flint provide the activationenergy to initiate combustion in this Bunsen burner . The blue flame ... is now energetically favorable. In chemistry , activationenergy is a term introduced in 1889 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius that is defined as the energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur. Activationenergy may also be defined as the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction. The activationenergy of a reaction is usually denoted by E sub a sub , and given in units of joule per mole kilojoules per mole . Activationenergy can be thought of as the height of the potential barrier sometimes called the energy barrier separating two minima of potential energy of the reactants and products of a reaction . For a chemical reaction to proceed at a reasonable rate, there should exist an appreciable number of molecules with energy equal to or greater than the activationenergy. At a more advanced level, the Arrhenius Activationenergy term from the Arrhenius ... reaction rates. Negative activationenergy In some cases, rates of reaction decrease with increasing ... energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds. From the Arrhenius equation, the activationenergy ... Catalysis Image Activation energy.svg right thumb 360px The relationship between activationenergy ... the catalyst lowers the activationenergy, it does not change the energies of the original reactants or products. Rather, the reactant energy and the product energy remain the same and only the activation ... Mean kinetic temperature External links http www.iupac.org goldbook A00102.pdf Activationenergy from ... bp ch22 activate.html The ActivationEnergy of Chemical Reactions Category Chemical kinetics Category ... of the reaction rate to temperature. There are two objections to associating this activationenergy with the threshold barrier for an elementary reaction. First, it is often unclear as to whether ... reactions exhibiting these negative activation energies are typically barrierless reactions, in which ... more details
and energy of the emitted particles. Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis PGNAA is a rapid, nondestructive, instrumental, nuclear technique which is used for trace and major component analysis of various elements. Electrophysiology Activation refers ...about a requirement for a chemical reaction a step in a software installation process Product activation the calling of a subroutine Subroutine Activation in bio chemical science s generally refers to the Process science process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction . Chemistry In chemistry , activation of molecule s is where the molecules enter a state that avails for a chemical reaction to occur. The phrase activationenergyenergy of activation ref http chemed.chem.purdue.edu genchem topicreview bp ch22 activate.html The ActivationEnergy of Chemical Reactions Bot generated title ref refers to the Energy chemistry energy the reactant s must acquire before they can successfully react with each other to produce the Product chemistry products , that is, to reach the transition state . The energy needed for activation can be quite small and the molecules may have enough energy just from thermal fluctuations the molecules naturally have i.e. lots of reactions ... kinetics . Biology Biochemistry In biochemistry , activation, specifically called bioactivation ... active. Immunology Main Immunologic activation In immunology , activation is the transition of leucocytes ... in the reverse direction. This balance is tightly regulated, since a too small degree of activation causes susceptibility to infections, while, on the other hand, a too large degree of activation causes autoimmune diseases . Activation and deactivation results from a variety of factors, including ... , adhesion molecules , bacterial products and viral products. Physics Similarly, neutron activation ... references SIA Category Chemical kinetics da Aktivering de Aktivierung fr Activation nl Activering ... more details
Neutron activation is the process in which neutron radiation induces radioactivity in materials, and occurs when atomic nucleus atomic nuclei capture free neutron s, becoming heavier and entering excited state s. The excited nucleus often decays immediately by emitting particles such as neutrons, proton s, or alpha particle s. The neutron capture , even after any intermediate decay, often results in the formation of an unstable activation product . Such radioactive nuclei can exhibit half life half lives ranging from small fractions of a second to many years. An example of this kind of a nuclear reaction occurs in the production of cobalt 60 within a nuclear reactor nuclide cobalt 59 n nuclide cobalt 60 The cobalt 60 decays by the emission of a beta particle plus gamma ray s into nickel 60. This reaction has a half life of about 5.27 years, and cobalt 60 is a valuable source of nuclear radiation for radiotherapy . In other cases, and depending on the kinetic energy of the neutron, the capture of a neutron can cause nuclear fission the splitting of the atomic nucleus into two smaller nuclei. If the fission requires an input of energy, that comes from the kinetic energy of the neutron ... Nuclide beryllium 9 n 2 Nuclide helium 4 2n energy In other words, the capture of the neutron by beryllium ... neutron flux es, such as within the cores of nuclear reactors, neutron activation contributes to material ... materials are more subject to neutron activation than others, so a suitably chosen low activation ... activation of the bomb itself and the surrounding material, in addition to fission product s. Neutron activation also has a practical use. Neutron activation analysis is one of the most sensitive ... of art. Although the activation induces radioactivity in the object, its level is typically low and its lifetime may be short, so that its effects soon disappear. In this sense, neutron activation is a non ... reports series 156.pdf Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross Sections, IAEA, 1974 http www.nacdl.org ... more details
Sorry not sure where to put talk P added refs and rewritten. dopant activation isnt always done with rapid thermal processing so think needs it own stub Dopant Activation is the process of obtaining the desired electronic contribution from dopant impurity species in a semiconductor host. ref cite book title Dopant dopant and dopant defect processes underlying activation kinetics last Mokhberi first Ali authorlink coauthors year 2003 publisher Stanford Unniversity location isbn page pages 186 url accessdate ref The term is often restricted to the application of thermal energy following the ion implantation of dopants. In the most common industrial example, rapid thermal processing is applied to silicon following the ion implantation of dopants such as phosphorus, arsenic and boron. ref cite journal last1 Pelaz first1 last2 Venezia first2 year 1999 title Activation and deactivation of implanted B in Si journal Applied Physics Letters volume 75 issue pages 662 publisher doi url http apl.aip.org resource 1 applab v75 i5 p662 s1 accessdate ref Vacancies generated at elevated temperature 1200 C facilitate the movement of these species from crystallographic defect interstitial to crystallographic defect substitutional lattice sites while amorphous solid amorphization damage from the implantation process recrystallization recrystallizes . A relatively rapid process, peak temperature is often maintained for less than one second to minimize unwanted chemical diffusion . ref http www.thinfilmmfg.com subscribers article06 junctions10Mar06.htm faster New activation anneals help dopants stay put ref References references Category Semiconductor material structures Electronics stub ... more details
unref date July 2011 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Activation Portal Type studio Artist Alien Project Cover Activation Portal.jpeg Released 2007 Recorded Genre Length Label Producer Last album Space Jam br 2004 This album Activation Portal br 2007 Next album Activation Portal is the latest album by Alien Project . Track listing Super Buster Missing Linker NRG Tweaky rmx Deeper Activation Portal Get Up Groovy rmx Yellow Blaze Aztechno Dream rmx 2000s trance album stub Category 2007 albums Category Alien Project albums ... more details
Spreading activation is a method for searching associative networks, neural network s, or semantic network ... network with weights or activation and then iteratively propagating or spreading that activation out to other nodes linked to the source nodes. Most often these weights are real values that decay as activation ... to as marker passing. Activation may originate from alternate paths, identified by distinct markers, and terminate when two alternate paths reach the same node. Spreading activation models are used in cognitive psychology ref name collins Collins, Allan M. Loftus, Elizabeth F., A spreading activation .... http act r.psy.cmu.edu publications pubinfo.php?id 66 A spreading activation theory of memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 1983 ref to model the fan out effect. Spreading activation can also be applied in information retrieval , ref name preece S. Preece, A spreading activation .... ref ref name crestani Fabio Crestani. Application of Spreading Activation Techniques in Information ... 1...N each having an associated activation value A i which is a real number in the range 0.0 ... 1.0 ... Boosting item keyword search with spreading activation Aswath, D. Ahmed, S.T. Dapos cunha, J. Davulcu ... setting all activation values A i to zero. Set one or more origin nodes to an initial activation value ... having an activation value A i greater than the node firing threshold F For each Link i , j ... factor. If a target node receives an adjustment to its activation value so that it would exceed 1.0, then set its new activation value to 1.0. Likewise maintain 0.0 as a lower bound on the target node s activation value should it receive an adjustment to below 0.0. Once a node has fired it may not fire .... Nodes receiving a new activation value that exceeds the firing threshold F are marked for firing on the next spreading activation cycle. If activation originates from more than one node, a variation of the algorithm permits marker passing to distinguish the paths by which activation is spread ... more details
Activation key may refer to Product activation Product key Volume license key Key changer software Dab Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
marketing Marketing activation is the execution of the marketing mix as part the marketing process. The activation ... analytics . Depending on the business objective, two types of marketing activation can be used as part of a marketing strategy. Brand activation, sometimes called brand engagement which focuses on building a longer term emotional connection between the brand and the customer. Activation based on direct response marketing will focus on generating immediate sales transactions. Planning the activation ... customer groups to target. By focusing on some fewer influencers only, activation can become more efficient ... source of information for planning marketing activation. A common practice is to use customer relationship management tools and techniques to augment the impact of marketing activation because CRM provides an integrative framework in which marketing activation and customer activities ... DILIMA accessdate 18 August 2011 ref Challenges A successful marketing activation will allow businesses ... will face in putting in place a marketing activation program. One of the challenges is dealing ... to adapt rapidly. This poses a challenge because, for example, direct marketing activation triggers ... accessdate 18 August 2011 ref Another challenge related to marketing activation has to do with reaching ..., it engages in unique marketing activation, including strong use of PR and events targeted at black ... PRWeek date October 1, 2010 ref Data driven marketing activation Over the years, marketing activation has become more and more data driven. This allows marketers to be more precise in their actions ... important because marketing activation usually entails a universal blast of information to all consumers. Oftentimes, only a small proportion of the consumers react positively to such activation ... in marketing activation. For example, video based measurement ... provides visibility into shopper engagement and behaviour relative to exact marketing activation, enabling a holistic approach to shopper ... more details
In immunology , activation is the transition of leucocytes and other cell types involved in the immune system . On the other hand, deactivation is the transition in the reverse direction. This balance is tightly regulated, since a too small degree of activation causes susceptibility to infection s, while, on the other hand, a too large degree of activation causes autoimmune diseases . Factors Activation and deactivation results from a variety of factors, including cytokines , soluble receptor s, arachidonic acid metabolites, steroids , receptor antagonists , adhesion molecules , bacterial products and viral products. class wikitable Overview of activating and deactivating factors. Activation Deactivation Cytokines IFN GM CSF M CSF Interleukin 6 IL 6 TNF Macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF CCL2 Interleukin 4 IL 4 Interleukin 10 IL 10 Interleukin 13 IL 13 TGF Soluble receptor s sIL 1R sIL 6R sTNFR sCD14 Arachidonic acid metabolites PGE2 LTB4 Steroids Corticosteroids Receptor antagonists IL 1Ra Adhesion molecules 2 integrins Fc receptors CD14 P selectin CD45 Bacterial products lipopolysaccharide LPS fMetLeuPhe Viral products dsRNA BCRF1 Interleukin 10 IL 10 homologue T2 biochemistry T2 sTNFR homologue M T7 sINF R homologue See also Immune system Category Immunology ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Plasma activation or Plasma functionalization . It is done with the intent to alter or improve adhesion properties of surfaces prior to coating, painting, etc. In most cases, the surface in question is surface of a polymer material and weakly ionised oxygen plasma physics plasma is used. Surface activation is a result of following processes Removal of weak boundary layers. Plasma removes surface layers with the lowest molecular weight , at the same time it oxidation oxidises the uppermost atomic layer of the polymer. Cross linking of surface molecules. Oxygen radicals and UV radiation , if present help break up bonds and promote the three dimensional chemical bond cross bonding of molecules Generation of polar groups. Oxidation of the polymer is responsible for the increase in chemical polarity polar groups which is directly related to the adhesion properties of the polymer surface. See also List of plasma physics articles DEFAULTSORT Plasma Activation Category Plasma processing Chem stub ru ... more details
Refimprove date April 2011 Product activation is a license validation procedure required by some Proprietary software proprietary computer software programs. In one form, product activation refers to a method invented by Ric Richardson and patented US 5,490,216 by Uniloc where a software application Hash function hashes hardware serial numbers and an ID number specific to the product s license a product key to generate a unique CD key installation ID . This installation ID is sent to the manufacturer to verify the authenticity of the product key and to ensure that the product key is not being used for multiple installations. Alternatively, the software vendor sends the user a unique product serial number. When the user installs the application it requests that the user enter their product serial number, and checks it with the vendor s systems over the Internet . The application obtains the license ... required with the vendor s systems. Some activation systems also support activation on user systems ... terminal. Microsoft first used product activation in Microsoft Word Microsoft Word 97 sold ... Microsoft Publisher 98 in the Brazil ian market. Microsoft then rolled out product activation ... the product via the Internet. After its success, the product activation system was extended ... before reactivating it on the new machine. An early example of product activation was in the MS DOS ... key, the software deliberately crashed. The software has long since had the entire activation ... require users to transfer activation when moving a product from one computer to another, when ... date September 2009 See also Microsoft Product Activation CD key Digital rights management Dongle References ... Activation http www.vttoth.com dontactivate.asp table List of products requiring activation http agilis sw.com casestudy NumeriX.html Case study of a software vendor s use of activation DEFAULTSORT Product Activation Category Software licenses ar ca Activaci de producte de Produktaktivierung ... more details
The entropy of activation is one of the two parameters typically obtained from the temperature dependence of a reaction rate, when these data are analysed using the Eyring equation . Symbolized S sup sup , the entropy of activation provides clues about the molecularity of the rate determining step in a reaction, i.e. whether the reactants are bonded to each other, or not. Positive values suggest that entropy increases upon achieving the transition state, which often indicates a Dissociative substitution dissociative mechanism . Negative values for S sup sup indicate that entropy decreases upon achieving the transition state, which often indicates an Associative substitution associative mechanism . Values near zero are difficult to interpret. ref J. H. Espenson Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism McGraw Hill, 1981, ISBN 0 070019667 2. ref References references Category Chemical kinetics ... more details
Activation products are materials made radioactive by neutron activation . Fission products and actinide s produced by neutron absorption of nuclear fuel itself are normally referred to by those specific names, and activation product reserved for products of neutron capture by other materials, such as structural components of the nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb , the reactor coolant, control rods or other neutron poison s, or materials in the environment. All of these, however, need to be handled as radioactive waste . Some nuclides originate in more than one way, as activation products or fission products. Activation products in a reactor s primary coolant loop are a main reason why reactors use a chain of two or even three coolant loops linked by heat exchanger s. Fusion reactor s will not produce radioactive waste from the fusion product nuclei themselves, which are normally just helium 4 , but generate high neutron fluxes, so activation products are a particular concern. Activation product radionuclides include class wikitable sortable Nuclide See also Halflife br years Parent Tritium 12.3 Lithium 6,7 br Boron 10 br Deuterium Beryllium 10 1,530,000 Boron 10 Carbon 14 5,730 Nitrogen 14 br Carbon 13 Sodium 24 Fast breeder 0.0017 Sodium 23 Sulfur 35 0.24 Chlorine 35 1 branch Chlorine 36 301,000 Chlorine 35 Argon 39 269 Argon 38 Iron 55 2.73 Iron 54 Nickel 59 76,000 Nickel 58 Cobalt 60 5.27 Cobalt 59 Nickel 63 100 Nickel 62 Molybdenum 93 4,000 Molybdenum 92 Niobium 93m 16 Niobium 94 20,300 Niobium 93 Technetium 99 LLFP 211,000 Molybdenum 98 Silver 108m 418 Silver 107 Cadmium 113m 13 Cadmium 112 Tin 121m http www.nrc.gov reading rm doc collections nuregs contract cr6567 cr6567.pdf 56 Tin 120 Lead 205 Q 51KeV 15,300,000 Lead 204 Polonium 210 LBE 0.379 Bismuth 209 External links http www nds.iaea.org reports new tecdocs technical reports series 156.pdf Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross Sections, IAEA, 1974 http www.nndc.bnl.gov databases databases.html Nuclear Structure ... more details
. This activation function is linear, and therefore has the same problems as the binary function. In addition ... function sigmoid activation function. One realistic model stays at zero until input current is received ... s is a sigmoidal activation function in the form of a hyperbolic tangent. Two forms of this function ... with certain types of computational problems. Alternative structures A special class of activation ... , which are extremely efficient as universal function approximators. These activation functions .... Support vector machines SVMs can effectively utilize a class of activation functions that includes ... hyperplane based on a few training inputs called support vectors math x math . The activation ... to the activation function, but they take a unique form in the perceptron as math , phi v i tanh ... certain conditions for convergence. These machines can also accept arbitrary order polynomial activation ... year 1998 publisher Prentice Hall location isbn 0 13 273350 1 ref Activation function having types Identity ... more details
Behavioral activation is a third generation behavior therapy for treating major depressive disorder depression ... underpinnings Behavioral activation emerged from a component analysis of cognitive behavioral ... and reduce punishment. The theoretical underpinnings of behavioral activation ref Jacobson, N.S. Martell, C.R. & Dimidjian, S. 2001 . Behavioral Activation for depression Returning to contextual roots ... long term patterns which may lead to dysthymia . Methods The behavioral activation BA approach to depression ..., D.W. year 2004 title A Brief Behavioral Activation Treatment for Depression journal Behavior ... group who did not receive the same treatment. The results of those who received behavioral activation ... since piloted ref Cullen, J.M. Spates, C.R. Pagoto, S. & Doran, N. 2006 . Behavioral Activation ..., C.R. Pagoto, S. & Kalata, A. 2006 . A Qualitative And Quantitative Review of Behavioral Activation ... ref Research support A recent review of behavioral activation studies for depression found ... name spates pagoto kalata 2006 A large scale treatment study found behavioral activation to be more ... author Dimidjian, S. year 2006 title Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy ... activation has been applied to anxiety and appears to give promising results. ref Hopko, D.R. Robertson, S.M.C. & Lejuez, C.W. 2006 . Behavioral Activation for Anxiety Disorders. The Behavior ..., M. year 2006 title Effect of Behavioral Activation Treatment on Fibromyalgia Related Pain Anxiety ... therapy believe that behavioral activation will have much to offer other areas such as post traumatic ... generation behavior therapies Behavioral activation comes under the heading clinical behavior analysis ... psychotherapy FAP . Behavioral activation owes its basis to Charles Ferster s Functional Analysis ... in behavior therapy which covers behavioral activation. ref http worldcenterba.com index.html World Association for Behavior Analysis ref References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Behavioral Activation Category ... more details
Endothelial activation is a proinflammatory and Coagulation procoagulant state of the endothelial cell s lining the Lumen anatomy lumen of blood vessel s. It is most characterized by an increase in interactions with white blood cell s leukocytes , and it is associated with the early states of atherosclerosis and sepsis , among others. ref name Alom cite journal author Alom Ruiz SP, Anilkumar N, Shah AM title Reactive oxygen species and endothelial activation journal Antioxid Redox Signal year 2008 volume 10 issue 6 pages 1089 100 pmid 18315494 doi 10.1089 ars.2007.2007 ref It is also implicated in the formation of deep vein thrombosis . ref name Whatis cite journal author Bovill EG, van der Vliet A title Venous valvular stasis associated hypoxia and thrombosis what is the link? journal Annu Rev Physiol year 2011 volume 73 issue pages 527 45 pmid 21034220 doi 10.1146 annurev physiol 012110 142305 ref As a result of activation, enthothelium releases Weibel Palade body Weibel Palade bodies . ref name Lopez cite journal author L pez JA, Chen J title Pathophysiology of venous thrombosis journal Thromb Res year 2009 volume 123 issue Suppl 4 pages S30 4 pmid 19303501 doi 10.1016 S0049 3848 09 70140 9 ref See also Endothelial dysfunction References reflist circulatory stub Category Circulatory system ... more details
Activation syndrome is a form of sometimes suicidal or homicidal stimulation or agitation that can occur in response to some psychoactive drug s. ref http www.breggin.com recentregulatory.pbreggin.2006.pdf ref A study of paroxetine found that 21 out of 93 23 percent of youth taking Paxil reported manic like symptoms which included hostility, emotional lability and nervousness. ref citation url http www.lib.umd.edu drum handle 1903 6668 title Adolescents and Antidepressants Analyzing a Social Scientific Controversy author AD Nelson year 2007 ref Pfizer has denied that sertraline can cause such effects. ref http www.healyprozac.com AcademicStalking Post 203 20 20Pfizer 20letter 20re 20Healy.pdf ref ref http www.ahrp.org ethical HealyResponseToPfizer.pdf ref Approximately 25 to 40 perecent of patients who take tricyclic antidepressant s experience activation syndrome upon initial titration. ref http www.aafp.org afp 980515ap saeed.html ref References reflist Category Psychoactive drugs disease stub ja ... more details
Oocyte or ovum egg activation is a series of processes that occur in the oocyte after fertilisation . Sperm entry causes calcium release into the oocyte. In mammals, this has been proposed to be caused by the introduction of phospholipase C isoform zeta PLC from the sperm cytoplasm, although this remains to be established definitively. Activation of the ovum includes the following events Cortical reaction to block against other sperm cells Activation of egg metabolism Reactivation of meiosis DNA synthesis Sperm trigger of egg activation The sperm may trigger egg activation via the interaction between a sperm protein and an egg surface receptor. It is possible that a receptor is activated by the sperm binding which activates a tyrosine kinase which then activates phospholipase C PLC . The inositol signaling system has been implicated as the pathway involved with egg activation. IP sub 3 sub and DAG are produced from the cleavage of PIP sub 2 sub by phospholipase C. However, another hypothesis is that a soluble sperm factor diffuses from the sperm into the egg cytosol upon sperm oocyte fusion. The results of this interaction could activate a signal transduction pathway that uses second messengers . A novel PLC isoform, PLC , may be the equivalent of the mammalian sperm factor. A recent paper shows that mammaliam sperm contain PLC zeta which can start the signaling cascade. ref cite journal author Saunders C, Larman M, Parrington J, Cox L, Royse J, Blayney L, Swann K, Lai F title PLC zeta a sperm specific trigger of Ca 2 oscillations in eggs and embryo development. journal Development volume 129 issue 15 pages 3533 44 year 2002 pmid 12117804 ref Fast and slow block to polyspermy See Cortical reaction Polyspermy is the condition when multiple sperm fuse with a single egg. This results in duplications of genetic material. In sea urchins, the block to polyspermy comes from ... oocyte activation Oocyte activation may be artificially facilitated by calcium ionophore s, something ... more details
Allergic symptoms are caused by an initial systemic histamine release by activated basophil es and mast cell s, that may lead to shock with laryngeal edema , lower airway obstruction and hypotension . This is why basophiles are considered with mast cells to be the key cells in allergic diseases. Image Degranulationright.JPG framed basophil activation and labeling Activation process Immunoglobulin E IgE is a class of antibody or immunoglobulin isotype that has only been found in mammals. It plays an important role in allergy, and is especially associated with type 1 hypersensitivity . There are receptors Fc R against the constant region of IgE, the Fc region , on several types of cells, including Mast cells and Basophils. Basophils contain many granules inside the cell, which are filled with a variety of active substance triggering an allergic response upon degranulation. The cells get activated and start degranulation when the IgE antibody, bound to an allergen which can bind to the specific variable region of the IgE, the Fab region , bind to the Fc receptor in vitro allergy test method In most cases, a positive skin test is used to identification of allergies, but the activation of basophilic granulocytes with anti IgE, the expression of the CD63 antigen on the cell surface plasma membrane allows identification of the allergen responsible for the hypersensitivity reaction without performing the common scratch test . Only a little amount of blood is needed for this experiment, which makes it comfortable to use since one can perform it in parallel to a normal blood checkup. Degranulation Degranulated cell expose CD63 ref name Janeway5 cite book author Charles Janeway Janeway CA, Jr. et al. title Immunobiology. edition 5th ed. publisher Garland Publishing year 2001 id http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?call bv.View..ShowTOC&rid imm.TOC&depth 10 electronic full text via NCBI Bookshelf ISBN 0 8153 3642 X ref molecules on their outer cell membrane, hence the granul ... more details
RNA activation RNAa is a small RNA guided gene regulation phenomenon in which promoter targeted short double stranded RNA dsRNA induces target gene expression at the transcriptional level. RNAa was first reported in a 2006 PNAS paper by Li et al. ref name li pnas cite journal pages 17337 42 doi 10.1073 pnas.0607015103 title Small dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells year 2006 last1 Li first1 Long Cheng last2 Okino first2 Steven T. last3 Zhao first3 Hong last4 Pookot first4 Deepa last5 Place first5 Robert F. last6 Urakami first6 Shinji last7 Enokida first7 Hideki last8 Dahiya first8 Rajvir journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 103 issue 46 pmid 17085592 pmc 1859931 psc date December 2011 ref who also coined the term RNAa as a contrast to RNA interference RNAi ref name li pnas to describe such gene activation phenomenon. Soon after, several groups made similar observation in different mammalian species including human, non human primates, rat and mice, ref name ncb cite journal pages 166 73 doi 10.1038 nchembio860 title Activating gene expression in mammalian cells with promoter targeted duplex RNAs year 2007 last1 Janowski first1 Bethany A last2 Younger first2 Scott T last3 Hardy first3 Daniel B last4 Ram first4 Rosalyn last5 Huffman first5 Kenneth E last6 Corey first6 David R journal Nature Chemical Biology volume 3 issue 3 pmid 17259978 ... coreychembio cite journal pages 1344 55 doi 10.1016 j.chembiol.2010.10.009 pmc 3071588 title Activation ... gene activation phenomenon has also been observed in plants. ref cite journal pages 1660 5 doi 10.1073 pnas.0809294106 pmc 2629447 title RNA directed DNA methylation induces transcriptional activation ... pmc 2995069 title Involvement of argonaute proteins in gene silencing and activation by RNAs complementary ...&pg PA189 last Li first Long Cheng year 2008 chapter Small RNA mediated gene activation editor1 ... to RNAi, promoter targeted agRNAs induce prolonged activation of gene expression associated with epigenetic ... more details
orphan date December 2009 Merge Amino acid date December 2009 Merge Protein biosynthesis date October 2011 Unreferenced date December 2009 Amino acid activation refers to the attachment of an amino acid to its Transfer RNA tRNA . Aminoacyltransferases Aminoacyl transferase binds Adenosine triphosphate ATP to amino acid. Aminoacyl transferase binds ATP amino acid to tRNA. The ATP is used in this step. Amino Acid Activation During amino acid activation the amino acids aa are attached to their corresponding tRNA. The coupling reactions are catalysed by a group of enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases named after the reaction product aminoacyl tRNA or aa tRNA . The coupling reaction proceeds in two steps 1. aa ATP aa AMP PP, pyrophosphate 2. aa AMP tRNA aa tRNA AMP The amino acid is coupled to the penultimate nucleotide at the 3 end of the tRNA the A in the sequence CCA via an ester bond roll over in illustration . The formation of the ester bond conserves a considerable part of the energy from the activation reaction. This stored energy provides the majority of the energy needed for peptide bond formation during translation. Each of the 20 amino acids are recognised by its specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. The synthetases are usually composed of one to four protein subunits. The enzymes vary considerably in structure although they all perform the same type of reaction by binding ATP, one specific amino acid and its corresponding tRNA. The specificity of the amino acid activation is as critical for the translational accuracy as the correct matching of the codon with the anticodon. The reason is that the ribosome only sees the anticodon of the tRNA during translation. Thus, the ribosome will not be able to discriminate between tRNAs with the same anticodon but linked to different amino acids. The error frequency of the amino acid activation reaction is approximately 1 in 10 000 despite the small structural differences between some of the amino acids. Category Acidi ... more details
Science with neutrons In chemistry, neutron activation analysis NAA is a nuclear reaction nuclear process ... of a sample, and focuses solely on its nucleus. The method is based on neutron activation and therefore ... decay rates activity of a radioactive sample. Overview Neutron activation analysis is a sensitive ... used for activation uses uranium Nuclear fission fission , providing a high neutron flux and the highest ... are of relatively low kinetic energy KE , typically less than 0.5 Electronvolt eV . These neutrons ... is in an excited state. The excitation energy within the compound nucleus is formed from the binding energy of the thermal neutron with the target nucleus. This excited state is unfavourable and the compound ... energy of the neutrons used for irradiation will be a major experimental parameter. The above description is of activation by slow neutrons, slow neutrons are fully moderated within the reactor and have KE 0.5 eV. Medium KE neutrons may also be used for activation, these neutrons have been only partially moderated and have KE of 0.5 eV to 0.5 MeV, and are termed epithermal neutrons. Activation with epithermal neutrons is known as Epithermal NAA ENAA . High KE neutrons are sometimes used for activation ... have a KE 0.5 MeV. Activation with fast neutrons is termed Fast NAA FNAA . Another major experimental ... irradiation Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis prompt gamma , or at some time after irradiation ... on irradiated samples it is termed Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis INAA . In some cases ... the radioisotope of interest, this technique is known as Radiochemical Neutron Activation Analysis ... to create pulses of neutrons, they have been used for some activation work where the decay of the target ... energy of the incoming radiation. There are two types of germanium detector, the lithium drifted ... efficient at stopping and detecting high energy gamma rays. Both Ge Li and HPGe detectors have ... level radioactive material also the number of suitable activation nuclear reactors is declining ... more details
Infobox Windows component name Windows Process Activation Service logo logo size screenshot screenshot size caption other names WAS type service name Windows Process Activation Service tt was tt service description The Windows Process Activation Service WAS provides process activation, resource management and health management services for message activated applications included with Internet Information Services v7.0 also available for replaces replaced by support status related components Windows Process Activation Service also known as WAS is the process activation mechanism introduced within Internet Information Services v7.0. Windows Activation Service builds on the existing Internet Information Services v6.0 but is more powerful because it provides support for other protocols besides Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP , such as Transmission Control Protocol TCP and Named Pipes . Windows Activation Service extends the ASP.NET HTTP hosting concept ASMX Web Services . As a standalone Windows component, Windows Activation Service is completely separated from the IIS hosting environment and provides a protocol agnostic activation mechanism not limited to HTTP. Windows Activation Service allows the developers to choose the most appropriate protocol for their needs. For HTTP, data transfer relies on the ASP.NET HTTP. For protocols such as TCP and Named Pipes, Windows Activation Service leverages the extensibility points of ASP.NET for transferring data. These capabilities are implemented in the form of protocol handlers, which manage communication between the worker process and the Windows service. There are two types of protocol handlers loaded when the WAS activates a worker process instance Process Protocol Handler PPH and App Domain Protocol Handler ADPH . References Refbegin Cite journal url http msdn.microsoft.com en us magazine cc163357.aspx title IIS 7.0 Extend Your ... title Hosting in Windows Process Activation Service work Microsoft Developer Network publisher Microsoft ... more details
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule is a family of genes. Members of the family include SLAMF1 SLAMF2 CD48 SLAMF3 LY9 SLAMF4 CD244 SLAMF5 CD84 SLAMF6 SLAMF7 SLAMF8 SLAMF9 Category Genes on chromosome 1 Biochem stub ... more details
File Windows XP Activation Wizard.png thumb right alt The Activation Wizard in Windows XP The Activation Wizard in Windows XP Microsoft Product Activation is a form of digital rights management used by Microsoft .... ref name MSFT Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Product Activation. Protect Yourself From Piracy. http .... ref name TECH Process Before activation File Office 2010 Activation Wizard.png thumb right alt The Activation Wizard in Office 2010 The Activation Wizard in Office 2010 When installing a retail copy ... included with the program, which is later verified during activation. ref name MSFT Immediate activation is not required following installation, but the program must be activated within ... Businesses using this licensing system have the option of using Microsoft s activation server computing ... Volume Activation, Activate Office 2010. Microsoft TechNet. http technet.microsoft.com en us office ... from the user. ref name MSFT11 Microsoft Corporation. Preserving OEM Pre Activation when ... information stored in the BIOS by the manufacturer, ensuring the activation only remains valid ... If activation is not performed within the grace period or fails because of an illegal or invalid ... at all until the activation process is completed successfully. ref name MSFT8 Microsoft Corporation ... 25, 2011 . ref ref name MSFT9 Microsoft Corporation. Windows Product Activation. Microsoft TechNet ... out of grace or has undergone a failed activation. In the former case, built in games and premium ... Microsoft Corporation. How to install Windows Vista Service Pack 1 when the Windows Vista activation ... . ref ref name MSFT2 Microsoft Corporation. Windows Activation Technologies in Windows 7. Microsoft ... ref name MSFT3 Microsoft Corporation. Windows Server 2008 Product Activation. Windows Server 2008 R2 ..., 2011 . ref ref name MSFT4 Microsoft Corporation. Windows Server 2008 R2 Product Activation. Windows ... name IFW2 When activation takes place, the program saves a record of the verification data in the user ... more details
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