for the musical concept minor scale Image Minor Scale test explosion.jpg right thumb 400px Minor Scale fireball immediately after detonation. The F 4 Phantom aircraft in the foreground is 63 feet 19 m long. Minor Scale was a test conducted on June 27, 1985 by the United States Defense Nuclear Agency now part of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency involving the detonation of several thousand tons of conventional explosives to simulate the explosion of a small nuclear bomb . The purpose of the test was to evaluate the effect of nuclear blasts on various pieces of military hardware, particularly new, blast hardened launchers for the Midgetman ballistic missile . ref http www.nuclearfiles.org menu library media gallery image tredici 34.htm Summary of Minor Scale from nuclearfiles.org ref The test took place at the Permanent High Explosive Testing Grounds coord 33.6201 106.4749 of the White Sands Missile Range in the state of New Mexico . 4.8 kilotons of ANFO explosive ammonium nitrate and fuel oil , ref cite paper title Minor Scale Event, Test Execution Report author TECH REPS INC ALBUQUERQUE NM year 1986 url http handle.dtic.mil 100.2 ADA269600 format PDF ref ref cite paper title Technical Report LA 10657 MS Bistatic Phase Sounding in the Ionosphere above the Minor Scale Explosion author J. Fitzgerald publisher Los Alamos National Labs year 1986 url http www.fas.org sgp othergov doe lanl lib www la pubs 00307898.pdf ref equivalent to 4 kilotons of TNT, ref Minor Scale Event Test Execution Report, p.135 ref were used to roughly simulate the effect of an eight kiloton air burst nuclear device. With a total energy release of about nowrap 1.7 10 sup 13 sup joules or 4.2 kilotons of TNT equivalent , Minor Scale was reported as the largest planned conventional explosion in the history of the free world , ref cite web url http www.nuclearfiles.org menu library media gallery image tredici 33.htm title Test Blast Official Portrait ref surpassing another large conventional explo ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 426796341 ImageFile Urea nitrate.png ImageName Structural formulae of the ions in urea nitrate ImageFile1 Urea nitrate 3D balls.png ImageSize1 220px ImageName1 Ball and stick models of the ions in urea nitrate IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo PubChem SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula CH sub 5 sub N sub 3 sub O sub 4 sub MolarMass 123.068 g mol Appearance Density 1.59 g cc MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Urea nitrate is a fertilizer based high explosive that has been used in improvised explosive device s in Israel , Iraq , and various other terrorism acts elsewhere in the world, like the 1993 World Trade Center bombings . ref name wired cite web url http blog.wired.com wiredscience 2007 09 spray on test f.html title Chem Lab Spray On Test for Improvised Explosives author Aaron Rowe publisher Wired ref It has a destructive power similar to better known ammonium nitrate explosives, with a velocity of detonation between convert 11155 ft s m s abbr on and convert 15420 ft s m s abbr on . ref name globalsecurity cite web url http www.globalsecurity.org military systems munitions explosives anfo.htm title Explosives ANFO Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil publisher GlobalSecurity.org ref Urea nitrate is produced in one step by reaction of urea with nitric acid . This is an exothermic reaction, so steps must be taken to control the temperature. Urea nitrate explosions may be initiated using a blasting cap. ref name globalsecurity Chemistry Urea contains a Carbonyl carbonyl group . The more electronegative oxygen atom pulls electrons away from the carbon forming a greater electron density around the oxygen, giving the oxygen a partial negative charge and forming a polar bond. When nitric acid is presented, it ionizes. A hydrogen ion proton contributed by the acid is attracted to the oxygen and forms a covalent bond electrophile H sup sup . The electronegative NO sub 3 sub su ... more details
Cleanup reason see talk page date June 2009 During a 2002 terror plot , a pair of White supremacy white supremacists planned to bomb a series of institutions associated with African American and American Jews American Jewish communities. ref name conviction cite web url http www.upi.com Top News 2002 07 26 Jury convicts white supremacists UPI 67151027718854 title Jury convicts white supremacists author Haskell, Dave date 2002 07 26 work United Press International accessdate 2009 06 10 ref ref cite book title Home grown hate gender and organized racism last Ferber first AL publisher Routledge isbn 0 415 94415 5 year 2004 pages http books.google.com books?id LCI6Y 4BmT0C&pg PA8 8 ref ref cite book title Hate crimes a reference handbook first D last Altschiller publisher ABC CLIO year 2005 pages http books.google.com books?id HjjV4DpDNh0C&pg PA24 24 isbn 1 85109 624 8 ref Crime File Jesse Jackson at Max Palevsky Cinema crop.jpg thumb Jesse Jackson was a target of the terror plot. Leo Felton and Erica Chase, a boyfriend and girlfriend team, planned to blow up a museum with a ANFO fertilizer bomb , as was used in the Oklahoma City bombing . Felton wanted to rid the United States of those he called mud people Asians, blacks, Latinos and Jews. A member of the White Order of Thule , Felton was also part African American . ref cite book title Real Black adventures in racial sincerity last Jackson first JL publisher University of Chicago Press isbn 0 226 39001 2 year 2005 pages http books.google.com books?id oWgog 070C0C&pg PA19 19 ref Chase was a member of the World Church of the Creator, a white power hate group. ref name conviction Felton then robbed a bank with a friend from prison and forged money in order to buy materials to create a fertilizer bomb. Targets included the United States Holocaust Museum , the New England Holocaust Memorial well known Jews, including Steven Spielberg and black leaders, including Rev. Jesse Jackson . ref name conviction An attendant at a do ... more details
Mexico . This test, called Minor Scale, used 4744 short ton s of ANFO , with a yield of about 4 ... Misers Bluff ANFO 7 tests convert 120 ST t abbr on Planet Ranch, AZ 1978 Dice Throw ANFO convert 620 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 6 October 1979 Distant Runner ANFO 2 tests convert 120 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 1981 Mill Race ANFO convert 620 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 16 September 1981 Direct Course ANFO convert 609 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 26 October 1983 Minor Scale ANFO convert 4744 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 27 June 1985 Misty Picture ANFO convert 4685 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 14 May 1987 Misers Gold ANFO convert 2445 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 1 June 1989 Distant Image ANFO convert 2440 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 20 June 1991 Minor Uncle ANFO convert 2725 ST t abbr on White Sands Missile Range 10 June 1993 Non Proliferation Experiment ANFO convert 1410 ST t abbr on Nevada Test Site ... more details
Idro which empties into the Chiese. Re di Anfo The Re di Anfo enters Lake Idro which empties into the Chiese ... Bach Rapido river Rapido Gari Rom river Ram Rom Re di Anfo Reinbach Reno river Reno Reno di Lei Ridnauner ... more details
a glass bottle with layers of powdered potassium nitrate and pebbles or an ANFO ammonium nitrate and kerosene ... made with ANFO kerosene and fertilizer is very popular in the region. While previously Komodo was relatively ... more details
Refimprove date June 2009 Tovex also known as Trenchrite , Seismogel , and Seismopac is a water gel explosive composed of ammonium nitrate and methylammonium nitrate that has several advantages over traditional dynamite , including lower toxicity and safer manufacture, transport, and storage. It has thus almost entirely replaced dynamite . There are numerous versions ranging from Shearing physics shearing charges to aluminium aluminized common blasting agents. Tovex is used by 80 of international petroleum oil corporation companies for seismic exploration . File FredricRiceTovex.jpg thumb Tovex Firebreak II used on Upper Bear Creek Trail in the Angeles National Forest History The Tovex family of products, sometimes generically called water gels, were developed by the old Explosives Department at DuPont E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc. in the mid to late 1960s when pelletized Trinitrotoluene TNT was included in aqueous gels to create a slurry form of ANFO that displayed water resistant properties in wet bore holes. ref E. I du Pont de Nemours & Company. Blasters Handbook. Fifteenth Edition, 1966, p. 68. ref TNT sensitized water gels were commercially successful, but the TNT led to problems with oxygen balance namely elevated amounts of combustion by products such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide complexes. Not only was TNT dirty, it was also expensive. TNT was eliminated through the work of DuPont chemists Colin Dunglinson and William Lyerly and a team of others at DuPont s Potomac River Development Laboratory PRDL at Falling Waters, West Virginia, and at DuPont s Eastern Laboratories EL at Gibbstown, New Jersey. These chemists and engineers formulated a series of water gel base products that replaced the TNT with methyl ammonium nitrate, also known as monomethylamine nitrate, or PR M, which stands for Potomac River monomethylamine nitrate , creating the Tovex Extra product line. In late 1973, DuPont declared the last days of dynamite and switched to th ... more details
arrive in time to help Mary inside, and gather some ANFO explosive to blow up the China Pit. Tak Stephen ... with the ANFO, sacrificing himself in order to seal Tak Stephen King Tak in the China Pit. David ... more details
device s. It is the main component of ANFO , a very popular explosive. It is used in Instant cold ... of NWFP. main ANFO References Reflist refbegin Properties UNIDO and International Fertilizer Development ... more details
A blast wave in fluid dynamics is the pressure and flow resulting from the deposition of a large amount of energy in a small very localised volume. The flow field can be approximated as a lead shock wave , followed by a self similar subsonic flow field. In simpler terms, a blast wave is an area of pressure expanding supersonically outward from an explosive core. It has a leading shock front of compressed gases. The blast wave is followed by a blast wind of negative pressure, which sucks items back in towards the center. The blast wave is harmful especially when one is very close to the center or at a location of constructive interference. High explosives, which Detonation detonate , generate blast waves. Sources of Blast Waves High order explosives HE are more powerful than low order explosives LE . HE Detonation detonate to produce a defining supersonic over pressurization shock wave. Several sources of HE include Trinitrotoluene, C 4, Semtex, nitroglycerin, and ammonium nitrate fuel oil ANFO . LE Deflagration deflagrate to create a subsonic explosion and lack HE s over pressurization wave. Sources of LE include pipe bombs, gunpowder, and most pure petroleum based incendiary bombs such as Molotov cocktails or aircraft improvised as guided missiles. HE and LE induce different injury patterns. Only HE produce true blast waves. History The classic flow solution the so called similarity solution was independently devised by John von Neumann ref Neumann, John von, The point source solution, John von Neumann. Collected Works, edited by A. J. Taub, Vol. 6 Elmsford, N.Y. Permagon Press, 1963 , pages 219 237. ref and a British mathematician Geoffrey Ingram Taylor ref Taylor, Sir Geoffrey Ingram, The formation of a blast wave by a very intense explosion. I. Theoretical discussion, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 201, No. 1065, pages 159 174 22 March 1950 . ref during World War II . After the war, the similarity ... more details
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