File Hawaii 1998 0p2s 2p50.png thumb 350px Ground motion hazard map for Hawaii , based on a 2 probability of exceeding 0.2 second spectral acceleration at 5 Hz in 50 years Spectral acceleration SA is a unit measured in g the acceleration due to Earth s gravity , equivalent to g force that describes the maximum acceleration in an earthquake on an object &ndash specifically a damped, harmonic oscillator moving in one physical dimension . This can be measured at or specified for different oscillation Frequency frequencies and with different degrees of damping , although 5 damping is commonly applied. ref name opensha http www.opensha.org glossary intensityMeasureType SA Intensity Measure Type IMT OpenSHA, accessed 2011 04 14 ref The SA at different frequencies may be plotted to form a response spectrum . Spectral acceleration, with a value related to the Mechanical resonance natural frequency of vibration of the building, is used in earthquake engineering and gives a closer approximation to the motion of a building or other structure in an earthquake than the peak ground acceleration value, ref name usgs sa http earthquake.usgs.gov learn faq ?faqID 221 FAQs What is spectral acceleration or SA? United States Geological Survey , accessed 2011 04 14 ref ref name opensha although there is normally a Correlation and dependence correlation between SA and PGA. ref name usgs sa Some seismic hazard maps are also produced using spectral acceleration. See also Peak ground acceleration Seismic scale External links http www.consrv.ca.gov cgs rghm psha Pages sa 01.aspx Spectral Acceleration Hazard Map of California http earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca hazard alea zoning NBCC2005maps eng.php 2005 National Building Code of Canada Spectral Acceleration Hazard Maps http kula.geol.wwu.edu rjmitch pga maps.pdf What is a ground shaking hazard map? Includes explanations of SA and PGA References reflist geophysics stub Category Seismology Category Earthquake engineering ... more details
about small scale particle acceleration in acoustics acceleration of charged particles to very high energies particle accelerator Notability date October 2008 Unreferenced date October 2008 In a compressible sound transmission medium mainly air air particles get an accelerated motion the particle acceleration or sound acceleration with the symbol a in metre per second squared metre second² . In acoustics or physics , acceleration symbol a is defined as the rate of change or time derivative of velocity . It is thus a vector geometric vector quantity with dimension length time . In SI SI units , this is m s . To accelerate an object air particle is to change its velocity over a period. Acceleration is defined technically as the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time and is given by the equation math mathbf a d mathbf v over dt math where a is the acceleration vector v is the velocity vector expressed in m s t is time expressed in seconds. This equation gives a the units of m s s , or m s read as metres per second per second , or metres per second squared . An alternative equation is math mathbf bar a mathbf v mathbf u over t math where math mathbf bar a math is the average acceleration m s² math mathbf u math is the initial velocity m s math mathbf v math is the final velocity m s math t math is the time interval s Transversality Transverse acceleration ... in direction with the velocity, we get a circular motion . For this centripetal acceleration we have math mathbf a frac v 2 r frac mathbf r r omega 2 mathbf r math One common unit of acceleration is g force , one g being the acceleration caused by the standard gravity gravity of Earth . In classical mechanics , acceleration math a math is related to Force physics force math F math and mass math m ... Equations in terms of other measurements The Particle acceleration of the air particles a in m s of a plain ... Units Meaning a m second s particle acceleration v Meters per second m s particle velocity m, meters ... more details
Contract law An acceleration clause , in the law of contracts , is a term that fully matures the performance due from a party upon a breach of the contract. Such clauses are most prevalent in mortgages and similar contracts to purchase real estate in installments. Suppose, for example, the contract was for A to purchase Blackacre from B for 100,000, to be paid in 5 monthly installments of 20,000. If A makes the first two payments, but fails to make the third payment, an acceleration clause would require that A must immediately pay B the entire balance of 60,000, or lose his right to purchase Blackacre without getting a refund of his 40,000 . A sample acceleration clause reads like this In the event of default in the payment of any of the said installments or said interest when due as herein provided, time being of the essence hereof, the holder of this note may, without notice or demand, declare the entire principal sum then unpaid immediately due and payable. External links http www.quazell.com BusinessLetters ltrpromnot3.html Promissory Note Installment With Acceleration Clause http www.investorwords.com 36 acceleration clause.html Acceleration Clause Investorwords.com DEFAULTSORT Acceleration Clause Category Contract law Category Contract clauses law term stub ... more details
No footnotes date April 2009 Fermi acceleration ref M. A. Lieberman and A. J. Lichtenberg, Phys. Rev. A 5, 1852 1972 ref , sometimes referred to as diffusive shock acceleration a subclass of Fermi acceleration , is the acceleration that charge physics charged Subatomic particle particles undergo when being repeatedly reflected, usually by a magnetic mirror . This is thought to be the primary mechanism by which particles gain non thermal energies in astrophysical shock waves . It plays a very important role in many astrophysical models, mainly of shocks including solar flares and supernova remnant s. It is studied by using the Fermi Ulam model . There are two types of Fermi acceleration First order Fermi acceleration in shocks and Second Order Fermi acceleration in the environment of moving magnetized gas clouds . In both cases the environment has to be collisionless in order for the mechanism to be effective. This is because Fermi acceleration only applies to particles with energies exceeding the thermal energies, and frequent collisions with surrounding particles will cause severe energy loss and as a result no acceleration will occur. First order Fermi acceleration Shock waves typically have moving magnetic inhomogeneities both preceding and following them. Consider the case of a charged ... can cross the shock and enter the game of acceleration. It is presently unclear what mechanism causes the particles to initially have energies sufficiently high to do so. Second order Fermi acceleration Second order Fermi Acceleration relates to the amount of energy gained during the motion of a charged ... second order Fermi acceleration, because the mean energy gain per bounce depends on the mirror velocity ... setup is very similar to the one found for first order Fermi acceleration. References reflist ... David Darling s article on Fermi acceleration http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0610141 Rieger, Bosch Ramon and Duffy Fermi acceleration in astrophysical jets. Astrophys.Space Sci. 309 119 125 2007 Category ... more details
unreferenced date July 2009 In computing , hardware acceleration is the use of computer hardware to perform some function faster than is possible in computer software software running on the general purpose Central processing unit CPU . Examples of hardware acceleration include blitting acceleration functionality in graphics processing unit s GPUs and instructions for complex operations in CPUs. Normally, processors are sequential, and instructions are executed one by one. Various techniques are used to improve performance hardware acceleration is one of them. The main difference between hardware and software is concurrency computer science concurrency , allowing hardware to be much faster than software. Hardware accelerators are designed for computationally intensive software code. Depending upon granularity, hardware acceleration can vary from a small functional unit to a large functional block like motion estimation in MPEG 2 . The hardware that performs the acceleration, when in a separate unit from the CPU, is referred to as a hardware accelerator , or often more specifically as graphics accelerator or floating point unit floating point accelerator , etc. Those terms, however, are older and have been replaced with less descriptive terms like video card or graphics card . Many hardware accelerators are built on top of field programmable gate array chips. Recently, regular expression hardware acceleration has been gaining popularity in the server industry, owing to very noticeable speed ups in anti spam techniques spam control . citation needed date January 2011 See also Coprocessor Field programmable gate array GPGPU SSL acceleration TCP Offload Engine Categories Category Central processing unit Category Gate arrays Category Graphics hardware de Hardwarebeschleunigung es Aceleraci n por hardware eu Hardware bidezko azelerazio fr Acc l ration mat rielle gl Aceleraci n por hardware ko it Acceleratore informatica nl Hardware acceleratie ja ru ... more details
In relativity theory, proper acceleration ref Edwin F. Taylor & John Archibald Wheeler 1966 1st ed. only ... acceleration i.e., measurable acceleration as by an accelerometer experienced by an object. It is thus acceleration relative to a free fall , or inertial, observer who is momentarily at rest relative to the object being measured. Gravitation therefore does not cause proper acceleration, since gravity acts upon the inertial observer that any proper acceleration must depart from accelerate from . A corollary is that all inertial observers always have a proper acceleration of zero. Proper acceleration contrasts with coordinate acceleration, which is dependent on choice of coordinate system ... motion, proper acceleration is the rate of change of proper velocity with respect to coordinate time. The proper acceleration 3 vector, combined with a null time component, yields the object s four acceleration , which makes proper acceleration s magnitude Lorentz invariant Lorentz ... at the gantry, the proper acceleration is the acceleration felt by the occupants, and which is described as g force which is not a force but rather an acceleration see that article for more discussion of proper acceleration . ref Relativity By Wolfgang Rindler pg 71 ref The acceleration of gravity force of gravity never contributes to proper acceleration in any circumstances, and thus the proper acceleration felt by observers standing on the ground is due to the mechanical force from the ground , not due to the force or acceleration of gravity. If the ground is removed and the observer allowed to free fall, the observer will experience coordinate acceleration, but no proper acceleration ... inertial motion , including objects in orbit, experience no proper acceleration neglecting small ... gravity, zero g or free fall, and it always produces a sensation of weightlessness . Proper acceleration reduces to coordinate acceleration in an inertial coordinate system in flat spacetime i.e. in the absence ... more details
refimprove date December 2010 In physics , gravitational acceleration is the acceleration on an object caused by force of gravity gravity . Neglecting friction such as air resistance, all small bodies accelerate in a gravitational field at the same rate relative to the center of mass. ref cite book title Physics, the human adventure from Copernicus to Einstein and beyond edition 3rd author Gerald James Holton and Stephen G. Brush publisher Rutgers University Press year 2001 isbn 9780813529080 page 113 url http books.google.com books?id czaGZzR0XOUC&pg PA113&dq 22gravitational acceleration 22 22all objects 22 neglecting air&hl en&ei KSb8TIDVIofGsAOUsNX2DQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCgQ6AEwAA v onepage&q 22gravitational 20acceleration 22 20 22all 20objects 22 20neglecting 20air&f false ref This equality is true regardless of the masses or compositions of the bodies. At different points on Earth, objects fall with an acceleration between 9.78 and 9.82 m s sup 2 sup depending on latitude , with a convention norm conventional standard gravity standard value of exactly 9.80665 m s sup 2 sup approx. 32.174 ft s sup 2 sup . Objects with low densities do not accelerate ... The Center of mass barycentric gravitational acceleration at a point in space is given by math mathbf ... constant . The relative acceleration of two objects in the reference frame of either object ... mass, relative gravitational acceleration does not depend on each mass separately. As long as one mass is much smaller than the other, relative gravitational acceleration is almost independent of the smaller ... the same acceleration, relative to an inertial frame or the frame of the large mass. Disregarding ... acceleration, in that the proper acceleration and hence four acceleration of objects in free fall are zero. Rather than undergoing an acceleration, objects in free fall travel ... DEFAULTSORT Gravitational Acceleration Category Gravimetry Category Gravitation interwiki ar ... more details
Classical mechanics cTopic Fundamental concepts Angular acceleration is the rate of change of angular velocity . In SI units, it is measured in radian s per second squared rad s sup 2 sup , and is usually denoted by the Greek letter alpha letter alpha . ref http theory.uwinnipeg.ca physics circ node3.html ref Mathematical definition The angular acceleration can be defined as either math alpha frac d omega dt frac d 2 theta dt 2 math , or br math alpha frac a T r math , where math omega math is the angular velocity , math a T math is the linear tangential acceleration , and r usually defined as the radius of the circular path of which a point moving along is the distance from the origin of the coordinate system that defines math theta math and math omega math to the point of interest. Equations of motion For two dimensional rotation rotational motion , Newton s laws of motion Newton s second law Newton s second law can be adapted to describe the relation between torque and angular acceleration math tau I alpha math , where math tau math is the total torque exerted on the body, and math I math is the Moment of inertia mass moment of inertia of the body. Constant acceleration For all constant values of the torque, math tau math , of an object, the angular acceleration will also be constant. For this special case of constant angular acceleration, the above equation will produce a definitive, constant value for the angular acceleration math alpha frac tau I . math Non constant acceleration For any non constant torque, the angular acceleration of an object will change with time. The equation becomes a differential equation instead of a constant value. This differential equation is known as the equation of motion of the system and can completely describe the motion of the object. It is also the best way to calculate the angular velocity. See also Angular momentum Angular speed Angular velocity Rotation Spin physics Spin References reflist Category Physical quantities ar ... more details
unreferenced date February 2007 TCP acceleration is the name of a series of techniques for achieving better throughput on an Internet connection than standard Transmission Control Protocol TCP achieves, without modifying the end applications. It is an alternative or a supplement to TCP tuning . Commonly used approaches include ACK pacing , TCP Proxy server transparent proxies in two or more middlebox es, and TCP Offload Engine TCP offload engines . TCP transparent proxies TCP transparent proxies involve breaking of long end to end control loops to several smaller control loops by intercepting and relaying TCP connections within the network. By adopting this procedure, they allow for the TCP flows to have a shorter reaction time to packet losses which may occur within the network and thus guarantees a higher throughput. The idea of a TCP accelerator is to terminate TCP connections inside the network ... loop between the sender and the receiver is shortened to the one between the acceleration node and the receiver ... received by it. The acceleration node splits the feedback loop between the sender and the receiver ..., not delivered to the receiver. Asymmetric TCP acceleration While TCP proxies require such devices ... the proxies are usually proprietary, asymmetric TCP acceleration is able to boost the network performance .... Asymmetric TCP acceleration implies the WAN side protocol has to be TCP of the same 5 tuples ... download acceleration in addition to its congestion avoidance algorithm. Compared with the symmetric TCP proxies, asymmetric TCP acceleration is more flexible in all kinds of deployment scenarios. A typical setup is to deploy the asymmetric acceleration device on the server side only. Then all ... wise, without compression factors, asymmetric TCP acceleration is capable of offering the same ... on the receiver side. Products and companies implementing TCP acceleration AppEx Networks FAST TCP See also TCP tuning TCP congestion avoidance algorithm Category TCP IP Acceleration Category WAN optimization ... more details
In special relativity , four acceleration is a four vector and is defined as the change in four velocity over the particle s proper time math mathbf A frac d mathbf U d tau left gamma u dot gamma u c, gamma u 2 mathbf a gamma u dot gamma u mathbf u right left gamma u 4 frac mathbf a cdot mathbf u c , gamma u 2 mathbf a gamma u 4 frac left mathbf a cdot mathbf u right c 2 mathbf u right math , where math mathbf a d mathbf u over dt math and math dot gamma u frac mathbf a cdot u c 2 gamma u 3 frac mathbf a cdot u c 2 frac 1 left 1 frac u 2 c 2 right 3 2 math and math gamma u math is the Lorentz factor for the speed math u math . A dot above a variable indicates a derivative with respect to the coordinate time in a given reference frame, not the proper time math tau math . In an instantaneously co moving inertial reference frame math mathbf u 0 math , math gamma u 1 math and math dot gamma u 0 math , i.e. in such a reference frame math mathbf A left 0, mathbf a right math Geometrically, four acceleration is a curvature vector of world line . ref http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 147246 curvature vector Curvature vector on Britannica ref Therefore, the magnitude of the four acceleration which is an invariant scalar is equal to the proper acceleration that a moving particle feels moving along a world line . The world lines having constant magnitude of four acceleration are Minkowski circles i.e. hyperbolas see hyperbolic motion relativity hyperbolic motion The scalar product of a four velocity and the corresponding four acceleration is always 0. Even at relativistic speeds four acceleration is related to the four force such that math F mu mA mu math where m is the invariant mass of a particle. In general relativity the elements of the acceleration four vector are related to the elements of the four velocity through a covariant derivative with respect to proper time. math ... Four Acceleration Category Minkowski spacetime Category Theory of relativity es Cuadriaceleraci n ... more details
In physics the study of rigid body motion provides for several ways of defining the acceleration state of a rigid body. The classical definition of acceleration entails following a single particle point along the rigid body and observing its changes of velocity . In this article the notion of spatial acceleration is explored, which entails looking at a fixed unmoving point in space and observing the changes of velocity of whatever particle point happens to coincide with the observation point. This is similar to the acceleration definition fluid dynamics where typically one can measure velocity and or accelerations on a fixed locate inside a testing apparatus. Definition Consider a moving rigid body and the velocity of a particle point P along the body being a function of the position and velocity of a center particle point C and the angular velocity math vec omega math . The linear velocity vector math vec v P math at P is expressed in terms of the velocity vector math vec v C math at C as math vec v P vec v C vec omega times vec r P vec r C math where math vec omega math is the angular velocity vector. The Material derivative material acceleration at P is math vec a P frac rm d vec v P rm d t math math vec a P vec a C vec alpha times vec r P vec r C vec omega times vec v P vec v C math where math vec alpha math is the angular acceleration vector. The spatial acceleration math vec psi P math at P is expressed in terms of the spatial acceleration math vec psi C math at C as math vec psi P frac partial vec v P partial t math math vec psi P vec psi C vec alpha times vec r P vec r C math which is similar to the velocity transformation above. In general the spatial acceleration math vec psi P math of a particle point P that is moving with linear velocity math vec v P math is derived from the material acceleration math vec a P math at P as math vec psi P vec a P vec omega times vec v P math Expand section date April 2012 References cite book title Fluid Mechanics author Frank ... more details
Academic acceleration is the advancement of students in subjects at a rate that places them ahead of where they would be in the regular school curriculum. Acceleration is most often used as an intervention to accommodate the learning needs of gifted and talented students. According to A Nation Deceived , the following types of acceleration exist ref Types of Acceleration Dimensions and Issues, by W. T. Southern and E. D. Jones, A Nation Deceived, V. II , Chapter 1, pp. 5 12. ref Early Admission to Kindergarten Students enter kindergarten prior to the minimum age for school entry as set by district or state policy. Early Admission to First Grade where kindergarten does not exist This practice can result from either the skipping of kindergarten, or from accelerating the student from kindergarten in what would be the student s first year of school. Grade skipping Continuous Progress The student is given content progressively as prior content is completed and mastered. Self paced instruction The student proceeds through learning and instructional activities at a self selected pace. Self paced instruction is a sub type of continuous progress acceleration. Subject Matter Acceleration Partial Acceleration This practice allows students to be placed with classes with older peers for a part of the day or with materials from higher grade placements in one or more content areas. Combined Classes While not, in and of itself, a practice designed for acceleration, in some instances e.g., a fourth ... or activity. Acceleration in College The student completes two or more majors in a total of four years ... of college teachers and administrators. Late academic acceleration A student or person that has under achieved in early years and has academically progressed in studies Academic acceleration also ... Policy Guidelines Guidelines for Developing an Academic Acceleration Policy http www.accelerationinstitute.org The Institute for Research and Policy on Acceleration IRPA education stub Category Gifted ... more details
Image Sun crypto accelerator 1000.jpg thumb PCI Crypto Accelerator SSL acceleration is a method of offloading the processor intensive public key encryption algorithms involved in Transport Layer Security SSL transactions to a hardware accelerator. Typically this means having a separate card that plugs into a Conventional PCI PCI slot in a computer that contains one or more Coprocessor co processors able to handle much of the SSL processing. SSL accelerators may use off the shelf CPUs, but most use custom ASIC s and RISC chips to do most of the difficult computational work. How it works The most computationally expensive part of an SSL session is the SSL handshake, where the SSL server usually an SSL webserver and the SSL client usually a web browser agree on a number of parameters that establish the security of the connection. Part of the role of the SSL handshake is to agree on session keys symmetric keys, used for the duration of a given session , but the encryption and signature of the SSL handshake messages itself is done using asymmetric keys contained in the certificates , which requires more computational power than the symmetric cryptography used for the encryption decryption of the session data. Typically a hardware SSL accelerator will offload processing of the SSL handshake while leaving the server software to process the less intense Symmetric key algorithm symmetric cryptography of the actual SSL data exchange, but some accelerators handle all SSL operations and terminate ... Layer Security TLS is essentially an updated form of SSL, TLS session acceleration is essentially the same thing as SSL acceleration. TLS & SSL TLS 1 was first defined in RFC 2246 in January 1999 ... Site Dedicated to SSL Acceleration http www1.us.dell.com content topics global.aspx power en ps1q02 ssl?c us&l en&s gen Overview of SSL Acceleration Implementations http www.windowsecurity.com articles SSL Acceleration Offloading Security Implications.html SSL Acceleration and Offloading What Are the Security ... more details
orphan date August 2010 Cloud acceleration is one form of delivering web content and applications as quickly as possible. Cloud acceleration is similar to a content delivery network , or CDN, in that it attempts to get content to users as quickly as possible. While CDNs rely on Edge computing edge caching , cloud acceleration optimizes the delivery path and routes content through public or private, managed networks ref Cloud Computing Journal, Next Generation Content Delivery Cloud Acceleration, By Jonathan Hoppe Jul. 22, 2010 http cloudcomputing.sys con.com node 1471257 ref Trend Cloud acceleration and CDN networks are not mutually exclusive both are very important. In fact, both are complementary to achieving a goal of delivering data between a user and a server cloud in the fastest possible way. One of the biggest hindrances to network performance speed is the geographic distance from the one s computer the IP source to a remote computer where the content resides the IP destination . For example, a client in Washington D.C. would have to go 231 miles to retrieve data from a server in New York. Today, as more and more IT infrastructures are being migrated to the cloud typically in a remote region , geographic distance is increased with people around the world accessing cloud infrastructures halfway across the world from them. As we all know, the longer the distance, the higher the network latency and slower the application performance. A CDN solution fixes this problem for static content web pages, videos, pictures, etc. because the CDN distributes and caches the same static content around the world so that it could be served up as close to the user as possible. But, what about dynamic content that constantly changes, such as sharepoint, CRM applications, or most cloud applications SaaS, PaaS, etc. , etc? Since this content is dynamically changing, it cannot be distributed ... remains the issue. This is where Cloud Acceleration comes in. Cloud acceleration solves the problem ... more details
Plasma Wakefield acceleration is a technique for accelerating charged particle s, such as electron s, positron s and ion s, using an electric field associated with an Plasma oscillation electron plasma wave . The wave is created either using electron pulses or through the passage of very brief laser pulses, a technique known as laser plasma acceleration . These techniques appear to offer a way to build ... of acceleration is the same. Acceleration Image Illustration Plasma Wakefield Acceleration.png ... acceleration. A particle injected into the plasma near the high density area will experience an acceleration toward or away from it, an acceleration that continues as the wakefield travels through ... s. Comparison with RF Acceleration The advantage of plasma acceleration is that its acceleration ... breakdown dielectric breakdown of the acceleration tube. This limits the amount of acceleration over ... be created based on plasma acceleration techniques or accelerators for much higher energy can be built, if long accelerators are realizable with an accelerating field of 10 GV m. Plasma acceleration ... acceleration PWFA The electron plasma wave is formed by an electron bunch laser wakefield acceleration LWFA A laser pulse is introduced to form an electron plasma wave. laser beat wave acceleration .... self modulated laser wakefield acceleration SMLWFA The formation of an electron plasma wave is achieved .... The concept of plasma acceleration was first proposed by Toshiki Tajima and John Dawson in a theoretical ... acceleration, which was performed with PWFA, was reported by a research group at Argonne ... Acceleration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 98 101 doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.61.98 ref Formula The acceleration ... is the colloquial name for experimental particle accelerator s using plasma acceleration. Currently ... pbpl.physics.ucla.edu Research Experiments Advanced Accelerators Plasma Acceleration PBWA Plasma Acceleration at PBPL 2003 A. Ogata, http icfa usa.jlab.org archive newsletter icfa bd nl 12 node26.html ... more details
refimprove date February 2010 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Acceleration Type studio Artist Age of Silence Cover Age of Silence Acceleration.jpg Released Start date 2004 9 14 Recorded 2004 Genre Avant garde metal , nowrap progressive metal Length 45 10 Label The End Records Producer Andy Winter This album Acceleration br 2004 Next album Complication Trilogy Of Intricacy br 2005 Album ratings noprose yes rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 3.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r706222 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Acceleration is the first full length album by Norway Norwegian avant garde metal avant garde progressive metal band Age of Silence . It was released on September 14, 2004. Track listing Auditorium of Modern Movements Winter, Lazare 3 36 Acceleration Winter, Lazare 4 30 The Concept of Hate Winter, Lazare 4 09 A Song for D. Incorporated Winter, Lazare 4 58 The Green Office and the Dark Desk Drawer Winter, Lazare 4 17 The Flow at 9 30 am Winter, Lazare 6 25 Of Concrete and Glass Winter, Lazare 3 14 90 Angles Extant, Lazare 7 19 I No Longer Know If I Am Mad Extant, Kobbergaard 2 28 Synthetic, Fabricated, Calculated Extant, Lazare 4 11 Personnel Lars Nedland Lars Are Lazare Nedland Singing vocals Jan Axel Blomberg Jan Axel Hellhammer Blomberg Drum kit drums Lars Eikind Si Bass guitar bass , Backing vocalist backing vocals Joacim Extant Solheim guitar Helge Kobbergaard Haugen Electric guitar guitar , vocals on I No Longer Know If I Am Mad Andy Winter musician Andy Winter Keyboard instrument keyboards References Reflist Category Age of Silence albums Category 2004 debut albums Category The End Records albums ... more details
merge to Download manager date January 2012 Unreferenced date February 2007 Redir Download accelerator the specific proprietary program for Windows and Mac OS X Download Accelerator Plus Download acceleration , also known as multipart download, is a term for the method employed by software such as download manager s to download a single file by splitting it in segments and using several simultaneous connections to download these segments from a single server. The reason for doing so is to circumvent server side limitations of bandwidth per connection. Because in normal networking situations all individual connections are treated equally, rather than actual file transfers, multiple connections yields an advantage on saturated links over simple connections, both in terms of total bandwidth allocation and resilience. Many servers, however, implement a maximum number of simultaneous connections per client in order to mitigate this. This is not to be confused with segmented downloading , which allows a client to download segments of a file simultaneously from multiple servers. Download managers DEFAULTSORT Download Acceleration Category Data transmission Compu network stub ... more details
In accelerator physics , the term acceleration voltage means the effective voltage surpassed by a charged particle along a defined straight line. If not specified further, the term is likely to refer to the longitudinal effective acceleration voltage math V parallel math . The acceleration voltage is an important quantity for the design of microwave cavity microwave cavities for particle accelerator s. See also shunt impedance . For the special case of an electrostatic field that is surpassed by a particle, the acceleration voltage is directly given by integrating the electric field along its path. The following considerations are generalized for time dependent fields. ombox image File Info.svg 30px text There are several variant definitions for the terms shunt impedance and acceleration voltage relating to transit time dependence. ref name lee cite isbn 9789812562005 ref ref name wangler cite isbn 9783527623433 slightly different notation ref To clear this point, this page differentiates between effective including transit time factor and time independent quantities. Longitudinal voltage The longitudinal effective acceleration voltage is given by the kinetic energy gain experienced by a particle with velocity math beta c math along a defined straight path path integral of the longitudinal Lorentz forces divided by its charge, ref name wangler math V parallel beta frac 1 q vec e s cdot int vec F L s,t , mathrm d s frac 1 q vec e s cdot int vec F L s, t frac s beta c , mathrm d s math . For resonant structures, e.g. Superconducting Radio Frequency SRF cavities , this may be expressed as a Fourier transform Fourier integral , because the fields math vec E, vec B math , and the resulting Lorentz force math vec F L math , are proportional to math exp i omega t math eigenmode ... defined which relates the effective acceleration voltage math V parallel beta math to the time independent acceleration voltage math V 0 int E s , mathrm d s math . In this notation, the effective acceleration ... more details
generalize date May 2010 Foreclosure Acceleration Advert date June 2008 refimprove date May 2010 Mortgage acceleration is a term given to the practice of paying off a mortgage loan faster than required by terms of the mortgage agreement. As interest on mortgages is compound interest compounded , early payments diminish the period needed to pay off the mortgage, and avoid a quotient of compounded interest. In addition, Foreclosure Accelerationacceleration may refer to a clause in a mortgage note that allows the mortgage holder to declare the entire debt of a Default finance defaulted mortgagor due and payable. A commonplace method of mortgage acceleration is a so called bi weekly payment plan, in which half of the normal calendar monthly payment is made every two weeks, so that 13 12 of the yearly amount due is paid per annum. Commonplace too, is the practice of making ad hoc additional payments. The agreements associated with certain mortgages preclude or penalize early payments. However, another type of mortgage acceleration concept appears to have been embraced by a variety of financial institutions and intermediaries, which offer products such as methods, software, mortgage linked checking accounts , and home equity line of credit loan facilities advertised as being capable of assisting in achieving mortgage acceleration, and available at a range of premiums. Most of these mortgage acceleration also called mortgage reduction , interest reduction or debt reduction programs or software are based on a trick. The basic claim made is that by using a particular type of loan in a particular way often following a program , the borrower can cut many years off the mortgage without making additional repayments or similarly, that although additional payments are made, the savings increase significantly due to the use of a particular loan and or strategy. The concept usually involves a type of loan that allows the borrower to use the loan as their day to day transaction account ... more details
Cognitive acceleration or CA is an approach to teaching designed to develop students thinking ability, developed by Michael Shayer and Philip Adey from 1981 at King s College London . ref cite web url http www.kcl.ac.uk sspp departments education research crestem CogAcc Cognaccel.aspx title King s College London Cognitive Acceleration CASE and other projects year 2012 last update accessdate 16 March 2012 ref The approach builds on work by Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky and takes a Constructivism learning theory constructivist approach. Theoretical background From Piaget, CA recognises there are stages in intellectual development. At school the most important transition is from concrete thinking which deals with facts and descriptions, to abstract thinking any thinking which involves a mental process. From Vygotsky, CA takes the concept of Zone of Proximal Development ZPD the difference between what a learner can do with and without help. The CA method requires a mediator to ask questions that allow guided self discovery . Mediation is effective between peers and promotes the idea of pupils working in groups to solve a problem. Materials The first teaching materials, written for Years 7 and 8 ages 11 13 science lessons, were called Cognitive Acceleration through Science Education CASE . After three years the results of intervening in science teaching in a dozen classes were compared with control classes which were taught in the usual way. The CASE learners not only scored about one grade better in their GCSE science, but Maths and English GCSE grades were improved by about the same ... to Cognitive Acceleration in the Primary School . London GL Assessment Shayer, M. & Adey, P.S, 2002 eds. . Learning Intelligence Cognitive Acceleration across the curriculum from 5 to 15 years. Milton ... of Research in Science Teaching, 30, 4, 351 366. Shayer, M., 1999 . Cognitive acceleration through ... Maths The curriculum materials of the Cognitive Acceleration through Mathematics Education CAME ... more details
to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration as Baron Hawkesbury in 1803. A writ in acceleration , commonly called a writ of acceleration , was a type of Hereditary peer Writs of summons .... The procedure of writs of acceleration was introduced by Edward IV of England King Edward IV in the mid 15th century. It was a fairly rare occurrence, and only 98 writs of acceleration were issued in over 400 years. The last writ of acceleration was issued in 1992 to the Conservative Party UK ... courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne . The procedure of writs of acceleration was abolished through ... peer s to sit in the House of Lords. Procedure A writ of acceleration was granted only if the title ... person summoned to Parliament by virtue of a writ of acceleration was summoned in one of his father ... and Peerage of Ireland to be given writs of acceleration after 1707 and 1801, respectively, as holders ... ref Acceleration can affect the numbering of holders of peerages. Suppose the first Earl Z and Baron X has two sons, and that the first son receives the barony by acceleration and dies childless before ... Two issues of writs of acceleration may be especially noted. In 1628 James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby ... information . Another noteworthy writ of acceleration was issued in 1717 to Charles Paulet, 3rd ... of acceleration in his father s peerage of Baron Butler, of Lanthony cr. 1660 . Alternatives When it had ... to a writ of acceleration was to create a completely new peerage. For example, in 1832 Edward ... Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby , who in 1844 was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration ... had not received a writ of acceleration or a new peerage were eligible to stand for election to the House ... to sit in the House of Commons, than to receive a writ of acceleration or a new peerage. Before ... of acceleration, he was heir apparent of George Leveson Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland George Leveson ... ldprivi 106i 106i07.htm Format for Writs in Acceleration and of Summons DEFAULTSORT Writ Of Acceleration ... more details
Earth s rotation and lengthening the day by about 2 ms every one hundred years. Tidal acceleration ... planet that it orbits e.g. the Earth . The acceleration is usually negative, as it causes ... history of the secular acceleration Edmond Halley was the first to suggest, in 1695, ref E Halley ... as a positive acceleration. In 1749 Richard Dunthorne confirmed Halley s suspicion after re examining ... of the Wood Wardian Museum at Cambridge, concerning the Acceleration of the Moon , Philosophical ... for 1744 49 , p669 675 as On the Acceleration of the Moon, by the Rev. Richard Dunthorne . ref a centurial ... P Puiseux 1879 , http archive.numdam.org article ASENS 1879 2 8 361 0.pdf Sur l acceleration seculaire ... s apparent acceleration could be accounted for on Laplace s basis by the change in the Earth ... acceleration, earth retardation and tidal friction at pages 144 146. ref The question depended ... rate was lengthening the unit of time and causing a lunar acceleration that was only apparent ... acceleration due to flexing of the earth s crust, but this accounts for only about 4 of the total effect ... acceleration would continue until the rotational period of the Earth matched the orbital period of the Moon ... friction and acceleration. Even without this, the slowdown to a month long day would still ... will evolve into a red giant and likely destroy both the Earth and Moon. Tidal acceleration is one ... distant gravitational perturbations, friction is an essential part of tidal acceleration, and leads .... This yields numerical values for the Moon s secular acceleration in longitude and the rate ... A , pp.165 202. doi 10.1098 rsta.1995.0028 ref The other consequence of tidal acceleration is the deceleration ... change in the moment of inertia the acceleration of rotation can be computed the average value .... Other cases of tidal acceleration Most natural satellites of the planets undergo tidal acceleration ... by University of Washington Professor Toby Smith DEFAULTSORT Tidal Acceleration Category Tides ... more details
In mathematics , series acceleration is one of a collection of sequence transformation s for improving the rate of convergence of a series mathematics series . Techniques for series acceleration are often applied in numerical analysis , where they are used to improve the speed of numerical integration . Series acceleration techniques may also be used, for example, to obtain a variety of identities on special functions . Thus, the Euler transform applied to the hypergeometric series gives some of the classic, well known hypergeometric series identities. Definition Given a sequence math S s n n in N math having a limit math lim n to infty s n ell, math an accelerated series is a second sequence math S s n n in N math which converges faster to math ell math than the original sequence, in the sense that math lim n to infty frac s n ell s n ell 0. math If the original sequence is Divergent series divergent , the sequence transformation acts as an extrapolation method to the antilimit math ell math . The mappings from the original to the transformed series may be linear as defined in the article sequence transformation s , or non linear. In general, the non linear sequence transformations tend to be more powerful. Overview Two classical techniques for series acceleration are Euler s transformation of series ref AS ref 3, eqn 3.6.27 16 ref and Kummer s transformation of series . ref AS ref 3, eqn 3.6.26 16 ref A variety of much more rapidly convergent and special case tools have been developed in the 20th century, including Richardson extrapolation , introduced by Lewis Fry Richardson in the early 20th century but also known and used by Takebe Kenko Katahiro Takebe in 1722, the Aitken delta squared process , introduced by Alexander Aitken in 1926 but also known and used by Takakazu Seki in the 18th century, the epsilon algorithm given by Peter Wynn mathematician Peter Wynn in 1956 ... conv accel.pdf Convergence Acceleration of Alternating Series , Experimental Mathematics , 9 ... more details
Acceleration due to gravity may refer to Gravitational acceleration , the acceleration caused by the gravitational attraction of massive bodies in general Gravity of Earth , the acceleration caused by the gravitational attraction of the Earth Standard gravity , or g , the standard value of gravitational acceleration at sea level on Earth val 9.80665 u m s2 See also g force , the acceleration of a body relative to free fall Disambiguation ... more details
In the X Window System , XFree86 Acceleration Architecture XAA is a driver architecture to make a video card s 2D hardware acceleration available to the X server. It was written by Harm Hanemaayer in 1996 and first released in XFree86 version 3.3. It was completely rewritten for XFree86 4.0. Most drivers implement acceleration using the XAA module. XAA is on by default, though acceleration of individual functions can be switched off as needed in the server configuration file tt XF86Config tt or tt xorg.conf tt . The driver for the ARK chipset was the original development platform for XAA. In X.Org Server release 6.9 7.0, EXA was released as a replacement for XAA, as XAA supplies almost no speed advantage for current video cards. EXA is regarded as an intermediate step to converting the entire X server to using OpenGL . References http www.xfree86.org 3.3.6 ark3.html Information for ARK Logic Chipset Users Acceleration XFree86.org http cgit.freedesktop.org xorg xserver tree hw xfree86 xaa XAA.HOWTO XAA.HOWTO This file describes how to add basic XAA support to a chipset driver Egbert Eich, 23 April 2004 Category X based libraries graphics software stub ru XFree86 Acceleration Architecture ... more details
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