wiktionarypar abrasionAbrasion may refer to Abrasion medical , a wound consisting of superficial damage to the skin Abrasion dental , the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element Abrasion geology , mechanical scraping of a surface by friction between and moving particles Abrasion mechanical , The effect of an abrasive scratches, removal of surface , etc Abrasion coast , a coastline that is characterised by the removal abrasion of material, typically resulting in sea cliffs. See also Abrasive disambig ca Abrasi de Abrasion et Abrasioon fr Abrasion nds Abrasion pl Abrazja ro Abraziune ru simple Abrasion disambiguation sk Abr zia sl Abrazija zh ... more details
Abrasion is the process of scuffing, scratching, wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. It can be intentionally imposed in a controlled process using an abrasive. Abrasion can be an undesirable effect of exposure to normal use or exposure to the elements. Abrasion in stone shaping Ancient artists working in stone would use abrasion to create sculptures. The artist selected dense stones like carbonite ... that, with patience, resulted in eternal works of art in stone. Abrasion resistance The resistance of materials and structures to abrasion can be measured by a variety of test method s. These often use a specified abrasive or other controlled means of abrasion. Under the conditions of the test, the results ... can produce two quantities abrasion rate and normalized abrasion rate also called abrasion resistance index . The former is the amount of mass lost per 1000 cycles of abrasion. The latter is the ratio of former with the known abrasion rate for some specific reference material. ref S. Grynko ... help control abrasion in some instances. Some items can be covered with an abrasion resistant material. Controlling the cause of abrasion is sometimes an option. Standards ASTM http www.astm.org Standards ... Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine ASTM C448 Standard Test Methods for Abrasion ... Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Large Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine ASTM C944 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete or Mortar Surfaces by the Rotating Cutter Method ASTM C1027 Standard Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile ASTM C1353 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension ... Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Falling Abrasive http www.astm.org Standards D4060.htm ASTM D4060 Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser http www.astm.org Standards D4158.htm ASTM D4158 Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance ... more details
dablink For other uses, see Abrasion disambiguation . Infobox Disease Name Abrasion medical Image Caption ... MeshID Image Abrasion on hand 20050906.jpg thumb right Abrasion on the palm of a right hand, shortly after falling Image Wound abrasion arm.jpg thumb right Abrasions on elbow and lower arm. The elbow wound will produce a permanent scar . In dermatology , an abrasion is a wound caused by superficial ... abrasion that removes all layers of skin is called an Avulsion injury avulsion . Abrasion injuries most ... or rubbing away of the upper layers of the epidermis. By degree A first degree abrasion involves only epidermal injury. A second degree abrasion involves the epidermis as well as the dermis and may bleed slightly. A third degree abrasion involves damage to the subcutaneous layer and the skin and is often called an avulsion . Treatment The abrasion should be cleaned and any debris removed. A topical ... Merck Manual Online ref If the abrasion is painful, a topical analgesic such as lidocaine or benzocaine ... below shows the healing process for an abrasion on the palm caused by sliding on concrete. gallery Image Hand Abrasion 32 minutes after injury.JPG 32 minutes after injury Image Hand Abrasion 16 hours 45 minutes after injury.JPG 16 hours 45 minutes after injury Image Hand Abrasion 1 day 19 hours 32 minutes after injury.JPG 1 day 19 hours 32 minutes after injury Image Hand Abrasion 2 days 22 hours 12 minutes after injury.JPG 2 days 22 hours 12 minutes after injury Image Hand Abrasion 12 days 23 hours 24 minutes after injury.JPG 12 days 23 hours 24 minutes after injury Image Hand Abrasion 13 days 15 hours 30 minutes after injury.JPG 13 days 15 hours 30 minutes after injury Image Hand Abrasion 17 days 11 hours 30 minutes after injury.JPG 17 days 11 hours 30 minutes after injury Image Hand Abrasion ... Abrasion 21 days 18 hours 21 minutes after injury.JPG 21 days 18 hours 21 minutes after injury Image Hand Abrasion 30 days 4 hours 43 minutes after injury.JPG 30 days 4 hours 43 minutes after injury ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2011 Image Glacial abrasion ss 2006.jpg thumb Glacier Glacially abraded rock geology rocks in western Norway near Jostedalsbreen glacier. Abrasion is the mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles during their transport by wind , glacier , wave s, gravity , running water or erosion. After friction, the moving particles dislodge loose and weak debris from the side of the rock. These particles can be dissolved in the water source. The intensity of abrasion depends on the hardness , concentration , velocity and mass of the moving particles. Abrasion platform Abrasion platforms are shore platforms where wave action abrasion is a prominent process. If it is currently being fashioned, it will be exposed only at low tide, but there is a possibility that the wave cut platform will be hidden sporadically by a mantle of beach shingle the abrading agent . If the platform is permanently exposed above the high water mark, it is probably a raised beach platform, which is not considered a product of abrasion. Abrasion is the kind of physical weathering... This could also be described as corrasion See also Erosion Glacial striation Sedimentary Marine terrace Weathering geomorph stub DEFAULTSORT Abrasion Geology Category Sedimentology Category Glaciology bn bg ca Abrasi geologia cs Abraze da Abrasion de Korrasion et Abrasioon geoloogia es Abrasi n eu Abrasio fa gl Abrasi n xeolox a hr Abrazija id Abrasi it Corrasione he ka kk ht Abrazyon jewoloji lt Abrazija geologija nl Abrasie no Abrasjon nn Abrasjon pl Korazja ro Abraziune geologie ru sah sk Abr zia geol gia sl Abrazija geologija sh Abrazija fi Abraasio geologia sv Abrasion tk Abrazi a uk zh ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Abrasion dental Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 K03.1 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D014072 Abrasion is the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element. If this force begins at the cementoenamel junction , then progression of tooth loss can be rapid since tooth enamel enamel is very thin in this region of the tooth. Once past the enamel, abrasion quickly destroys the softer dentin and cementum structures. Possible sources of this wearing of tooth are toothbrush es, toothpick s, Dental floss floss , and any dental appliance frequently set in and removed from the mouth. The appearance is commonly described as V shaped when caused by excessive pressure during tooth brushing. The teeth most commonly affected are premolar s and Canine tooth canine s. Treatment Modification of oral hygiene habit such as avoiding overzealous brushing, use of soft bristle toothbrush is important to prevent further progression. Existing abrasion cavities can be restored by dental fillings, composite and glass ionomer are both commonly used materials for such cavities. For severe abrasion which involves pulp of the tooth, root canal treatment may be needed. In archaeology Archaeology Archaeologist s utilize evidence of dental abrasion as indication of dietary and other health issues of prehistoric peoples. There are a number of examples ref C.Michael Hogan 2008 Morro Creek , The Megalithic Portal, ed. by A. Burnham http www.megalithic.co.uk article.php?sid 18502 ref of Human cranium cranial recoveries dating thousands of years before present, where abrasion of teeth is used to analyze age and lifestyle of prehistoric peoples. See also Attrition dental Attrition Erosion dental Erosion Abfraction Bruxism Line notes reflist References http www.thejcdp.com issue001 gandara introgan.htm The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry ... more details
Infobox disease Name Corneal abrasion Image Florecine.JPG Caption A corneal abrasion after staining with fluorescein . DiseasesDB 3108 ICD10 ICD10 S 05 0 s 00 ICD9 ICD9 918.1 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj oph eMedicineTopic 247 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 emerg 828 MeshName MeshNumber Refimprove date August 2011 For corneal abrasions in dogs and cats, see Corneal ulcers in animals . Corneal abrasion is a medical condition involving the loss of the surface epithelial layer of the eye s cornea . Symptoms and signs Symptoms of corneal abrasion include pain, photophobia , a foreign body sensation, excessive squinting, and a reflex production of tears . Signs include epithelial defects and edema , and often conjunctival injection, swollen eyelids, large pupils and a mild anterior chamber reaction. The vision may be blurred, both from any swelling of the cornea and the excess tears. Crusty build up from excess tears may also be present. Cause Corneal abrasions are generally a result of trauma to the surface of the eye. Common causes include jabbing a finger into an eye, walking into a tree branch, getting grit in the eye and then rubbing the eye or being hit with a piece of projectile metal. A foreign body in the eye may also cause a scratch if the eye is rubbed. Injuries can also be incurred by hard contact lenses that have been left in too long. Damage may result when the lenses are removed, rather than when the lens is still in contact with the eye. In addition, if the cornea becomes excessively dry, it may become more brittle and easily damaged by movement across the surface. Corneal abrasions are also a common and recurrent feature in people who suffer specific types of corneal dystrophy, such as lattice corneal dystrophy. Lattice dystrophy gets its name from an accumulation ... web url http www.bestbets.org bets bet.php?id 169 title BestBets Mydriatics in corneal abrasion format ... Abrasion Article by Arun Verma work accessdate ref Complications Complications are the exception rather ... more details
Radioactive dentin abrasion RDA is a method of measuring of the erosive effect of abrasives in toothpaste on tooth dentin . It involves using standardized abrasives compared against the test sample. The determination of this value is done by determining the activity while cleaning worn dentin which is radioactively marked by mild neutron irradiation . The values obtained depend on the size, quantity and surface structure of abrasive used in toothpastes. Since 1998, the RDA value is set by the standards DIN EN ISO 11609. Currently, the claim on products such as toothpaste are not regulated by law. The procedure was later adopted by American Dental Association ADA for measuring of Relative Dentin Abrasion Index. class wikitable colspan 2 center RDA Table center 0 70 low Abrasion dental abrasive 70 100 medium abrasive 100 150 highly abrasive 150 250 regarded as harmful limit Details The procedure is more precise and faster than former methods dependent upon the measurement of the depth of a groove cut into tooth structure. The former methods was first studied by W. D. Miller in 1907 . The results are obtained directly in terms of the amount of human tooth structure worn away by a toothbrush and dentifrice abrasive slurry operating at a known, constant brush pressure and a constant stroke speed. The coefficient of variation of the test is 6 7 when 8 replications are carried out, and 10 15 when only duplicates are run as in the usual routine testing. This is one half to one fourth of the variation involved in the depth of cut method and results can be obtained with an expenditure of one half to one third of the time of the former method. References Radioactive dentin abrasion method of measurement of dentifrice abrassivenes toward human teeth was described in 1958 by researchers ... Of The Abrasion Of Human Teeth By Dentifrice Abrasives A Test Utilizing Radioactive Teeth . Category Dentistry procedures Category Medical terms dentistry stub de Radioactive Dentin Abrasion ... more details
Image Rock abrasion tool.jpg right thumb Rock Abrasion Tool RAT on the Mars Rover Opportunity s Instrument Deployment Device. Image Rat post grind.jpg right thumb The RAT has been used to grind a hole in the rock Adirondack Mars Adirondack . The hole is approximately 2.65 millimeters deep. The Rock Abrasion Tool RAT is a grinding and brushing installation on NASA s twin Mars Exploration Rovers , Spirit rover Spirit MER A and Opportunity rover Opportunity MER B , which landed on Mars in January 2004. It was designed, developed and continues to be operated by Honeybee Robotics LTD, a developer of specialized robots, automated technologies and related systems. The RAT was the first machine to gain access to the interior of rocks on another planet. The RAT has a mass of 0.685 kg about 1.51 lbs , is 7 cm 2.76 inches in diameter and 10 cm long 3.94 inches , about the size of a soda can. It uses a diamond dust and resin wheel spinning at 3000 rpm to drill a 45 mm diameter by 5 mm deep bore hole in Martian Rocks. The RAT then uses two brushes to sweep dust from the bore holes for closer scientific inspection. Its average power consumption is 30 watts. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc experimentDisplay.do?id 2003 027A 06 NASA NSSDC Experiment Details Bot generated title ref There are five other instruments aboard both rovers, these are the Pancam a camera , Mini TES an infrared spectrometer for sensing targets at a distance, a Microscopic Imager, a M ssbauer spectrometer and an alpha particle X ray spectrometer . The RAT provides these instruments with a smooth, clean surface from which they make more accurate observations. The RAT was first used by Spirit on its 34th sol 6 Feb 2004 ref http marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov technology si in situ instrumentation.html ref . It was held up to the rock Adirondack, whereby it scraped to a depth of 2.85 mm over the course of 3 hours. Since then it has been used on numerous Martian rocks by both MER rovers ... more details
RAT can refer to Ram air turbine Total air temperature Ram Air Temperature Register Alias Table Remote Administration Tool RenderMan Artists Tools Release after transmission Token ring Rock Abrasion Tool of the MER A Spirit and MER B Opportunity Mars rovers disambig eo RAT it RAT ja RAT ... more details
citations missing date February 2011 for the video game Road Rash Image Scar.JPG right thumb 250px Fresh road rash and its resultant scar ring one year later. Road rash is a colloquial term for skin and bone injury caused by Abrasion medical abrasion with road surfaces, usually as a consequence of bicycle cycling and motorcycle motorcycling accidents. The term may be applied to both a fresh injury and the scar tissue left by an old one. The term is sometimes applied to longboarding , skateboarding , and roller skating abrasion accidents, especially those caused at high speeds as in longboarding . Motorcyclists can reduce the risks of road rash by wearing the appropriate motorcycle personal protective equipment such as a Motorcycle helmet full face helmet , protective clothing, gloves and Motorcycle boot boots . References reflist External links http sportsmedicine.about.com cs injuries a abrasions.htm Abrasions and Road rash http arniebakercycling.com pubs Free Road 20Rash 20ABC.pdf Road rash abrasion treatment Category Skin conditions resulting from physical factors Category Motorcycle safety lv Asfalta slim ba fi Asfaltti ihottuma ... more details
Airguard is a fabric made of polyamide hollow fibres. Air pockets of the fibres provide heat insulation. The polyamide material ensures a degree of abrasion proofness and tear resistance. The fabric is used for motorcycle clothing but is definitely unsuitable as a safe outer material. Citation needed date April 2010 References Reflist we3er4 fabric Category Technical fabrics textile stub ... more details
Refimprove date November 2006 Circulon is a name given to tough non stick saucepan s, frying pan s and other cookware manufactured by Meyer Corporation Meyer . Circulon s non stick coating is bonded to hard anodized aluminum which is twice as hard as stainless steel . As a result, the non stick coating adheres to the pan and lasts longer in part due to a grooved wave design that protects more of the non stick coating from abrasion mechanical abrasion that would damage traditional non stick cookware. ref http www.sfgate.com cgi bin article.cgi?f c a 2006 01 11 FDGJTGHRQI1.DTL ref External links http www.circulon.com Circulon Website References Reflist Category Kitchenware brands cooking tool stub ... more details
incomplete date August 2011 A bedrock river is a river that typically has little to no alluvium mantling the bedrock over which it flows. Such rivers are common in Highland geography upland and mountain ous regions. They are formed by bedrock erosion incision into bedrock by a combination of Abrasion geology abrasion as sediment in the flow collides with the channel bed and removes bits of material, and quarrying or plucking as large blocks of bedrock are pulled from the bed often near ledges and waterfalls and sent downstream. portalbox Environment Ecology river morphology DEFAULTSORT Bedrock River Category Geology geomorph stub geo term stub ... more details
Avulsion in general refers to a tearing away. Specifically, it can refer to A type of amputation where the extremity is pulled off rather than cut off Avulsion fracture Avulsion injury , the removal of all the layers of skin from abrasion In the law also real estate, geology , avulsion legal term refers to the sudden loss of land by the action of water Avulsion river , abandonment of an old river channel and the creation of a new one disambig es Avulsi n nl Avulsie ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 orphan date November 2009 Wave pounding is the sledge hammer effect of tonnes of water crashing against cliffs . It shakes and weakens the rocks leaving them open to attack from hydraulic action and erosion abrasion . Eroded material gets carried away by the waves wave . Wave Pounding is particularly fierce in a storm , where the waves are exceptionally large, and have a lot of energy . DEFAULTSORT Wave Pounding Category Geological processes geomorph stub ... more details
Corrasion is a geographical term for the process of mechanical erosion of a rock surface caused when materials are transported across it by running water, glaciers, wind, waves or gravitational movement downslope, ref Whittow, John 1984 . Dictionary of Physical Geography . London Penguin, 1984, p. 119. ISBN 0 14 051094 X. ref for example, the wearing away of fine particles of rock on a river or seabed by a sandpapering action, causing it to collapse and form a dip in the bed. The resultant effect on the rock is called Abrasion geology abrasion . This sometimes happens at the bottom of cliff s to a slanted edge. Other forms of sea erosion include hydraulic action and Wear attrition . Corrasion can refer to stream erosion and transport. Corrasion involves wearing away surfaces that the water flows over through the impact or grinding action of particles moving with the water. ref Huggett, Fundamentals of Geomorphology ref See also Bratschen References Reflist Bibliography Huggett, Richard John 2007 , Fundamentals of Geomorphology . Routledge, London, UK Weathering Category Geology geomorph stub bg fr Corrasion ... more details
Molars Using the Abrasion Attrition Wear Gradient A New Method for Reconstructing Paleodiets ... are inspected at close range, a hand lens will be used. gravity toward lower teeth, causes more abrasion ... in this animals so wearing type of browser ungulates will be this type in most cases. The Abrasion dental abrasion rubbing food to tooth triggers this kind of tooth wearing more visible for grazer ... more details
Abfraction or Theory of Abfraction is a theory explaining the non carious cervical lesions NCCL . It suggests that they are caused by flexural forces the tooth enamel enamel , especially at the cementoenamel junction CEJ , undergoes this pattern of destruction by separating the enamel rod s. As teeth flex under pressure, the arrangement of teeth touching each other, known as occlusion dentistry occlusion , causes tension mechanics tension on one side of the tooth and compression physical compression on the other side of the tooth. This is believed to cause V shaped depressions on the side under tension and C shaped depressions on the side under compression. Refimprove March 13, 2012 date March 2012 This theory of abfraction is disputed by somes who think that these type of enamel lesions are due to over zealous brushing since these cervical lesions are mainly located at the premolar areas and sometimes the first molars and on the buccal side this is exactly where people put most of the force when they brush and because of the fact that there is a very high correlation between these lesions and patients who are very good brushers as evidenced by their good oral hygiene . Recent studies by T.C. Abrahamsen have shown that toothpaste not the toothbrush is abrasive enough to cause this type of damage if the patient is too aggressive in brushing the teeth in a very hard and vigorous sawing motion. Abrahamson suggests that the term toothbrush abrasion be replaced with the term toothpaste abuse . See also Attrition dental Attrition Erosion dental Erosion Abrasion dental Abrasion Bruxism References http www.thejcdp.com issue001 gandara introgan.htm The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry A Contemporary Approach. 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001. ISBN 0 86715 382 2. Category Acquired tooth disorders dentistry stub ru ... more details
Image Spongolite 144406 10.jpg thumb 240px Spongolite texture, click to enlarge 2MB Spongolite is a Rock geology stone made almost entirely from fossil ised sea sponge sponge s. It is light and porous. The silica spicules fossilised with the sponges makes the material hazardous to handle by being highly abrasive. Because the spicules are embedded in soft fossils, the abrasion damage is not as immediately apparent as it would be from sandpaper or rough bricks. Spongolite is obtained from mines in Mount Barker, Western Australia and Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil . There are also large deposits near Esperance, Western Australia . External links http www.supersorb.com.au spongolite.html Supersorb.com.au Category Sedimentary rocks ru kk ... more details
An unguent is a soothing preparation spread on wound s, burn injury burns , rash es, Abrasion medical abrasions or other topical injuries i.e. damage to the skin . It is similar to an ointment , though typically an unguent is less viscous and more oily. It is usually delivered as a semi solid paste spread on the skin and is often oily to suspend the medication or other active ingredient s. See also salve . Various preparations of mercurochrome unguent are occasionally used as Adjunct therapy in the treatment of Trucker s itch , Fungulosis , and palliative relief of Kaposi sarcoma s, although mercurials should only be used in extreme cases due to high toxicity and severe hypersensitivity or idiosyncratic reactions. It was also used by the Egyptians to help soothe their skin from the dry heat. analgesic stub See also Cream perfumes References Reflist Category Pharmacy Category Perfumery ... more details
Dynel is a trade name for a type synthetic fiber used in fibre reinforced plastic composite materials , especially for marine applications. As it is easily dyed, it was also used to fabricate wigs ref http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,938396,00.html Time Magazine, 1 Jun 1962, Modern Living The Extra ref ref http news.google.com newspapers?nid 2205&dat 19710126&id noclAAAAIBAJ&sjid 8fQFAAAAIBAJ&pg 3474,536869 Baltimore Afro American, 26 Jan 1971 Wigs Require Special Care ref . A copolymer of acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride , it shares many properties with both polyacrylonitrile high Wear Abrasive wear abrasion resistance, good tensile strength and polyvinyl chloride PVC flame resistance . It is an Polymethyl methacrylate acrylic resin. Dynel was originally produced by Union Carbide corporation. References reflist Category Synthetic fibers ... more details
taxobox name Olea laurifolia regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Oleaceae genus Olea species O. laurifolia binomial Olea laurifolia binomial authority Jean Baptiste Lamarck Lam. Olea laurifolia Black Ironwood is a species of flowering plant belonging to the olive Family biology family Oleaceae . It is native to KwaZulu Natal Province , South Africa . The Guinness Book of World Records lists this tree as the world s heaviest wood , with a specific gravity of 1.49. The timber has a good abrasion resistance and is very strong. It is an excellent turnery wood and is used for a wide range of decorative items. Category Olea laurifolia Category Trees of South Africa Lamiales stub tree stub ca Olea laurifolia es Olea laurifolia ... more details
A saddle sore in humans is a skin ailment on the buttocks due to, or exacerbated by, cycling on a bicycle saddle or equestrianism horse riding . It often develops in three stages skin abrasion, folliculitis which looks like a small, reddish Acne vulgaris acne , and finally abscess . Because it most commonly starts with skin Abrasion medical abrasion , it is desirable to reduce the factors which lead to skin abrasion. Some of these factors include Reducing the friction. In cycling, reduce bobbing or swinging motion while pedaling , by setting the appropriate saddle height. Angle and fore aft position can also play a role, and different riders have different needs and preferences in relation to this. In equestrian activities, friction is reduced with a proper equitation riding position and using properly fitting clothing and equipment. Selecting an appropriate size and design of bicycle saddle or riding saddle . Wearing proper clothing. In bicycling, this includes cycling shorts , with chamois leather chamois padding. For equestrian activity, long, closely fitted pants such as equestrian breeches or jodhpurs minimize chafing. For western riding , closely fitted jeans with no heavy inner seam, sometimes combined with chaps , are preferred. Padded cycling shorts worn under riding pants helps some equestrians, and extra padding, particularly sheepskin, on the seat of the saddle may help in more difficult situations such as long distance endurance riding . Using petroleum jelly , chamois Cream pharmaceutical cream or lubricating gel to further reduce friction. If left untreated over an extended period of time, saddle sores may need to be drained by a physician . In animals such as horses and other working animal pack animals , saddle sores often form on either side of the withers , which is the area where the front of a saddle rests, and also in the girth tack girth area, where they are known as a girth gall. Saddle sores can occur over the loin, and occasionally in other ... more details
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