pellucida glycoproteins 3 and 4 on acrosome reaction and zona pellucida binding of human spermatozoa ... cite journal author Ni Y, Li K, Xu W, et al. title Acrosome reaction induced by recombinant human ... more details
PBB geneid 10549 Peroxiredoxin 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRDX4 gene . ref name pmid9388242 cite journal author Jin DY, Chae HZ, Rhee SG, Jeang KT title Regulatory role for a novel human thioredoxin peroxidase in NF kappaB activation journal J Biol Chem volume 272 issue 49 pages 30952 61 year 1998 month Jan pmid 9388242 pmc doi 10.1074 jbc.272.49.30952 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene PRDX4 peroxiredoxin 4 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 10549 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The protein encoded by this gene is an antioxidant enzyme and belongs to the peroxiredoxin family. The protein is localized to the cytoplasm. Peroxidases of the peroxiredoxin family reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides to water and alcohol with the use of reducing equivalents derived from thiol containing donor molecules. This protein has been found to play a regulatory role in the activation of the transcription factor NF kappaB. ref name entrez Interactions PRDX4 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with Peroxiredoxin 1 . ref name pmid9388242 cite journal last Jin first D Y authorlink coauthors Chae H Z, Rhee S G, Jeang K T year 1997 month Dec. title Regulatory role for a novel human thioredoxin peroxidase in NF kappaB activation journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 272 issue 49 pages 30952 61 publisher location UNITED STATES issn 0021 9258 pmid 9388242 bibcode oclc id url language format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote doi 10.1074 jbc.272.49.30952 ref References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Sasagawa I, Matsuki S, Suzuki Y, et al. title Possible involvement of the membrane bound form of peroxiredoxin 4 in acrosome formation during spermiogenesis of rats journal Eur. J. Biochem. vol ... more details
expert subject 1 biology date December 2011 Biology is the Research study of life and its processes. Biologists study all aspects of living things, including all of the many life forms on earth and the processes in them that enable life. These basic processes include the harnessing of energy, the synthesis and duplication of the materials that make up the body, the reproduction of the organism and many other functions. Biology, along with chemistry and physics is one of the major disciplines of natural science. See also Outline of biology AlphanumericTOC align center nobreak numbers references externallinks top A A Level Biology abiogenesis absorption spectrum acclimatization acetyl CoA acrosome acrosome reaction actin action potential activation energy active site active transport adaptation adaptive radiation Adenosine triphosphate ATP Adenosine diphosphate ADP aerobic respiration affinity chromatography albinism albumin alcohol Alexander Fleming Alfred Russel Wallace algae allele allele frequency allosteric site allostery alpha helix alternation of generations alternative splicing Ames test amine amino acid adenosine monophosphate AMP anabolism anaerobic respiration anaphase anatomy Andrew Huxley animal ia animal s antheridium antibiotic antibiotic resistance antibody anticodon antigen antigenic determinant antigenic shift Antoni van Leeuwenhoek apical meristem apoptosis Arabidopsis thaliana Arabidopsis arachnid arbovirus archaea archegonium artery artificial life aseptic technique in microbiology asexual reproduction astrobiology ATPase ATP synthase hearing sense audition autecology autoradiography autosome autotrophic avian influenza axon B B cell bacteria bacterial conjugation Barr body behavior beta sheet biochemistry Biodesign Institute biodiversity biogenesis biological dispersal biological tissue biology Wikipedia biology basic topics biology basic topics blastomere blastula blunt end bromouracil bacteria barbiturate biochemical techniques biochemistry bio ... more details
cleanup reason the egg cell of plants is very rarely called an ovum the material about it needs to be separated date April 2012 Other uses Infobox Anatomy Name Ovum Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray3.png Caption A human ovum with Corona radiata embryology corona radiata surrounding it Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber An ovum plural ova , from the Latin language Latin word wikt en ovum Latin ovum meaning egg biology egg or egg biology egg cell is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete . Both animal s and embryophyte s have ova. The term ovule is used for the young ovum of an animal, as well as the plant structure that carries the female gametophyte and egg cell and develops into a seed after fertilization . In Non vascular plant lower plants and algae , the ovum is also often called oosphere . Ova production In higher animals, ova are produced by female gonad s sexual glands called ovary ovaries and all of them are present at birth in mammal s and mature via oogenesis . Human and mammal ova Image Sperm egg.jpg right thumb A sperm cell fusing with an ovum Image Acrosome reaction diagram en.svg thumb The process of fertilizing an ovum Top to bottom In the viviparous animals which include human s and all other Eutheria placental mammal s , the ovum is fertilized inside the female body and the embryo then develops inside the uterus , receiving nutrition directly from the mother. The human ova grow from primitive germ cells that are embedded in the substance of the ovaries. Each of them divides repeatedly to give rise to several smaller cells, the oogonia . The oogonia then develop via meiosis into the ova, the primary oocytes , and the polar bodies . ref cite web url http www.theodora.com anatomy the ovum.html title The Ovum in Gray s Anatomy work accessdate 2010 02 16 . ref The ovum is one of the largest biological cell cells in the human body, typically visible to the naked eye without the aid of a microscope or other magnification device. The human ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 53340 Sperm surface protein Sp17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPA17 gene . ref name pmid8688458 cite journal author Lea IA, Richardson RT, Widgren EE, O Rand MG title Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding the human sperm protein, Sp17 journal Biochim Biophys Acta volume 1307 issue 3 pages 263 6 year 1996 month Aug pmid 8688458 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SPA17 sperm autoantigenic protein 17 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 53340 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text This gene encodes a protein present at the cell surface. Studies in rabbit suggest that in sperm the protein is involved in fertilization by binding to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. Other studies in rabbit suggest that it is also involved in additional cell cell adhesion functions such as immune cell migration and metastasis. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author McLeskey SB, Dowds C, Carballada R, et al. title Molecules involved in mammalian sperm egg interaction journal Int. Rev. Cytol. volume 177 issue pages 57 113 year 1997 pmid 9378618 doi 10.1016 S0074 7696 08 62231 7 cite journal author Richardson RT, Yamasaki N, O Rand MG title Sequence of a rabbit sperm zona pellucida binding protein and localization during the acrosome reaction journal Dev. Biol. volume 165 issue 2 pages 688 701 year 1994 pmid 7525387 doi 10.1006 dbio.1994.1285 cite journal author Kong M, Richardson RT, Widgren EE, O Rand MG title Sequence and localization of the mouse sperm autoantigenic protein, Sp17 journal Biol. Reprod. volume 53 issue 3 pages 579 90 year 1995 pmid 7578682 doi 10.1095 biolreprod53.3.579 cite journal author Fujita A, Nakamura K, Kato T, et al. title Ropporin, a sperm spe ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 7783 Zona pellucida sperm binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZP2 gene . ref name pmid8385033 cite journal author Liang LF, Dean J title Conservation of mammalian secondary sperm receptor genes enables the promoter of the human gene to function in mouse oocytes journal Dev Biol volume 156 issue 2 pages 399 408 year 1993 month Apr pmid 8385033 pmc doi 10.1006 dbio.1993.1087 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ZP2 zona pellucida glycoprotein 2 sperm receptor url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 7783 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The zona pellucida is an extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed primarily of three or four glycoproteins with various functions during fertilization and preimplantation development. The protein encoded by this gene is a structural component of the zona pellucida and functions in secondary binding and penetration of acrosome reacted spermatozoa. The nascent protein contains a N terminal signal peptide sequence, a conserved ZP domain, a consensus furin cleavage site, and a C terminal transmembrane domain. It is hypothesized that furin cleavage results in release of the mature protein from the plasma membrane for subsequent incorporation into the zona pellucida matrix. However, the requirement for furin cleavage in this process remains controversial based on mouse studies. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Rankin T, Dean J title The zona pellucida using molecular genetics to study the mammalian egg coat journal Rev. Reprod. volume 5 issue 2 pages 114 121 year 2000 pmid 10864856 doi 10.1530 ror.0.0050114 cite journal author Mori T title Molecular and immunological approache ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 PBB geneid 5016 Oviduct specific glycoprotein also known as oviductal glycoprotein OGP or estrogen dependent oviduct protein EGP or mucin 9 MUC9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OVGP1 gene . ref name pmid7819450 cite journal author Arias EB, Verhage HG, Jaffe RC title Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid cloning and molecular characterization of an estrogen dependent human oviductal glycoprotein journal Biol Reprod volume 51 issue 4 pages 685 94 year 1995 month Feb pmid 7819450 pmc doi 10.1095 biolreprod51.4.685 ref ref name pmid9341614 cite journal author Lapensee L, Paquette Y, Bleau G title Allelic polymorphism and chromosomal localization of the human oviductin gene MUC9 journal Fertil Steril volume 68 issue 4 pages 702 8 year 1997 month Nov pmid 9341614 pmc doi 10.1016 S0015 0282 97 00317 8 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene OVGP1 oviductal glycoprotein 1, 120kDa mucin 9, oviductin url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 5016 accessdate ref Function Oviduct specific glycoprotein is a large, carbohydrate rich, epithelium epithelial glycoprotein with numerous O glycosylation sites located within threonine , serine , and proline rich tandem repeats. The gene is similar to members of the mucin and the List of glycoside hydrolase families Family 18 glycosyl hydrolase 18 gene families. Regulation of expression may be estrogen dependent. Gene expression and protein secretion occur during late ovarian follicle follicular development through early cleavage stage embryonic development. The protein is secreted from non ciliated oviduct oviductal epithelial cells and associates with ovulated oocyte s, blastomere s, and spermatozoan acrosome acrosomal regions. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Verhage HG, Fazleabas AT, Donnelly K title The in vitro synthesis and release of proteins by the human oviduct journal Endocrinology volume 122 ... more details
PBB geneid 29954 Protein O mannosyl transferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POMT2 gene . ref name pmid11162531 cite journal author Fukuda S, Sumii M, Masuda Y, Takahashi M, Koike N, Teishima J, Yasumoto H, Itamoto T, Asahara T, Dohi K, Kamiya K title Murine and human SDF2L1 is an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducible gene and encodes a new member of the Pmt rt protein family journal Biochem Biophys Res Commun volume 280 issue 1 pages 407 14 year 2001 month Feb pmid 11162531 pmc doi 10.1006 bbrc.2000.4111 ref ref name pmid12460945 cite journal author Willer T, Amselgruber W, Deutzmann R, Strahl S title Characterization of POMT2, a novel member of the PMT protein O mannosyltransferase family specifically localized to the acrosome of mammalian spermatids journal Glycobiology volume 12 issue 11 pages 771 83 year 2002 month Dec pmid 12460945 pmc doi 10.1093 glycob cwf086 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene POMT2 protein O mannosyltransferase 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 29954 accessdate ref Function POMT2 encodes an integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum ER that shares significant sequence similarity with a family of protein O mannosyltransferases of S. cerevisiae. For additional background information, see POMT1 MIM 607423 . supplied by OMIM ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB title Normalization and subtraction two approaches to facilitate gene discovery journal Genome Res. volume 6 issue 9 pages 791 806 year 1997 pmid 8889548 doi 10.1101 gr.6.9.791 cite journal author Strausberg RL title Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full length human and mouse cDNA sequences journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 99 issue 26 pages 16899 903 year 2003 pmid 12477932 doi 10.1073 pnas.242603899 pmc 139241 author separator , author2 Feingold EA author3 Grouse LH display authors 3 la ... more details
PBB geneid 55811 Adenylate cyclase 10 also known as ADCY10 is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the ADCY10 gene . ref name pmid10566627 cite journal author Reed BY, Heller HJ, Gitomer WL, Pak CY title Mapping a gene defect in absorptive hypercalciuria to chromosome 1q23.3 q24 journal J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. volume 84 issue 11 pages 3907 13 year 1999 month November pmid 10566627 doi 10.1210 jc.84.11.3907 url ref Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a distinct class of mammalian adenylyl cyclase that is soluble and insensitive to G protein or forskolin regulation. It is localized in the cytoplasm and is thought to function as a general bicarbonate sensor throughout the body. It may also play an important role in the generation of Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP in spermatozoa , implying possible roles in sperm maturation through the epididymis, capacitation, hypermotility, and or the acrosome reaction. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ADCY10 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 55811 accessdate ref Clinical significance Mutations in the ADCY10 gene are associated with an increased risk of adsorptive hypercalciuria . ref name pmid10566627 References Reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Wuttke MS, Buck J, Levin LR title Bicarbonate regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase. journal JOP volume 2 issue 4 Suppl pages 154 8 year 2002 pmid 11875252 doi cite journal author Hukovic N, Panetta R, Kumar U, et al. title The cytoplasmic tail of the human somatostatin receptor type 5 is crucial for interaction with adenylyl cyclase and in mediating desensitization and internalization. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 273 issue 33 pages 21416 22 year 1998 pmid 9694905 doi 10.1074 jbc.273.33.21416 cite journal author Buck J, Sinclair ML, Schapal L, et al. title Cytosolic adenylyl cyclase defines a unique signaling molecule in mammals journal Proc. Natl. Acad. S ... more details
PBB geneid 2880 Glutathione peroxidase 5 GPx 5 , also known as epididymal secretory glutathione peroxidase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GPX5 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene glutathione peroxidase 5 epididymal androgen related protein url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 2880 accessdate ref ref name pmid9639555 cite journal author Hall L, Williams K, Perry AC, Frayne J, Jury JA title The majority of human glutathione peroxidase type 5 GPX5 transcripts are incorrectly spliced implications for the role of GPX5 in the male reproductive tract journal Biochem. J. volume 333 issue 1 pages 5 9 year 1998 month July pmid 9639555 pmc 1219548 doi url issn ref GPx 5 belongs to the glutathione peroxidase family. It is specifically expressed in the epididymis in the mammalian male reproductive tract, and is androgen regulated. Unlike mRNAs for other characterized glutathione peroxidases, this mRNA does not contain a selenocysteine UGA codon. Thus, the encoded protein is selenium independent, and has been proposed to play a role in protecting the membranes of spermatozoa from the damaging effects of lipid peroxidation and or preventing premature acrosome reaction. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene. ref name entrez References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 cite journal author Talmud PJ, Drenos F, Shah S, et al. title Gene centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip. journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume 85 issue 5 pages 628 42 year 2009 pmid 19913121 doi 10.1016 j.ajhg.2009.10.014 pmc 2775832 cite journal author Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK, et al. title The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6. journal Nature volume 425 issue 6960 pages 805 11 year 2003 pmid 14574404 doi 10.1038 nature02055 cite journal author Perry AC, Jones R, Niang LS, et al. title Genetic evidence f ... more details
acrosome reaction and controls fertility outcome in mice journal Journal of Clinical Investigation ... during sperm acrosome reaction and controls fertility outcome in mice journal Journal of Clinical Investigation ... more details
pp semi indef small yes Other uses File Complete diagram of a human spermatozoa en.svg thumb right 350px Diagram of a human sperm cell The term sperm is derived from the Greek word sperma meaning seed and refers to the male reproductive Cell biology cells . In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and oogamy , there is a marked difference in the size of the gamete s with the smaller one being termed the male or sperm cell. A uniflagellar sperm cell that is Motility motile is referred to as a spermatozoon , whereas a non motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium . Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, but after fusion with Ovum egg cells during fertilization, a new organism begins developing, starting as a Totipotency totipotent zygote . citation needed date January 2011 Sperm develops in the testicles . Etymology The term sperm probably comes from sperma which in Greek is seed or Latin something sown . Production The spermatozoa of animal s are produced through spermatogenesis inside the male gonad s testicle s via meiosis meiotic division. They are carried out of the male body in a fluid known as semen . Human sperm cells can survive within the female reproductive tract for more than 5 days post coitus. ref Gould JE, Overstreet JW and Hanson FW 1984 Assessment of human sperm function after recovery from the female reproductive tract. Biol Reprod 31,888 894. ref Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophyte s are produced in male Gametangium gametangia Antheridium antheridia via mitosis mitotic division. In flowering plant s, sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen . citation needed date January 2011 Anatomy File Sperm egg.jpg thumb right 200px Sperm fertilizing a female s egg The sperm cell consists of a head, a midpiece and a tail. The head contains the Cell nucleus nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibres, surrounded anteriorly by an acrosome , which contains enzymes used for penetrating the female egg. The midp ... more details
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