLINE and according to the 2008 Journal Citation Reports it has an impact factor of 3.069. External links Official 1 http informahealthcare.com page Description?journalCode emt Category Pharmacology journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 2005 Category Informa academic journals ... more details
Galenic formulation deals with the principles of preparing and compounding medicines in order to optimize their absorption. Galenic formulation is named after Claudius Galen , a 2nd Century AD Greek physician, who codified the preparation of drugs using multiple ingredients. br Today, galenic formulation is part of pharmaceutical formulation . The pharmaceutical formulation of a medicine has an impact on the pharmacokinetics , pharmacodynamics and safety profile of a drug . See also Formulations Formulation science Pharmaceutical formulation ADME Pharmacology Medicinal chemistry Pesticide formulation medicine stub Category Medicinal chemistry ru uk ... more details
Primary sources date March 2009 Scienova GmbH is a spin off from University of Jena Friedrich Schiller University , Jena , Germany , and established by a group of scientists and management people. The innovative concept behind this company is to develop and manufacture functionalized lab disposables for the convenience of scientific community. One of the major innovative products from Scienova is equilibrium dialyzer developed for the high throughput ADME screenings, especially for Protein Binding Studies. It was developed by Dr. Stefan Kreusch et al. http video.aol.com video search tag Scienova External links http www.scienova.com Website Category University of Jena Category Companies of Germany ... more details
orphan date August 2010 Infobox Company name Cyprotex Discovery Ltd type Public foundation 1999 location Macclesfield , UK industry Pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology products Cloe SCREEN br Cloe PK br Cloe HIA homepage http www.cyprotex.com www.cyprotex.com Cyprotex is a preclinical discovery development contract research organisation measuring and analysing the ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion and pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetic properties of potential new drugs. It is a specialist provider of in vitro ADME screening as well as in silico methods used in the prediction of in vivo pharmacokinetics. Background Cyprotex were originally founded by David Leahy in 1999 the objective was to create a company that would transform the ADME screening and pharmacokinetic prediction aspects of drug discovery by investment in the automation of workflow and decision making and a multidisciplinary approach to the delivery of science. The company name was taken from a family of enzymes Cytochrome P450 the CYP450s . Cyprotex moved to their current premises in Macclesfield in 2001, where their laboratories are housed. They achieved listing on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange in 2002. Products Cyprotex has developed a suite of services and technologies known as Cloe Cyprotex Lead Optimisation Engine which takes its name from the lead optimisation stage of the drug discovery process. Research and development Cyprotex have extensively researched and developed models for the prediction of in vivo plasma levels PK of xenobiotics from measured ADME properties using Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling physiological based pharmacokinetic PBPK modelling techniques ref cite journal author Leahy, D title Integrating in vitro ADMET data through generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic models journal Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology volume 2 issue 4 pages 619 628 year 2006 doi 10.1517 17425255 ... more details
Chemogenomics is the study of genomics genomic responses to chemical compound s. The goal is the rapid identification of novel drug s and drug target s, embracing multiple early phase drug development drug discovery technologies ranging from drug target identification target identification and drug target validation validation , through compound design and chemical synthesis , to biological testing and ADME profiling. See also Genomics Structural genomics Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Toxicogenomics Bioinformatics Cheminformatics Computational chemistry Molecular modelling QSAR Proteochemometrics References Chemogenomics in Drug Discovery A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective , H. Kubinyi Editor , G. M ller Editor , R. Mannhold Series Editor , G. Folkers Series Editor , Wiley VCH, 2004 .ISBN 3 527 30987 X External links http www.kubinyi.de dd 03.pdf Kubinyi s slides Medicinal chemistry genomics footer pharma stub Category Computational chemistry Category Genomics Category Omics Category Pharmacology Category Pharmaceutical industry Category Cheminformatics Ar de Chemische Genetik fr Chimiog nomique ko ... more details
of the Consortium. Simulator platforms Simcyp Simulator Simcyp Population based ADME Simulator ref cite ... R Population based ADME Simulator journal Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol volume 5 issue 2 pages ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Infobox company name Aureus Sciences type Private foundation Paris , France 2000 industry Life Sciences Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling Pharmacokinetic modelling & simulation homepage http www.aureus sciences.com www.aureus sciences.com Aureus Sciences is a research based company which sells software to the pharmaceutical industry for drug development . The company s range of products includes therapeutic target knowledgebases, ADME based databases and software applications. Aureus Sciences was formerly known as Aureus Pharma. ref cite news publisher Aureus Sciences format press release title Aureus Pharma changes its name to Aureus Sciences and launches a new, comprehensive life science applications webportal url http www.aureus sciences.com aureus web guest news events?p p id latest news&p p lifecycle 0&p p state normal&p p mode view&p p col id content primary&p p col count 1& latest news struts action 2Fext 2Flatest news 2Fview content& latest news assetId 48043& latest news returnToFullPageURL 2Faureus 2Fweb 2Fguest 2Fnews events 3Fp p id 3Dlatest news 26p p lifecycle 3D0 26p p state 3Dnormal 26p p mode 3Dview 26p p col id 3Dcontent primary 26p p col count 3D1 26 latest news delta 3D6 26 latest news keywords 3D 26 latest news advancedSearch 3Dfalse 26 latest news andOperator 3Dtrue 26cur 3D4 date 2011 01 20 ref Products Aureus software applications allow in silico prediction of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion ADME and potential drug drug interaction s. Knowledgebases AurSCOPE Kinases, GPCR, Ion Channels, Proteases, Nuclear Receptors, ADME. ref http www.aureus sciences.com aureus web guest databases Aureus knowledgebases ref Applications AurQUEST, DDI Predict, AurPROFILER, AurPASS. ref http www.aureus sciences.com aureus web guest applications Aureus applications ref The scientific background to Aureus process is detailed in recent publications. ref cite journal author Faure P, Dubus E, Ijjaali I, ... more details
The Simcyp population based ADME simulator ref cite journal author Jamei M, Marciniak S, Feng K, Barnett A, Tucker G, Rostami Hodjegan A. title The Simcyp R Population based ADME Simulator journal Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol volume 5 issue 2 pages 211 223 year 2009 month February pmid 19199378 doi 10.1517 17425250802691074 url ref is a modelling and simulation platform used by the pharmaceutical industry in drug discovery and development. The Simulator models drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination ADME using routinely generated in vitro data. Simcyp simulations are performed in virtual populations, including paediatric populations, rather than an average individual. This allows individuals at extreme risk from adverse reaction to be identified prior to human studies. ref cite journal author Rostami Hodjegan A, Tucker GT title Simulation and prediction of in vivo drug metabolism in human populations from in vitro data journal Nat Rev Drug Discov volume 6 issue 2 pages 140 8 year 2007 month February pmid 17268485 doi 10.1038 nrd2173 url ref The functional capability of the Simcyp Simulator are summarized in the following table. class wikitable border 1 Metabolism Identification of the extremes and determinants of population variability in in vivo drug metabolism from in vitro data generated using Human liver microsomes br Human intestinal microsomes br Human kidney microsomes br Human hepatocytes br Recombinant CYP and UGT enzymes br PK profiles Simulation of full drug and metabolite concentration time profi les. Prediction of volume of distribution based on lipophilicity, ionisation, protein binding and tissue composition by reference to a 14 organ PBPK model Drug drug interactions Prediction of the extent of metabolically based drug drug interactions, allowing simultaneous consideration of Competitive enzyme inhibition Irreversible, mechanism time based enzyme inhibition including auto inhibition br Enzyme induction including auto induction br Multiple ... more details
incomplete date October 2010 In pharmacology , biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on organism living matter . When a drug is a complex chemical mixture, this activity is exerted by the substance s active ingredient or pharmacophore but can be modified by the other constituents. Activity is generally dose biochemistry dosage dependent and it is not uncommon to have effects ranging from beneficial to adverse for one substance when going from low to high doses. Activity depends critically on fulfillment of the ADME criteria. clarify date October 2010 Whereas a material is considered bioactive if it has interaction with or effect on any cell biology cell tissue in the human body , pharmacological activity is usually taken to describe beneficial effects, i.e. the effects of drug candidate s. The main kind of biological activity is a substance s toxicity . Dubious date November 2010 In the study of biomineralisation , bioactivity is often meant as the formation of calcium phosphate deposits on the surface of objects placed in simulated body fluid , a buffer solution with ion content similar to blood . See also Lipinski s Rule of Five , describing molecular properties of drugs QSAR , quantitative structure activity relationship Chemical property Molecular property Physical property Chemical structure References unreferenced date December 2009 DEFAULTSORT Biological Activity Category Pharmacodynamics Pharma stub ca Activitat biol gica de Biologische Aktivit t es Actividad biol gica he ja pl Aktywno biologiczna pt Atividade biol gica ... more details
pre formulation and formulation work, consulting, PK dn date December 2011 support, in vitro ADME ... formulations development and the in vitro ADME PK laboratories. As late as the 1990 s, inadequate ... or unsuitable physicochemical and ADME properties. In clinical trials, 30 40 of drug candidates ... the safety of a drug for human consumption, such as ADME characteristics like inadequate bioavailability ... more details
. 2000 Progress in predicting human ADME parameters in silico. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 44 1 , 251 ... and ADME properties. In 1999 he moved to Lilly to build a predictive ADME Tox group. Between 1999 ... models for ADME Tox and targets of interest. During this time he developed an interest in the polypharmacology of ADME Tox proteins. In 2004 he joined GeneGo now owned by Thomson Reuters as Vice ... preclinical ADME Tox data precompetitive ref Ekins S and Williams AJ, Precompetitive Preclinical ADME ... open source computational tools for predicting human metabolic stability and additional ADME Tox properties ... more details
. IdMOC can also be used for routine and high throughput screening of drugs with desirable ADME or ADME Tox properties. In vitro toxicology In vitro toxicity screening using hepatocytes in conjunction ... more details
Infobox Journal cover Image ChemMedChem Cover.PNG thumb ChemMedChem editor Natalia Ort zar frequency Monthly discipline Chemistry language English abbreviation ChemMedChem link1 http onlinelibrary.wiley.com journal 10.1002 28ISSN 291860 7187 link1 name Homepage publisher John Wiley & Sons Wiley VCH country Germany history 2006 present impact 3.306 impact year 2010 ISSN 1860 7179 eISSN 1860 7187 CODEN CHEMGX ChemMedChem is a monthly peer review peer reviewed medicinal chemistry scientific journal journal . It is co owned by the 14 European chemical society members of ChemPubSoc Europe and is published by John Wiley & Sons Wiley VCH . Its 2010 impact factor is 3.306. ref name Thompson Scientific Web of Science , http scientific.thomson.com index.html Thompson Scientific ref In addition to original research in the form of full papers and shorter communications, ChemMedChem contains review type articles reviews, minireviews, essays, highlights as well as occasional book reviews and conference reports. The first volume was published at the beginning of 2006 under the two founding chemical societies, the http www.gdch.de German Chemical Society GDCh and the http www.soc.chim.it Italian Chemical Society SCI . Since then, 12 additional chemical societies have joined in co ownership of the journal. ChemMedChem is a sister publication to other scientific journal s published by Wiley VCH, including Angewandte Chemie , ChemBioChem , ChemPhysChem , ChemSusChem , and ChemCatChem . Topics covered in ChemMedChem include drug design , drug development development and drug delivery delivery , molecular modelling molecular modeling , combinatorial chemistry , drug target validation, lead generation , and ADME T studies. References reflist Category Medicinal chemistry journals Category Publications established in 2006 fr ChemMedChem es ChemMedChem ... more details
BBC . Aircraft Chamier had a Mignet HM.14 Flying Flea light aircraft registered G ADME in his name ... Aviation Authority G ADME ref Published works The Birth of the Royal Air Force 1943 ISBN B0007IVX9W ... more details
Distinguish First dose effect The first pass effect also known as first pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a medication drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the fraction of lost drug during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. Notable drugs that experience a significant first pass effect are imipramine , morphine , propranolol , buprenorphine , diazepam , midazolam , demerol , cimetidine , and lidocaine . After a drug is swallowed, it is absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic portal system . It is carried through the Hepatic portal vein portal vein into the liver before it reaches the rest of the body. The liver metabolism metabolizes many drugs, sometimes to such an extent that only a small amount of active drug emerges from the liver to the rest of the circulatory system . This first pass through the liver thus greatly reduces the bioavailability of the drug. Alternative route of administration routes of administration like suppository , intravenous , intramuscular , inhalational aerosol and sublingual avoid the first pass effect because they allow drugs to be absorbed directly into the systemic circulation . The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the Gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal Lumen anatomy lumen , gut wall enzymes, bacterial enzymes, and hepatic enzymes. In drug design , drug candidates may have good druglikeness but fail on first pass metabolism, because it is biochemically selective. The first pass effect can also be exploited for a beneficial effect. Some prodrug s, for example codeine methylmorphine, inactive are converted from an inactive form to the pharmacologically active form morphine proper by first pass metabolism in this case, demethylation Citation needed date November 2011 . See also ADME , an acronym in pharmacokinetics a ... more details
Use dmy dates date May 2011 Infobox company company name Art. Lebedev Studio company logo Image Art lebedev.jpg company type Privately held company Private foundation 1995 industry Internet location city Moscow location country Russia key people Artemy Lebedev homepage http www.artlebedev.com www.artlebedev.com Art. Lebedev Studio is a design company in Russia , founded in 1995 by Artemy Lebedev . The studio creates industrial design industrial and graphic design for commercial entities and doesn t accept work from private citizens and political or religious organizations. Its motto is Design will save the world. As of November 2011, they have five principal art director s and over 200 employees. ref cite web url http www.artlebedev.com studio title A few words about Art. Lebedev Studio publisher Artlebedev.com accessdate 14 May 2011 ref According to the rating of Russian advertising research company AdMe, Art. Lebedev Studio is the leading web studio in Russia. ref cite web url http www.adme.ru research 2007 04 04 16614 title TOP 100 2007 publisher Adme.ru accessdate 14 May 2011 ref Art. Lebedev Studio is owned by the holding company Art. Lebedev Group ALG , which owns several other design and advertising companies. History and work The studio began with graphic design, then expanded to include user interface interfaces , web design , and most recently industrial design. It has an educational center, a publishing house, a media department, and several software teams. Website The studio s official website is available in Russian and English. Examples of work in the portfolio are often explained in detail. The Russian version of the site has technical advice in HTML , XML, XSLT , JavaScript , CSS and other web technologies. To accentuate the studio s particular attention to typesetting, the site is typeset as if it were a printed book for example, punctuation marks and characters which extend to the left , , , V, and severa ... more details
Drug Discovery Today ISSN 1359 6446 is a monthly review journal that is published by Elsevier and was launched in 1996. The journal publishes 24 issues per year as 12 monthly double issues, and covers the whole of the preclinical drug discovery process from target identification and validation through hit identification, lead identification and optimisation to candidate selection. The journal serves as a source of information for drug researchers, both in industry and academia. Each issue of the journal contains a short front section and review articles. The front section contains an Editorial opinion articles intended to engender debate around a topic and a Perspective article, which might be an Interview with a leading figure in drug discovery or a Biotech Focus that highlights the biotechnology activities in a particular geographic location. Occasionally, Business Trends articles are included, in which experts review trends in the approaches to treat disease classes. In the review section, Keynote Reviews and Foundation Reviews provide broad, authoritative coverage of a particular topic. The Short Reviews deal with focused topics and are categorised as Gene To Screen , which deals with the earliest part of drug discovery and all aspects involved in target identification, validation and assay development Informatics , which deals with all aspects of computational biology and chemistry related to drug discovery and Post Screen , which covers the science from hit identification to candidate selection, clinical trial design and patent issues. The short Monitor section highlights recent developments in medicinal chemistry, and the Diary section points readers to the most appropriate future conferences in drug discovery. Topics covered include Genomics and proteomics Target identification and validation Assay development Library design Computational chemistry and biology Medicinal chemistry Novel therapeutic strategies Drug delivery Formulation Biotherapeutics ADME Tox ... more details
about direct or indirect binding grouping according to time of debut Regular and irregular antibodies Primary and secondary antibodies are two groups of antibodies based on whether they target a target of interest directly or target another primary antibody that, in turn, is bound to a target of interest. Primary Primary antibodies are antibodies raised against an antigenic target of interest a protein , peptide , carbohydrate , or other small molecule and are typically unconjugated unlabelled . Primary antibodies that recognize and bind with high affinity and specificity to unique epitopes across a broad spectrum of biomolecules are available as high specificity monoclonal antibodies and or as polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies are useful not only to detect specific biomolecules but also to measure changes in their level and specificity of modification by processes such as phosphorylation, methylation, or glycosylation. A primary antibody can be very useful for the detection of biomarkers for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, Parkinson s and Alzheimer s disease and they are used for the study of ADME and multi drug resistance MDR of therapeutic agents. Image Primary Secondaryantibody.svg thumb 300px right The primary antibody in purple binds to an antigen in red . A labeled secondary antibody in green , then binds to the primary antibody. The label is then used to indirectly detect the antigen. Secondary A secondary antibody is an antibody that binds to primary antibodies or antibody fragments. They are typically labeled with probes that make them useful for detection, purification or Flow cytometry cell sorting applications. Secondary antibodies may be polyclonal antibodies polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies monoclonal , and are available with specificity for whole Ig molecules or antibody fragments such as the Fragment crystallizable region Fc or Fragment antigen binding Fab regions . Specific secondary antibodies are usually chosen to work in specific lab ... more details
Infobox company name ChemDiv logo caption type Private genre fate predecessor successor foundation Start date 1990 founder defunct location city location country location San Diego , California , United States locations area served key people industry Biotechnology , Life Science , Contract Research Organization products services clinical development, preclinical development, drug discovery, discovery tools, chemistry revenue operating income net income aum assets equity owner num employees 500 parent divisions subsid in Russia, Ukraine homepage URL http chemdiv.com footnotes intl Chemical Diversity ChemDiv is a fully integrated contract research organization headquartered in San Diego , California, with subsidiaries in Russia and Ukraine . It provides integrated discovery and development solutions to pharmaceutical and biotech companies for their research and development programs. ChemDiv offers a range of services to help their clients develop treatments and drugs for central nervous system , oncology , inflammation , metabolism metabolic , Infectious disease infectious and other diseases, from identification of a biological target protein expression and assay development to clinical drug candidates ADME DMPK, toxicity and safety studies, and efficacy models to proof of concept drug candidates Phase I and II and to the market. ChemDiv started in 1990 as a chemistry provider and has since become a full service contract research organization . Among its partners are Eli Lilly , ref http www.fiercebiotech.com press releases chemdiv lilly collaboration expanded include new discovery program ChemDiv Lilly Collaboration Expanded to Include New Discovery Program , Fierce Biotech, August 20, 2009 ref Novartis , ref http us.chemdiv.com index.php?option com content&view article&id 1178 10182010 chemical diversity research institute of chemrar announces starting of discovery collaboration with the largest major pharmaceutical company on the russian market&catid 31 whats new& ... more details
Image wholeBody wiki.svg thumb Graphic representation of a physiologically based whole body model. Here, it is dissected into seven tissue organ compartments brain, lungs and heart, pancreas, liver, gut, kidney and adipose muscle tissue. Blood flows, Q, and concentration, X , of a substance of interest are depict. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic PBPK modeling is a mathematical modeling technique for predicting the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion ADME of synthetic or natural chemical substances in humans and other animal species. PBPK modeling is used in pharmaceutical research and drug development, and in health risk assessment for cosmetics or general chemicals. PBPK models strive to be mechanistic by mathematically transcribing anatomical, physiological, physical, and chemical descriptions of the phenomena involved in the complex ADME processes. A large degree of residual simplification and empiricism is still present in those models, but they have an extended domain of applicability compared to that of classical, empirical function based, pharmacokinetic models. PBPK models may have purely predictive uses, but other uses, such as statistical inference, have been made possible by the development of Bayesian statistics Bayesian statistical tools able to deal with complex models see Gelman et al. 1996 . That is true for both toxicity risk assessment and therapeutic drug development. PBPK models try to rely a priori on the anatomical and physiological structure of the body, and to a certain extent, on biochemistry. They are usually multi compartment model s, with compartments corresponding to predefined organs or tissues, with interconnections corresponding to blood or lymph flows more rarely to diffusions . A system of differential equations for concentration or quantity of substance on each compartment can be written, and its parameters represent blood flows, pulmonary ventilation rate, organ volumes etc., for which information is available ... more details
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