other APSU Mesopotamian myth primordial The abzu Cuneiform cuneiform & x1236A cuneiform & x1200A , ZU.AB Sumerian language Sumerian abzu Akkadian language Akkadian aps also called engur , Cuneiform cuneiform & x121C9 , LAGAB HAL language Sumerian engur Akkadian language Akkadian engurru literally, ab ocean zu to know ref Lennart Warring, Taina Kantola , Gilgamesheposet p. 300, Natur och Kultur, 2001, ISBN 91 27 08293 8. ref or deep was the name for fresh water from underground aquifer s that was given a religious quality in Sumerian mythology Sumerian and Akkadian mythology . Lakes, springs, rivers, wells, and other sources of fresh water were thought to draw their water from the abzu. In Sumerian culture In the city Eridu , Enki s temple was known as E sub 2 sub abzu house of the cosmic waters and was located at the edge of a swamp, an abzu. ref Eridu in Sumerian Literature , Margaret Whitney Green, pages 180 182, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1975. ref Certain tanks of holy water in Babylon ian and Assyria n temple courtyards were also called abzu aps . ref Black and Green 1992 ref Typical in religious washing, these tanks were similar to the washing pools of Islam ic mosque s, or the baptism al font in Christianity Christian church building church es. In Sumerian cosmology The Sumer ian god Enki Ea in the Akkadian language was believed to have lived in the abzu since before human beings were created. His wife Damgalnuna , his mother Nammu , his advisor Isimud and a variety of subservient creatures, such as the gatekeeper Lahmu , also lived in the abzu. As a deity Abzu aps is depicted as a deity only in the Babylonian Creation myth creation Epic poetry epic ... of Ancient Mesopotamia an illustrated dictionary , s.v. abzu, aps . ISBN 0 292 70794 0 Sumerian ... cs Abzu de Abzu Gottheit es Apsu eu Apsu fr Aps ko it Aps ka hu Abzu nl Apsu ja pl Abzu pt Apsu ru fi Aps sv Apsu tr Aps ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Abzu Type studio Longtype Artist Absu band Absu Cover Abzu album .jpeg Released October 11, 2011 Recorded March to May 2011 Genre Black metal br Thrash metal Length 36 09 Label Candlelight Records Candlelight Producer Absu Last album Absu album Absu br 2009 This album Abzu br 2011 Next album Abzu is the sixth studio album by American Black Metal BM band Absu band Absu . It was released in 2011 on Candlelight Records. It features new members in the form of guitarist Vis Crom and bassist vocalist Ezezu although Ezezu did join the band after the recording of Absu , this is his first studio recording with Absu. ref name BM http www.roadrunnerrecords.com blabbermouth.net news.aspx?mode Article&newsitemID 156634 ABSU Checks In From Recording Studio , Blabbermouth.net , April 11, 2011, retrieved 2011 05 07 ref Track list Music By Vis Crom & Ezezu. Lyrics By Proscriptor. Earth Ripper 3 48 Circles of the Oath 5 12 Abraxas Connexus 3 53 Skrying in the Spirit Vision 3 52 Ontologically, It Became Time & Space 4 48 A Song for Ea including 14 26 E A A Myriad of Portals 3rd Tablet Warren of Imhullu The Waters The Denizens E A Reprise ref name BM Personnel Absu Ezezu Bass Guitar Bass , Mellotron, Vocal Vis Crom Electric & Acoustic Guitars Proscriptor McGovern Drums, Percussion, Mellotron, Vocal Additional Personnel Rune Blasphemer Ericksen formerly of the Norway Norwegian BM band Mayhem band Mayhem now with Ava Inferi All Lead Guitars Production Executive production Candlelight Records Produced & engineered by Absu Mixed by J.T. Longoria ref name BM Mastered & edited by Proscriptor References Reflist 2000s black metal album stub Category 2009 albums ... more details
Aralu may refer to , a Sanskrit word translating aralu to describe the Oroxylum indicum tree a Babylonian word describing an underworld where the souls of the dead go see Abzu disambiguation ... more details
Absu or ABSU may refer to Absu band , a black metal musical group Absu album , 2009 album by the band Absu Abzu , Mesopotamian deity also known as Absu Abia State University in Abia, Nigeria. All Bodo Students Union , an organization seeking an independent Bodoland in India All Burma Students Union , student group formed in the 1930s, and affiliated to the Dobama Asiayone disambig ... more details
Image UrkundenIpage.JPG thumb 350px A royal decree of the Seventh and eighth dynasties of Egypt Dynasty 8 king Neferkauhor Urkunden des Alten Reichs is a collection of Ancient Egypt Egyptian documents written in Egyptian hieroglyphs edited by Germans German Egyptologist Kurt Heinrich Sethe . Urkunden des Alten Reichs is the first book in the Urkunden des gyptischen Altertums series, and translates as Documents from the Old Kingdom . It is typically called Urkunden I and cited as Urk. I in academic literature. Urkunden I contains 308 pages, comprising 179 documents, dating to the Old Kingdom period. The hieroglyphic text is autograph ed. Links The book is available online http www.gizapyramids.org code emuseum.asp?newpage sethe At the Giza Archives Project Library http library.case.edu ksl ecoll books seturk05 seturk05.html At ABZU as a single pdf file Category Ancient Egyptian literature Category Egyptian hieroglyphs Ancient Egypt stub ... more details
A cosmic ocean is a mythological motif found in the creation myths Creation myth of many cultures and civilizations. The cosmic ocean is often the entire universe in a dim and nonspecific past, and the first source of gods or the World theology world . The cosmic ocean is also often still surrounding the present world. ref cite book first Lena last Stiessel title Skapelsemyter fr n hela v rlden year 1995 publisher Almquist & Wiksell isbn 9121144672 ref Christianity and Judaism In the Biblical creation first creation myth in the Bible , there is only earth and water in a disorganized state the earth hath existed waste and void, and darkness is on the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God fluttering on the face of the waters ... . Book of Genesis 2. The world is also created as a space inside of the water, and is hence surrounded of it, And God saith, Let an expanse be in the midst of the waters, and let it be separating between waters and waters. Book of Genesis 6 . ref http www.biblegateway.com passage ?search Genesis 201 20 &version YLT ref See also Abzu Oceanus Notes Reflist 2 Category Creation myths ... more details
Coord 32 32 2 N 44 25 17 E display title Portal Ancient Near East The sagila , a Sumer ian name signifying temple whose top is lofty , ref W. F. Albright, reviewing Friedrich Wetzel and F. H. Weissbach, Das Hauptheiligtum des Marduk in Babylon Esagila und Etemenanki in American Journal of Archaeology 48.3 July, 1944 , p. 305f. ref literally house of the raised head was a temple dedicated to Marduk , the protector god of Babylon . It lay south of the ziggurat Etemenanki , a memory of which has been perpetuated in Judeo Christian culture as the Tower of Babel . In this temple was the cult image inhabited by Marduk, surrounded by cult images of the cities that had fallen under the hegemony of the Babylonian Empire from the 18th century BC there was also a little lake which was named Abzu by the Babylonian priests. This Abzu was a representantion of Marduk s father, Enki , who was god of the waters and lived in the Abzu that was the source of all the fresh waters. The Esagila complex, completed in its final form by Nebuchadnezzar II 604 562 BC encasing earlier cores, was the center of Babylon. It comprised a large court ca. 40 70 sq. meters , containing a smaller court ca. 25 40 m sup 2 sup , and finally the central shrine, consisting of an anteroom and the inner sanctum which contained the statues of Marduk and his consort Sarpanit . According to Herodotus , Xerxes I of Persia Xerxes had a statue removed from the Esagila when he flooded Babylon in 482 BC, desecrated the Esagila and sacked the city. Alexander the Great ordered restorations, and the temple continued to be maintained throughout the 2nd century BC, as one of the last strongholds of Babylonian culture, such as literacy in the cuneiform script , but as Babylon was gradually abandoned under the Parthian Empire , the temple fell into decay in the 1st century BC. Under the enormous heap of debris that lay over it, Esagila was rediscovered by Robert Koldewey in November 1900, but it did not begin to be seriou ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 Not to be confused with the Akkadian ruler Ilulu . Elulu is listed as the third king of the first dynasty of Ur on the Sumer ian Sumerian king list king list , which states he reigned for 25 years. One early inscription for an Elulu or Elili , king of Ur was found at nearby Eridu , stating that this king had built up the abzu ziggurat for Enki . Some scholars have further connected Elulu with the Elilina who was said to be the father of the later king Enshakushanna of Uruk , but this theory is uncertain, owing to chronological difficulties. See also Portal Ancient Near East History of Sumer Start box Succession box before Mesh ki ang Nanna title ENSI Ensi Citation needed date August 2008 of Ur years ca. 26th century BC after Balulu End box Sumerian rulers Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Elulu ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH Category Sumerian rulers Category 26th century BC rulers AncientNearEast bio stub ca Elulu cs Elulu nl Elulu pl Elulu pt Elulu ru sh Elulu ... more details
Mesopotamian myth primordial unicode La mu is a deity from Akkadian mythology . Mythology Lahmu, Hairy is the name of a protective and beneficent deity is a first born son of Apsu and Tiamat . He and his sister Lahamu unicode La amu are the parents of Anshar and Kishar , the sky father and earth mother , who birthed the gods of the Mesopotamian Pantheon. unicode La mu is depicted as a bearded man with a red sash usually with three strands and four to six curls on his head. He is often associated with the kusarikku or Bull Man . In Sumerian times unicode La mu may have meant the muddy one . Lahmu guarded the gates of the Abzu temple of Enki at Eridu . He and his sister unicode La amu are primordial deities in the Babylonian Epic of Creation Enuma Elis and Lahmu may be related to or identical with Lahamu one of Tiamat s Creatures in that epic. Some scholars have speculated that the name of Bethlehem actually originally contained a reference to a Canaanite form of unicode La mu , rather than to the Canaanite word for bread lehem. References Michael Jordon, Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002 Black, Jeremy and Green, Anthony. Gods Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia University of Texas Press, Austin, 2003. Category Mesopotamian deities ca Lahamu es Lahmu eu Lahmu ko hr Lahmu hu Lahmu ja no Lahmu pt Lahmu sh Lahmu tr Lahmu ... more details
Notability Book date December 2009 Infobox journal cover discipline History , archaeology editor Ehud Ben Zvi, Roxana Flammini language Spanish, English, French, Portuguese abbreviation publisher Society of Biblical Literature CEHAO country history 2008 present website http www.sbl site.org publications Books ANEmonographs.aspx ISSN 1851 8761 Ancient Near East Monographs is an online, open access monograph series focused on the ancient Near East , including ancient Israel and its literature, from the early Neolithic to the early Hellenistic eras. It is published jointly by the Society of Biblical Literature and the Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente CEHAO . It is indexed, among others, by MALMAD , Abzu, the Research Archives of the Oriental Institute , and ebooks30 . The editors in chief are Ehud Ben Zvi University of Alberta and Roxana Flammini Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina . See also Journal of Biblical Literature Society of Biblical Literature Review of Biblical Literature Antiguo Oriente External links Official http www.sbl site.org publications Books ANEmonographs.aspx Category Monographic series Category Series of books es Monograf as sobre el Antiguo Cercano Oriente ... more details
For the village in Burma, see Nammu, Burma . Refimprove date February 2011 merge Abzu date February 2011 Mesopotamian myth primordial In Sumerian mythology , Nammu also Namma , spelled ideographically lang sux sup Dingir d sup NAMMA sup d sup engur ENGUR was a primeval goddess, corresponding to Tiamat in Babylonian mythology . Nammu was the primeval sea Engur that gave birth to Anu An heaven and Ki goddess Ki earth and the first gods, representing the Apsu , the fresh water ocean that the Sumerians believed lay beneath the earth, the source of life giving water and fertility in a country with almost no rainfall. Nammu is not well attested in Sumerian mythology. She may have been of greater importance prehistorically, before Enki took over most of her functions. An indication of her continued relevance may be found in the theophoric name of Ur Nammu , the founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur . According to the Neo Sumerian mythological text Enki and Ninmah , Enki is the son of An and Nammu. Nammu is the goddess who has given birth to the great gods . It is she who has the idea of creating mankind, and she goes to wake up Enki, who is asleep in the Apsu, so that he may set the process going. ref Gwendolyn Leick, A dictionary of ancient Near Eastern mythology , Routledge, 1991, ISBN 978 0 415 00762 7, p. 124. ref Reay Tannahill in Sex in History 1980 singled out Nammu as the only female prime mover in the cosmogonic myths of antiquity. ref Raey Tannahill, Sex in History 1980 Page needed date February 2011 Verify credibility date February 2011 ref References reflist External links http etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk cgi bin etcsl.cgi?searchword l namma 20t DN&charenc gcirc Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature Category Mesopotamian deities Category Sea and river goddesses Category Creator goddesses Category Legendary serpents MEast myth stub cs Nammu de Nammu el es Nammu eu Nammu ko hr Namma it Nammu lt Namu nl Nammu pl Nammu pt Nammu ru sh Nama th ... more details
Multiple issues one source September 2010 refimprove September 2010 Mesopotamian myth 50 Ninkasi is the ancient Sumer ian Patron god matron goddess of the intoxicating beverage ref name myth http www.pantheon.org articles n ninkasi.html Ninkasi at Encyclopedia Mythica ref , beer . Her father was Enki , the lord Nudimmud , and her mother was Ninti , the queen of the Abzu . She is also one of the eight children created in order to heal one of the eight wounds that Enki receives. Furthermore, she is the goddess of alcohol . She was also borne of sparkling fresh water. She is the goddess made to satisfy the desire and sate the heart. She would prepare the beverage daily. ref name myth Hymn to Ninkasi The Sumerian language Sumerian written language and the associated clay tablet clay tablets are among the earliest human writings. Scholarly works from the early 1800 s onward have developed some facility translating the various Sumerian documents. Among these is a poem with the English title, A hymn to Ninkasi . The poem is, in effect, a recipe for the making of beer . A translation from the University of Oxford describes combining bread, a source for yeast , with malted and soaked grains and keeping the liquid in a Fermentation beer fermentation vessel until finally filtering it into a collecting vessel. ref name Hymn cite web url http etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk cgi bin etcsl.cgi?text t.4.23.1&display Crit&charenc gcirc&lineid t4231.p1 t4231.p1 publisher University of Oxford accessdate 9 February 2011 title ETCSLtranslation t.4.23.1 ref See also Gambrinus 4947 Ninkasi Ninkasi Award History of beer References reflist External links http www.piney.com BabNinkasi.html The Hymn to Ninkasi http beeradvocate.com articles 304 Ninkasi, The Sumerian Goddess of Brewing and Beer Beeradvocate.com Category Mesopotamian deities Category Beer culture Category History of Iraq MEast myth stub beer stub de Ninkasi es Ninkasi fr Ninkasi it Ninkasi hu Ninkaszi pt Ninkasi ru fi Ninkasi tr ... more details
Merge Chaos mythology date November 2009 Abyss refers to a bottomless pit, to the underworld , to the hadal zone deepest ocean floor , or to hell . The English word abyss derives from the late Latin abyssimus superlative of abyssus through French language French abisme ab me in modern French , hence the poetic form abysm , with examples dating to 1616 and earlier to rhyme with time . The Latin word is borrowed from the ancient Greek Greek abussos also Romanization of Greek transliterated as abyssos , which is conventionally analyzed as deriving from the Greek element meaning deep, bottom with an alpha privative , hence bottomless. ref For more on the Greek etymology with the possibility of an ultimately Sumerian language Sumerian origin, see Abyzou Origins Abyzou Origin and Abzu . ref In the Septuagint , or Greek version of the Hebrew Bible , the word represents both the original Chaos cosmogony chaos Book of Genesis Genesis 1 2 and the Hebrew tehom a surging water deep , which is used also in apocalyptic and kabbalistic literature and in the New Testament for hell the place of punishment in the Revised not the Authorized version of the Bible abyss is generally used for this idea. Primarily in the Septuagint cosmography the word is applied both to the waters under the earth which originally covered it, and from which the springs and rivers are supplied and to the waters of the firmament which were regarded as closely connected with those below. In the parable of Lazarus and Dives Lazarus there is an abyss between the righteous dead and the wicked dead in Sheol . ref Luke 16 26 ref Notes CathEncy wstitle Abyss Reflist External links http www.jewishencyclopedia.com view.jsp?artid 707&letter A&search abyss JewishEncyclopedia.com Abyss Category Book of Revelation Category Septuagint words and phrases Category Afterlife places Category Christian terms Category Greek loanwords de Abyssos es Abismo religi n ja ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name De occulta philosophia Type studio Artist Blood of Kingu Cover Blood of Kingu De Occulta Philosophia Cover.jpg Released 7 December 2007 Recorded Genre Black metal Length Label Supernal Music , Debemur Morti Productions Producer Reviews This album De occulta philosophia br 2009 Next album Misc Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative Cover Type album Cover Blood of Kingu Alternative Artwork.jpg Lower caption Alternative Artwork with the new Record Label, Debemur Morti Productions De occulta philosophia is the debut album from Ukraine Ukrainian black metal band Blood of Kingu . Originally released under Supernal Music, the band have since signed to Debemur Morti Productions and are planning a rerelease with new artwork and packaging on the 28th of August. ref cite web author 8 57 PM url http www.metalunderground.com news details.cfm?newsid 45675 title Blood Of Kingu Signs To Debemur Morti Productions in Metal News publisher Metal Underground.com date 2011 11 09 accessdate 2012 02 12 ref Track listing Indoarika Incognita 1 10 Your Blood, Nubia Your Power, Egypt 4 28 Mummu Tiamat 4 00 Stronghold of Megaliths, Thorns and Human Bones 4 35 Slaughter of Shudras 0 44 Lair of Night Abzu 5 27 Black Spectral Wings of Shaman 4 45 Vajtarani 0 14 Chambers Of Inpu Su 3 03 Personnel Roman Saenko Singing vocals , All Instrumentals References Reflist Category 2007 debut albums Category Albums by Ukrainian artists 2000s black metal album stub ... more details
relays communication through dreams and nightmares Primordial beings Abzu the Ocean Below, the name ... Lahamu first born daughter of Abzu and Tiamat Lahmu first born son of Abzu and Tiamat a protective and beneficent ... more details
was the home of the Abzu temple of the god Enki , the Sumerian counterpart of the Akkad ian water ... of fishbones associated with the earliest levels also shows a continuity of the Abzu cult associated ... sub .ZU.AB Sumerian language Sumerian temple e sub 2 sub abzu Akkadian language Akkadian b tu aps ... Eridu mound4c.8.png thumb right 200px E abzu temple of Eridu The site at Tel abu Shahrain, near ... on or renewed the e abzu temple, including Elulu Elili of Ur Ur Nammu , Shulgi and Amar Sin of Ur ... , p. 65, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 0 931464 80 3 ref See also Portal Ancient Near East Abzu Cities of the Ancient ... more details
were the children of Lahamu and Lahmu the muddy ones , names given to the gatekeepers of the Abzu ..., Lahamu and Lahmu were the children of Tiamat Goddess of the Ocean and Abzu God of Fresh Water . The length ... more details
temple to Ninmarki in Gu aba E abzu, temple of the Aps abzu also E engura House of the subterranean ... temple of the bond of heaven , built by Nebuchadnezzar for Sin mythology Sin E dim gal abzu in Lagash ... E dub Storage house temple to Zababa in Kish Sumer E dubba , scribal schools E duga E dumi zi abzu ..., also E abzu temple to Enki in Eridu E eshdam kug in Girsu E gida Long house temple to Ninazu ... E ninnu House of 50 , temple to Ningirsu in Lagash E nun, the abzu in Eridu E nun ana House of the prince ... more details
at Eridu . Attributes The main temple to Enki is called E abzu , meaning abzu temple also ..., god of wisdom and of all Magic paranormal magic , Enki was characterized as the lord of the Abzu ... epic En ma Eli , Abzu, the begetter of the gods , is inert and sleepy but finds his peace disturbed ... gods, puts a spell on Abzu casting him into a deep sleep , thereby confining him deep underground. Enki subsequently sets up his home in the depths of the Abzu . Enki thus takes on all of the functions of the Abzu, including his fertilising powers as lord of the waters and lord of semen . ref ... and refuse their duties of keeping the creation working. Abzu God of fresh water, co creator of the cosmos ... to help and confines Abzu in irrigation canals and places him in the Kur, beneath his city of Eridu ..., Abzu, and at the prompting of her son and vizier Kingu , decides to take back the creation herself. The Gods gather again in terror, and turn to Enki for help, but Enki who harnessed Abzu , Tiamat ..., is lying in a deep sleep, and fails to hear their cries, His mother Nammu , creatrix also of Abzu ... of Abzu lies an older one of the struggle between Enki and the Dragon Kur the underworld ref ... diss mag 2006 b18272897 espakpeeter.pdf ref The pool of the Abzu at the front of his temple was adopted ... more details
influence and glory by bringing the me s to it from Eridu. She travels to Enki s Eridu shrine, the Abzu E abzu , in her boat of heaven , and asks the me s from him after he is well into his cups, whereupon ... are they stored in a prominent location in the E abzu , but Inanna is able to display them to the people ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Absu Type studio Longtype Artist Absu band Absu Cover AbsuAbsu.jpg Released Europe February 16, 2009 br North America February 24, 2009 Recorded Genre Black metal Length Label Candlelight Records Producer Absu Last album Tara Absu album Tara br 2001 This album Absu br 2009 Next album Abzu album Abzu br 2011 Album reviews rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 3 5 ref name Henderson Henderson, Alex 2009 Allmusic class album id r1411362 review pure url yes Absu Review , Allmusic , Macrovision Corporation ref rev2 Metal Temple rev2score rating 7 10 ref name metaltemple cite web url http www.metal temple.com site catalogues entry reviews cd 3 a 2 absu absu cd.htm work Metal Temple author Yiannis Doukas title Album Abus, Absu, Candlelight Records date March 6, 2009 accessdate March 8, 2010 ref rev3 Metal.de rev3score Rating 10 10 ref http www.metal.de cdreviews.php4?was review&id 11969 , Metal.de, February 11, 2009 ref rev4 MetalCentre.com rev4score Rating 10 10 ref http metalcentre.com webzine.php?p reviews&nr 3306&lang eng , metalcentre.com, February 13, 2009 ref rev5 Pitchfork Media rev5score 8.2 10 ref http pitchfork.com reviews albums 13044 absu , Pitchfork, June 9, 2009 ref rev6 Sputnikmusic rev6score Rating 3.5 5 ref http www.sputnikmusic.com album.php?albumid 33947 , Nick Butler, Sputnikmusic, April 3, 2009 ref Absu is the fifth studio album by black metal band Absu band Absu . It was released on February 16, 2009 Europe and February 24, 2009 USA by Candlelight Records . It is the debut recording for new members Aethyris MacKay and Zawicizuz with additional musical contributions from Vastator Terrarum who left before completing the album and original guitarist Shaftiel. Ezezu joined the band after the recording process was completed. This is the band s first new album since 2001 s Tara. In October 2009, Candlelight Records announced the album would be re released and repackaged on January 26, 2010 with a DVD of a live p ... more details
?art 3 Tiamat & Lotan . Retrieved on August 23, 2010 ref Mythology Apsu or Abzu fathered ... at Enki s Abzu E engurra temple in Eridu . Lahmu and Lahamu, in turn, were the parents of the ends of the heavens ... him, holding him prisoner beneath is temple the temple E Abzu . This angered Kingu , their son, who ... more details
Mesopotamian myth demons For other uses, see Kur disambiguation In Sumerian mythology , Kur was primarily a mountain or mountains, and usually referred to the Zagros mountains to the east of Sumer . It is possible that this name for the area coincides with the still present modern day Kurds who inhabit much of the Zagros mountains. The cuneiform for kur was written ideographically with the cuneiform sign , a pictograph of a mountain. ref Sumerian Mythology By Samuel Noah Kramer, p.110 ref It can also mean foreign land . Although the word for earth was Ki , Kur came to also mean land, and Sumer itself, was called Kur gal or Great Land . Kur gal also means Great Mountain and is a metonym for both Nippur and Enlil who rules from that city. ref Scenes from the Shadow Side , Frans Wiggermann, Mesopotamian Poetic Language , Brill, 1996, pp. 208 209 ref Ekur , mountain house was the temple of Enlil at Nippur . A second, popular meaning of Kur was underworld , or the world under the earth. ref Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia An Illustrated Dictionary Jeremy A. Black, Anthony Green, Tessa Rickards, University of Texas Press, 1992 ISBN 0 292 70794 0, p 114 ref Kur was sometimes the home of the dead, ref Sumerian Mythology, By Samuel Noah Kramer, p.110 passim ref it is possible that the flames on escaping gas plumes in parts of the Zagros mountains would have given those mountains a meaning not entirely consistent with the primary meaning of mountains and an abode of a god. The eastern mountains as an abode of the god is popular in Ancient Near Eastern mythology. The underworld Kur is the void space between the primeval sea Abzu and the earth Ma mythology Ma . Kur is almost identical with Ki gal , Great Land which is the Underworld thus the ruler of the Underworld is Ereshkigal Goddess of The Great Land . In later Babylonian myth Kur is possibly an Anunnaki , brother of Ereshkigal , Enki , and Enlil . In the Enuma Elish in Akkadian tablets from the first millen ... more details
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