Context date October 2009 AccessAuthentication in CDMA networks a.k.a. CAVE based Authentication IS 95 1xRTT , A12 Authentication 1xEV DO Authentication of a mobile device by the serving access network. The accessauthentication mechanism employed depends upon the type of service being used CAVE based Authentication Used for accessauthentication in CDMA 1xRTT Authentication and Key Agreement AKA 3G successor to CAVE based authentication A12 Authentication Used for accessauthentication in 1xEV DO Note that 1xEV DO Hybrid MS AT devices may employ both CAVE based and A12 authentication since these devices connect to both the 1xRTT and 1xEV DO networks. Category Code division multiple access ... more details
HTTP Digest accessauthentication is one of the agreed upon methods a web server can use to negotiate ... the network, which is safer than basic accessauthentication , which sends plaintext . Technically, digest authentication is an application of MD5 cryptographic hash ing with usage of Cryptographic .... Overview Digest accessauthentication was originally specified by RFC 2069 An Extension to HTTP Digest AccessAuthentication . RFC 2069 specifies roughly a traditional digest authentication scheme with security maintained by a server generated Cryptographic nonce nonce value. The authentication ... by RFC 2617 HTTP Authentication Basic and Digest AccessAuthentication . RFC 2617 introduced a number of optional security enhancements to digest authentication quality of protection qop , nonce ... server nonce values to prevent reuse. Disadvantages Digest accessauthentication is intended as a security trade off. It is intended to replace unencrypted HTTP basic accessauthentication . It is not, however ... with digest accessauthentication Many of the security options in RFC 2617 are optional. If quality ... legacy RFC 2069 mode. Digest accessauthentication is vulnerable to a Man in the middle attack man in the middle MitM attack . For example, a MitM attacker could tell clients to use basic accessauthentication or legacy RFC2069 digest accessauthentication mode. To extend this further, digest access ... protocols are also often in use Basic accessauthentication scheme HTTP HTML form based authentication ... that digest accessauthentication is designed to prevent. Example with explanation The following ... Wii Internet Channel Browser See also AKA security Basic accessauthentication References reflist ... of MD5 security on digest authentication The MD5 calculations used in HTTP digest authentication ... not incorporate subsequent improvements in authentication systems, such as the development of keyed hash message authentication code HMAC . Although the cryptography cryptographic construction that is used ... more details
In the context of an HTTP transaction, basic accessauthentication is a method for a web browser or other client program to provide a user name and password when making a request. ref cite web last Apache title Authentication, Authorization, and Access Control url http httpd.apache.org docs 1.3 howto ... accessauthentication was originally defined in 1996 by RFC 1945 ref cite web last Network Working ... can be found in RFC 2616 Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP 1.1 and RFC 2617 HTTP Authentication Basic and Digest AccessAuthentication . HTTP 1.1 supports both basic and digest accessauthentication . Advantages One advantage of the basic accessauthentication is all web browsers support it. But due ... when Basic Auth is used on a connection that has SSL TLS enabled. A later mechanism, digest accessauthentication , was developed in order to replace the basic accessauthentication and enable credentials ... and system administrators sometimes use basic accessauthentication, in a trusted network environment ... See also Digest accessauthentication Category HTTP Category Computer access control protocols cs Basic accessauthentication de HTTP Authentifizierung es Autenticaci n de acceso b sica fr HTTP Authentification ... of basic authentication is that it avoids the double hop authentication problem that can cause problems ... as plaintext and could be intercepted. Existing browsers retain authentication information until ... out of http auth with firefox Logging out of HTTP Authentication with Firefox from Tolaris.com ... and an HTTP server might comprise the following steps the client requests a page that requires authentication ... response code, including the required authentication scheme and the authentication realm at this point, the client will present the authentication realm typically a description of the computer ... it in this example, the server accepts the authentication and the page is returned if the user name ... first request, with no user interaction required. Client request no authentication pre GET private index.html ... more details
PANA Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access is an IP based protocol that allows a device to authenticate itself with a network to be granted access. PANA will not define any new authentication protocol, key distribution, key agreement or key derivation protocols. For these purposes, the Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP will be used, and PANA will carry the EAP payload. PANA allows dynamic service provider selection, supports various authentication methods, is suitable for roaming users, and is independent from the link layer mechanisms. PANA is an Internet Engineering Task Force IETF Protocol computing protocol and described in RFC 5191. Architecture s elements PaC PANA ... the access network. PAA PANA Authentication Agent In this entity is the server part of the PANA ... a re authentication process in order to get the network access again by the PaC. EP Enforcement ... to the PAA in order to do a re authentication. See also Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP AAA protocol AAA External links RFC 5191 Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access ... Authentication methods es Protocol for Carrying Authentication for Network Access ... it for network access. In addition, in some scenarios, the PAA entity has to do other message exchange ... to Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP is configured as pass through. In that case, the AAA protocol AAA server is placed physically in a different place than the PAA. AS Authentication Server ... about the access parameters as bandwidth allowed or IP configuration. In that moment, it has ... node which drops packets according some parameters provided as results of the authentication processes. Typically, this function is done by a communication device as an access point or a router. When an authentication process is done successfully, a key is installed in EP and PaC establishing a session between EP and PaC. While this session doesn t expires, the PaC can access to network ... more details
One familiar use of authentication and authorization is access control . A computer system that is supposed .... Access to it is therefore usually controlled by insisting on an authentication procedure to establish .... Common examples of access control involving authentication include Asking for photoID ... Authentication OSID Authenticity in art Authorization Basic accessauthentication Biometrics CAPTCHA ... Schroeder protocol OpenID an authentication method for the web Point of Access for Providers of Information ...For other uses of the terms authentication , authentic and authenticity Authenticity disambiguation Authenticity Refimprove date September 2010 cleanup reason Discusses only entity authentication and no other aspects of authentication regarding communication security. Authentication methods and History ... 2010 Authentication from Lang el real or genuine, from authentes author ... is what its packaging and labeling claims to be. Authentication methods Main Provenance In art ... of history. There are three types of techniques for doing this. The first type authentication is accepting ... and the object under assessment as his artifact respectively. The second type authentication .... Certificates can, however, also be forged and the authentication of these pose a problem. For instance ..., depending on the risk of getting caught. The third type authentication relies on documentation or other .... Currency and other financial instruments commonly use the first type of authentication method .... Consumer goods such as pharmaceuticals, perfume, fashion clothing can use either type of authentication ... identifying feature which aids consumers in the identification of genuine brand name goods. Authentication ..., based on what are known as the factors of authentication something you know, something you have, or something you are. Each authentication factor covers a range of elements used to authenticate or verify a person s identity prior to being granted access, approving a transaction request, signing ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An authentication protocol is a type of cryptographic protocol with the purpose of authentication authenticating entities wishing to communicate securely. There are many different authentication protocols such as AKA security AKA CAVE based authentication Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP CRAM MD5 Diameter protocol Diameter Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP Host Identity Protocol HIP Kerberos protocol Kerberos MS CHAP and MS CHAPv2 variants of CHAP LAN Manager NTLM , also known as NT LAN Manager Password authenticated key agreement protocols Password Authentication Protocol PAP Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol PEAP RADIUS Secure Remote Password protocol SRP TACACS and TACACS RFID Authentication Protocols Woo Lam 92 protocol DEFAULTSORT Authentication Protocol Category Computer access control protocols computer security stub Compu network stub ... more details
authentication.html more New Generation of Mutual Phone Authentication http developers.sun.com appserver reference techart mutual auth.html Mutual Authentication for Web Services A Live Example http www.howtoforge.com prevent phishing with mutual authentication How to prevent phishing with mutual authentication How to stop phishing with mutual authentication http www.solidpass.com authentication methods mutual authentication.html Mutual Authentication as a mobile application based security token. Category Authentication methods Category Computer access control computer security stub ...ref improve date November 2011 Mutual authentication or two way authentication sometimes written as 2WAY authentication refers to two parties authenticating each other suitably. In technology terms, it refers to a client or user authenticating themselves to a server and that server authenticating itself to the user in such a way that both parties are assured of the others identity. When describing online authentication processes, mutual authentication is often referred to as website to user authentication, or site to user authentication. Typically, this is done for a client process and a server process without user interaction. Mutual Secure Sockets Layer SSL provides the same things as SSL, with the addition of authentication and non repudiation of the client authentication, using digital signatures. However, due to issues with complexity, cost, logistics, and effectiveness, most web applications are designed so they do not require client side certificates. As the Financial Services Technology Consortium put it in its January 2005 report, Better institution to customer authentication would prevent attackers from successfully impersonating financial institutions to steal customers account credentials and better customer to institution authentication would prevent attackers from successfully ... Computer security Secure channel Digital signature Mobile signature Two factor authentication Pharming ... more details
Context date October 2009 A12 AuthenticationAccessAuthentication for Evolution Data Optimized 1xEV DO is a Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP based mechanism used by a CDMA2000 Access Network AN to authenticate a 1xEV DO Access Terminal AT . A12 authentication occurs when an AT first attempts to access the AN and is repeated after some authentication timeout period. The element in the AN that performs this authentication is the Radio Network Controller RNC using its Access Network AAA protocol AAA AN AAA . In order to support A12 authentication, matching A12 credentials i.e., an A12 Network Address Identifier NAI and A12 CHAP key must be provisioned into the AT and the user s home AAA server. Since these credentials are only shared between the AT and its home AAA, the AN AAA forwards A12 challenge responses received from an AT to its home AAA to determine whether they are correct. A12 authentication is separate from packet data authentication that may occur later when a data session is being established. A12 authentication is important for roaming since all participating operators in the IRT have agreed to support it. If A12 credentials are not provisioned into an AT, that AT will not be able to access any visited network that performs A12 authentication. In addition, the Mobile Node Identifier MN ID is obtained from the AN AAA during successful A12 authentication. This MN ID is used by the AN on the A8 A9 and A10 A11 interfaces to enable handoffs of Packet Data Serving Node PDSN packet data sessions between ANs and between 1xEV DO and CDMA2000 1xRTT systems. If A12 authentication is not performed, the MN ID must be somehow derived and such handoffs may not be possible without establishing a new Point to Point Protocol PPP session. A12 authentication is defined in TIA 878 3GPP2 A.S0008 . For information about A12 authentication in roaming, see CDG Reference Document 136. Category Code division multiple access ... more details
Mergeto multi factor authentication date November 2009 Strong authentication is a notion with several unofficial definitions is not standardized in the security literature. Often, strong authentication is associated with two factor authentication or more generally multi factor authentication. Soliciting multiple answers to challenge questions may be considered strong authentication but, unless the process also retrieves something you have or something you are , it would not be considered multi factor. The FFIEC issued supplemental guidance on this subject in August 2006, in which they clarified, By definition true multifactor authentication requires the use of solutions from two or more of the three categories of factors. Using multiple solutions from the same category ... would not constitute multifactor authentication. Another commonly found class of definitions relates to a cryptographic process, or more precisely authentication based on a challenge response protocol. This type of definition is found in the Handbook of applied cryptography. ref Handbook of applied cryptography, Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot and Scott A. Vanstone, CRC Press. Available in electronic format at http www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca hac ref This type of definition does not necessarily relate to two factor authentication, since the secret key used in a challenge response authentication scheme can be simply derived from a password one factor . A third class of definitions says that strong authentication is any form of authentication in which the verification is accomplished without the transmission of a password . Citation needed date October 2009 This is the case for example with the definition ... U.S. Department of Energy . http www.fnal.gov docs strongauth ref Thus, the term strong authentication ... For Open Authentication References reflist DEFAULTSORT Strong Authentication Category Theory of cryptography Category Computer access control fr Authentification forte it Autenticazione a due fattori ... more details
people to access. The E Authentication service enables you to get access to government services online ...Refimprove date December 2007 E authentication is a shorthand for electronic authentication . Authentication ... to support e authentication is regarded as an important component in successful e Government. ref http www.agimo.gov.au infrastructure authentication Australian Government Information Management Office . ref Poor coordination and poor technical design might be major barriers to electronic authentication ... there has been established nationwide common e authentication schemes to ease the reuse of digital ... e auth v07.pdf An overview of International Initiatives in the field of Electronic Authentication ... for electronic authentication, in order to establish common levels of trust and possibly interoperability between different authentication schemes. ref http www.finance.gov.au e government security and authentication Australia , http e com.ic.gc.ca epic site ecic ceac.nsf en h gv00090e.html Canada , http www.whitehouse.gov omb memoranda fy04 m04 04.pdf US M04 04 . ref In the US E Authentication ... credential issuers such as Web sites and digital certificate issuers , E Authentication is providing a simple, convenient, secure way for the American public to access government services via the Internet. E Authentication is a government wide partnership that is supported by the agencies that comprise ... agency partner. E Authentication works through an association with a trusted credential issuer, making it necessary for the user to login into the issuer s site to obtain the authentication credentials. Those credentials or E Authentication ID are then transferred the supporting government web site causing authentication. E Authentication was created in response of an inter governmental memorandum ... and agencies when implementing E Authentication. See also E democracy E participation E Government Unit Electronic authentication Electronic services delivery eRulemaking Online consultation Online ... more details
Authentication system man 3 bsd auth OpenBSD interface to the BSD Authentication system Category Berkeley Software Distribution Category Computer access control frameworks Category Unix authentication ...BSD Authentication , otherwise known as BSD Auth, is an authentication software framework framework and software API employed by some Unix like operating system s, specifically OpenBSD and BSD OS , and accompanying System software system and Application software application software such as OpenSSH and Apache HTTP Server Apache . It originated with BSD OS and although the specification and implementation were donated to the FreeBSD project by BSDi , ultimately OpenBSD chose to adopt the framework in release 2.9. Pluggable Authentication Modules PAM serves a similar purpose on other operating systems such as Linux , FreeBSD and NetBSD . BSD Auth performs authentication by executing scripts or programs as separate Process computing process es from the one requiring the authentication. This prevents the child authentication process from interfering with the parent except through a narrowly defined inter process communication API, a technique inspired by the principle of least privilege and known as privilege separation . This behaviour has significant security benefits, notably improved Fail safe fail safeness of software, and robustness against malicious and accidental software bug s. ref name privsep cite conference author Niels Provos , CITI, University of Michigan Markus Friedl, GeNUA mbH Peter Honeyman, CITI, University of Michigan date 2003 url http www.usenix.org events sec03 tech provos et al.html title Preventing Privilege Escalation booktitle Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Security Symposium pages 231 242 ref PAM uses an alternative system where the modules providing authentication are Library computer science dynamically linked into the requesting process. This method is considered to be more flexible than BSD Auth Fact date February 2007 , but does not provide privilege ... more details
Cleanup date March 2008 unreferenced date March 2008 Transaction authentication generally refers to the Internet based security method of securely identifying a user through two or three factor authentication Two factor authentication something you know plus something you have and or something you are at a transaction level, rather than at the traditional Session or Logon level. An internet banking application may allow a customer to perform numerous transactions within the single session and hence each, or selected transactions, will require the user to re authenticate themselves using the appropriate two or three factor authentication method see Two factor authentication . Authentication, no matter how strong the method s used cannot protect against so called Man in the Middle MitM or Man in the Browser Man in the Browser MitB attacks. This differs from Transaction verification , also an Internet based security method, which is specifically designed to combat so called Man in the Middle MitM and Man in the Browser Man in the Browser MitB attacks through not only authenticating the identity of the user, but also verifying the integrity of the actual content of the transaction, i.e. ensuring it has not been altered by one of these fraudulent techniques. Category Computer access control computer security stub ... more details
is authorized to perform an electronic transaction. In most cases, the authentication and transaction take place across an open network such as the Internet, however in some cases access to the network may be limited and access control decisions may take this into account. E authentication begins ...Unreferenced date January 2007 Electronic authentication E authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented to an information system . E authentication presents a technical challenge when this process involves the remote authentication of individual people over a network, for the purpose of electronic government and commerce. E Authentication Model E authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented ... that the RA has verified. The token and credential may be used in subsequent authentication events ... successfully demonstrates possession and control of a token in an on line authentication to a verifier through an Challenge handshake authentication protocol authentication protocol , the verifier can ... the authenticated information provided by the verifier CSP to make access control or authorization decisions. Subscribers, RAs and CSPs In the conceptual e authentication model, a claimant in an authentication ... that may be used to authenticate the claimant s identity. In e authentication, the claimant authenticates to a system or application over a network. Therefore, a token used for e authentication ... key and learn the password to use the token. Authentication systems are often categorized by the number of factors that they incorporate. The three factors often considered as the cornerstone of authentication ... the subject of the credentials. When these paper credentials are presented in person, authentication ... authenticates his or her identity to a verifier by the use of a token and an authentication ..., with no knowledge of the token before the authentication protocol run, learns nothing about the token ... more details
Geospatial Authentication A software package that has been designed to allow authentication for determining if the rover s is are within a set of boundaries or a specific area to access critical geospatial information by using GPS signal structures as a means to authenticate mobile devices into a network wirelessly and in real time has been developed. The advantage lies in that the system only allows those with designated geospatial boundaries or areas into the server. The Geospatial Authentication software has two parts Server and Client. The server software is a virtual private network VPN developed in Linux operating system using Perl programming language. The server can be a stand alone VPN server or can be combined with other applications and services. The client software is a GUI Windows CE software, or Mobile Graphical Software, that allows users to authenticate into a network. The purpose of the client software is to pass the needed satellite information to the server for authentication. This work was done by Stacey D. Lyle of Geospatial Research Innovation Design for John C. Stennis Space Center NASA s Stennis Space Center . External links Wiktionary http www.techbriefs.com component content article 5170 NASA Tech Briefs Source of Research Category Authentication methods ... more details
message access protocol authentication pl SMTP AUTH ...SMTP Authentication , often abbreviated SMTP AUTH , is an extension of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol whereby an SMTP client may log in , using an authentication mechanism chosen among those supported by the SMTP server. The authentication extension is mandatory for Mail submission agent submission ... Differently from mail access protocols, the original SMTP specified by Jon Postel in the 1970s did not provide ... for Authentication author John Gardiner Myers date April 1995 publisher IETF accessdate 2010 05 ... protocol, Extended SMTP ESMTP , and Simple Authentication and Security Layer SASL . An older SASL mechanism for ESMTP authentication ESMTPA is CRAM MD5 , and uses of the MD5 algorithm in HMAC s hash based message authentication codes are still considered sound. ref cite web url http tools.ietf.org ... extensions, SMTP AUTH is advertised in the EHLO response, along with a list of supported authentication ... S 250 AUTH GSSAPI DIGEST MD5 PLAIN C AUTH PLAIN dGVzdAB0ZXN0ADEyMzQ S 235 2.7.0 Authentication ... that imply relaying unless authentication credentials have been accepted. The specification recommends that servers issue 530 5.7.0 Authentication required in response to most commands in case the server is configured to require authentication and the client hasn t done it yet. Only servers listening ... with regard to access protocols, in some cases for example, when using AUTH EXTERNAL after STARTTLS ... parameter to the MAIL FROM command, so as to allow to distinguish authentication from authorization .... While the authentication doesn t need to vary, once established, different messages may be sent according ... Klensin John C. Klensin , April 2006. RFC 4422, Simple Authentication and Security Layer SASL , Alexey Melnikov and Kurt D. Zeilenga, June 2006. RFC 4954, SMTP Service Extension for Authentication , Robert Siemborski and Alexey Melnikov, July 2007. See also E mail authentication Simple Mail Transfer ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Authentication servers are Server computing server s that provide authentication services to user computing users or systems other systems via networking. Remotely placed users and other servers authenticate to such a server, and receive cryptographic tickets. These tickets are then exchanged with one another to verify digital identity identity . Authentication is used as the basis for authorization determining whether a privilege will be granted to a particular user or process computing process , privacy keeping information from becoming known to non participants , and non repudiation not being able to deny having done something that was authorized to be done based on the authentication . The major authentication algorithm s utilized are password s, Kerberos protocol Kerberos , and public key encryption . See also TACACS RADIUS Multi factor authentication DEFAULTSORT Authentication Server Category Computer network security Category Servers computing Compu network stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Key authentication is a problem that arises when using public key cryptography . It is the process of assuring that the public key of person A held by person B does in fact belong to person A . In traditional symmetric key cryptography, this problem wasn t an issue as it was implicitly assumed that some secure method of key distribution guaranteed key authenticity. Of course, this merely moved the issue back a level, to that of security of key distribution. Crypto systems using asymmetric key algorithms do not evade a related problem. That a public key can be known by all without compromising the security of an encryption algorithm for some such algorithms, though not for all is certainly useful, but does not prevent some kinds of attacks. For example, a spoofing attack in which public key A is claimed publicly to be that of user Alice, but is in fact a private key belonging to attacker Mallory, is easily possible. No public key is inherently bound to any particular user, and any user relying on a defective binding including Alice herself when she sends herself protected messages will have trouble. The simplest solution for this problem is for the two users concerned to meet face to face and exchange keys, However, for systems in which there are a large number of users or in which the users do not personally know each other e.g., Internet shopping this is not practicable. The most common solution to this problem is the use of Public key certificate key certificate s and certificate authorities for them in a public key infrastructure system, The certificate ... authentication problem back one level for any CA may make a good faith certification of some key .... Accordingly, key authentication methods are being actively researched. See also div style moz column ... Self Certifying Keys Access control Certificate authority ID based cryptography Identity based encryption ... Honest Achmed asks for trust DEFAULTSORT Key Authentication Category Key management ... more details
Inappropriate tone date December 2007 Email authentication is the effort to equip messages of the email ... publisher openspf.org http www.openspf.org mailflows l.png PNG ref Image Email Authentication 01a.png ... TCP and UDP port port 25 can be blocked by access providers in favor of the Mail submission agent s port 587 that should always require authentication, the number of existing Received Email Header headers ... authentication greatly simplifies and automates the process of identifying senders. After identifying ... safe to expect that the MTA, being authorized, represents a form of authentication. None exclude ... to become commonplace. ref The simplest and by far most widely deployed authentication scheme begins ... Email Authentication 02a.png The procedure to authenticate is basically simple. When a request to deliver ... for that domain as only the domain owners would have proper access to the private key that matches ... way from the sender. A spammer has no access to any of the connections between these DNS servers ... is invalid because it is highly unlikely the spammer has access to the amazon.com private key. Use of the DNS database to register authentication information for a domain is relatively new. The new ... way as any other DNS query. Publishing authentication records in DNS is voluntary, and many domains ... authentication method like DKIM, as long as the signed message is not modified some lists do this . SPF ... modifications of the mail in addition to the mandatory tt Received tt timestamp line. Image Email Authentication ... do their own authentication. The situation gets complicated when there is more than one forwarder. A sender ... is that the regulating agencies have no authority, and the ISP s have no incentive. Authentication ... be no spam to need authentication to stop spam and so need for a CA playing cop ... willing to play cop. Authentication involving TLS, SMTP AUTH, or S MIME cannot stop backscatter ... Secure Messaging DMARC References Cite web title Email Authentication first David last MacQuigg ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2007 Violin authentication is the process of determining the maker and date of a violin . Multiple references may be required to assist in the process of authentication. This is often employed to combat fraudulent practices such as violin forgery and other forms of misrepresentation. Motivation for authentication Much of the price of a fine violin is determined not just by the quality of the instrument, but by the maker. Names like Amati , Guarneri , and Stradivari have become synonymous with excellence in craftsmanship and tone. Relatively unknown makers, capable of producing above average violins, know that they might be able to command tremendous prices simply by affixing the label of one of these early makers to the instruments of their making. The temptation has been, at times, irresistible. In its newest incarnation, however, instrument fraud appears to have shifted away from the production of clever fakes. The practice of merely misrepresenting the quality of the instrument is on the rise. To combat these and other such practices, the buyer may do well to consult an authenticator to confirm the maker, date, quality and price before purchasing an instrument, particularly when there are huge sums of money at stake. Authentication process Authenticating a violin is a multifaceted process that addresses two issues surrounding the authenticity of an instrument the year in which it was manufactured, and the maker essentially the information found on the label . To confirm these two attributes, the authenticator may employ several different techniques. The key to authentication is the idea that there is no single feature of a violin that exists independently of another. This implies that knowing the date narrows the number of makers, just as knowing the maker narrows the field of dates. External links http www.si.edu Encyclopedia SI nmah violappr.htm General Information on Obtaining Authentication and Appraisal of Violins Smithsonian Institution ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Evidence law Authentication , in the law of evidence law evidence , is the process by which documentary evidence and other physical evidence is proven to be genuine, and not a forgery. Generally, authentication can be shown in one of two ways. First, a witness can testify as to the chain of custody through which the evidence passed from the time of the discovery up until the trial. Second, the evidence can be authenticated by the opinion of an expert witness examining the evidence to determine if it has all of the properties that it would be expected to have if it were authentic. For handwriting handwritten documents, any person who has become familiar with the purported author s handwriting prior to the cause of action from which the trial arose can testify that a document is in that handwriting. There are several kinds of documents which have generally been deemed to be self authenticating documents . These include commercial labels, newspapers and other periodicals, and official publications of an arm of the government. A special category of evidence called an ancient document will be deemed authentic if it can be shown to be more than twenty years old, and found in a place and condition that a document of that age would likely be found. DEFAULTSORT Authentication Law Category Evidence law see Classification of Authentication ... more details
In cryptography , deniable authentication refers to authentication between a set of participants where the participants themselves can be confident in the authenticity of the messages, but it cannot be proved to a third party after the event. In practice, deniable authentication can be achieved through the use of message authentication code s MACs by making sure that if an attacker is able to decrypt the messages, they would also know the MAC key as part of the protocol, and would thus be able to forge authentic looking messages. For example, in the Off the Record Messaging OTR protocol, MAC keys are derived from the asymmetric decryption key through a cryptographic hash function . In addition to that, the OTR protocol also reveals used MAC keys as part of the next message, when they have already been used to previously received messages and will not be re used. ref name otr cite conference author Nikita Borisov , Ian Goldberg , Eric Brewer computer scientist Eric Brewer title Off the Record Communication, or, Why Not To Use PGP booktitle Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society date 2004 10 28 url http www.cypherpunks.ca otr otr wpes.pdf format PDF accessdate 2007 02 01 ref See also Deniable encryption Plausible deniability Malleability cryptography Malleability Off the Record Messaging References Reflist Category Cryptographic protocols crypto stub ... more details
wiktionary access TOCright Access may refer to Companies and organizations ACCESS Australia , an Australian youth network Access Co. , a Japanese software company Access Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , a pharmaceutical company in the US Access Virus , a German musical equipment manufacturer. AirCraft Casualty Emotional Support Services ACCESS Arab Community Center for Economic and Social Services ACCESSAccess Software, the original name of Indie Built Indie Built Inc. Access Community Health Network, health care clinic The Access Group , UK based business software company Computer software Microsoft Access ... data governed by filesystem permissions Access Linux Platform , an operating system for mobile devices Access, the process of finding and obtaining data in Computer assisted language learning Space and technology Access network , the process of signing onto a network Access 5 , a NASA program Experimental ... EASE and ACCESS , a pair of space shuttle flight experiments Sport Access 2.3 , sailing keelboat Access 303 , sailing keelboat Access Liberty , sailing keelboat Television Access The West Wing Access The West Wing , a television episode Access TV channel Access TV channel , a Canadian educational television channel Access Television Network , an American infomercial channel Access Hollywood , an entertainment newsmagazine. Access TV series Access TV series , a Canadian television series 1974 1982 Public, educational, and government access , American Public, educational and government PEG access cable TV channels Other meanings Access control is the ability to permit or deny the use of a particular resource Access comics , a comic book character Access economics Access group , a Japanese musical group Access credit card Contact law , the right to visitation in family law Access course ... Access date , refers to the date when a digital source like a web site was visited in order to obtain some information disambiguation de Access fr Access ko id Akses it Access lt Prieiga nl Access ... more details
Orphan date July 2009 Infobox Company company name Access IS company logo Image Access IS logo 240px.jpg company type Private foundation Reading, England 1985 location Reading, Berkshire , UK industry Manufacturing products Computer keyboards br Bar code readers br MSR br OCR br Passport readers homepage http www.access is.com Access IS website Access IS is the UK s largest independent computer keyboard manufacturer. More widely, Access IS designs and manufactures products to input data into computer systems. In addition to making keyboards where an operator types the information into a system, other Access IS hardware reads data from various media, particularly from printed barcodes, magnetic stripe media for example, information stored on the magnetic strip on the back of a credit card and through optical character recognition for example, reading the text printed on traditional passports . Access has its headquarters in Reading, Berkshire Reading, UK , with approximately 55 salaried ..., Australia. Access IS has four major vertical markets airports, retail point of sale, retail banking and dealer rooms. Access IS is the trading name of Access Limited. For further information on the brand name, see below. Background to the name Access IS is an abbreviation of Access Interfacing Solutions . Originally Access Keyboards Limited, the company was renamed Access Ltd and adopted the brand name Access IS in October 2007 to reflect the broader product offering the company offered. The new ... in December 1984 and was wholly owned by the Videcom Group of companies. Access IS then named Access ... 3i s shares were sold back to the company. br 2006 Access manufacture BGR boarding gate readers . br 2007 Subsidiary established in Atlanta. br 2007 Access Keyboards Limited renamed Access IS, and began trading as Access IS. br 2009 Access IS gained ISO 9001 2008. Product range Custom computer keyboards ... readers BGRs , passport readers. External links http www.access is.com Access IS website Category ... more details
monasteries and five Premonstratensian monasteries functioned as places of authentication with authority ... titles of ownership was the most frequent task carried out by places of authentication . ref name ... First documents from the 14th century attest that places of authentication were frequently involved ... of authentication to a higher officer of the realm who then required the relevant religious institution ... any objections made at this time. ref name Rady 71 The representatives of places of authentication ... more details
A password authentication protocol PAP is an authentication protocol that uses a password . PAP is used by Point to Point Protocol to validate users before allowing them access to server resources. Almost all network operating system remote servers support PAP. PAP transmits unencrypted ASCII passwords ... server does not support a stronger authentication protocol, like Challenge handshake authentication protocol CHAP or Extensible Authentication Protocol EAP while the last is actually a framework . Password based authentication is the protocol that two entities share a password in advance and use the password as the basis of authentication. Existing password authentication schemes can be categorized into two types weak password authentication schemes and strong password authentication schemes. In general, strong password authentication protocols have the advantages over the weak password authentication ... cycle Client sends username and password Server sends authentication ack if credentials are OK or authentication ... 1 byte Variable Authentication request Code 1 ID Length Username length Username Password length Password Authentication ack Code 2 ID Length Message length Message Authentication nak Code 3 ID ... also CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol RFC 1334 PPP Authentication Protocols Password authenticated key agreement protocols SAP Service Access Point DEFAULTSORT Password Authentication Protocol Category Password authentication Category Internet protocols Category Computer access control protocols Compu network stub cs Password authentication protocol de Password Authentication Protocol el Password Authentication Protocol es Password Authentication Protocol fa fr Password Authentication Protocol it Password authentication protocol nl Password Authentication Protocol ja Password Authentication Protocol pl Password Authentication Protocol pt Password authentication protocol ru Password Authentication Protocol sr ... more details
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