Infobox Anatomy Name Adipocyte Latin adipocytus GraySubject GrayPage Image Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section lipids washed out.jpg Caption Yellow adipose tissue in paraffin section Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 03.0.01005 Adipocytes , also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cell biology cell s that primarily compose adipose tissue , specialized in storing energy as fat . There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue WAT and brown adipose tissue BAT , which are also known as white fat and brown fat , respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells. White fat cells unilocular cells White fat cells or monovacuolar cells contain a large lipid droplet surrounded by a layer of cytoplasm . The Cell nucleus nucleus is flattened and located on the periphery. A typical fat cell is 0.1mm in diameter with some being twice that size and others half that size. The fat stored is in a semi liquid state, and is composed primarily of triglyceride s and cholesteryl ester . White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokine s such as resistin , adiponectin and leptin . An average adult has 30 billion fat cells with a weight of 30 lbs or 13.5 kg. If excess weight is gained as an adult, fat cells increase in size about fourfold before dividing and increasing the absolute number of fat cells present. ref cite book author Pool, Robert title Fat fighting the obesity epidemic .... Analysis of their adipose tissue morphology revealed increases in both adipocyte size and number ... loss during which only mean adipocyte size returned to normal. Adipocyte number remained at the elevated ... induced adipocyte number increase in adult rats a new model of obesity year 1978 last1 Faust first1 ... to the overfeeding studied in adult subjects. In upper body, an increasing of the adipocyte size ... fr Adipocyte gl Adipocito it Adipocita ja no Fettceller pl Adipocyt pt Adip cito ru ... more details
lowercase aP2 PBB geneid 2167 aP2 adipocyte Protein 2 ref name pmid2481498 cite journal author Baxa CA, Sha RS, Buelt MK, Smith AJ, Matarese V, Chinander LL, Boundy KL, Bernlohr DA title Human adipocyte lipid binding protein purification of the protein and cloning of its complementary DNA journal Biochemistry volume 28 issue 22 pages 8683 90 year 1989 pmid 2481498 doi 10.1021 bi00448a003 ref is a carrier protein for fatty acids that is primarily expressed in adipocytes and macrophage s. aP2 is also called fatty acid binding protein 4 FABP4 . Blocking this protein either through genetic engineering or drugs ref http www.forbes.com forbeslife health feeds hscout 2006 07 14 hscout533816.html Forbes health article July 14, 2006 ref ref http www.medicinenet.com script main art.asp?articlekey 62919 Medicinenet.com ref has the possibility of treating heart disease, ref name pmid11385507 cite journal author Makowski L, Boord JB, Maeda K, Babaev VR, Uysal KT, Morgan MA, Parker RA, Suttles J, Fazio S, Hotamisligil GS, Linton MF title Lack of macrophage fatty acid binding protein aP2 protects mice deficient in apolipoprotein E against atherosclerosis journal Nat. Med. volume 7 issue 6 pages 699 705 year 2001 pmid 11385507 doi 10.1038 89076 ref diabetes, ref name pmid17554340 cite journal author Furuhashi M, Tuncman G, G rg n CZ, Makowski L, Atsumi G, Vaillancourt E, Kono K, Babaev VR, Fazio S, Linton MF, Sulsky R, Robl JA, Parker RA, Hotamisligil GS title Treatment of diabetes and atherosclerosis by inhibiting fatty acid binding protein aP2 journal Nature volume 447 issue 7147 pages 959 65 year 2007 pmid 17554340 doi 10.1038 nature05844 ref asthma, ref name pmid16841093 cite journal author Shum BO, Mackay CR, Gorgun CZ, Frost MJ, Kumar RK, Hotamisligil GS, Rolph MS title The adipocyte ... Adipocyte macrophage fatty acid binding proteins control integrated metabolic responses in obesity ... MeshName FABP4 protein, human Carrier proteins DEFAULTSORT Adipocyte Protein 2 Category Proteins ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced May 2008 expert subject November 2008 orphan February 2009 In human cell biology globules of fat are the individual pieces of intracellular fat inside other cell types than adipocyte s fat cells . In simpler terms a vacuole or Drop liquid droplet of triglyceride or some other Blood lipids blood lipid , which is located inside a Cell biology cell that is not an adipocyte fat cell , as opposed to fat cells in between other cells in an Organ anatomy organ . See also Steatosis Category Cell biology cell biology stub ... more details
AP2 may refer to Activating protein 2 , a mammalian transcription factor Adipocyte protein 2 , a carrier protein for fatty acids AP2 adaptors , which aid clathrin mediated endocytosis Apetala 2 , a plant transcription factor Amiga Power , the follow up website to Amiga gaming magazine American Pie 2 , a movie Argyle Park , industrial experimental band Letter NumberCombDisambig it AP2 ... more details
3T3 L1 is a cell line derived from 3T3 cells that is used in biological research on adipose tissue . 3T3 L1 cells have a fibroblast like morphology biology morphology , but, under appropriate conditions, the cells Cellular differentiation differentiate into an adipocyte like phenotype . 3T3 L1 cells of the adipocyte morphology increase the synthesis and accumulation of triglyceride s and acquire the signet ring appearance of adipose cells. These cells are also sensitive to lipogenic and lipolytic hormones and drugs, including epinephrine , isoproterenol , and insulin . ref cite journal author Green H, Kehinde O title An established preadipose cell line and its differentiation in culture. II. Factors affecting the adipose conversion journal Cell volume 5 issue 1 pages 19 27 year 1975 pmid 165899 doi 10.1016 0092 8674 75 90087 2 ref . 3T3 L1 cells are extensively used to study adipogenesis . Sources reflist Cell biology stub Category Cell lines ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date September 2006 att March 2011 The hematon was first defined in 1988 as the primary fundamental unit of haematopoiesis , the formation of blood Cell biology cell s. The hematon is believed to be a low density multicellular spheroid approximately 100 500 micrometre s in diameter. These cells are arranged into a complex 3 D network and surround a system of highly blood vessel vascularised and arbourised fibrous cords which run throughout the structure. The spheroid is composed of a central core of adipocyte s preadipocyte s cells, mesenchymal cell s, recticular cell s and macrophages . This core is surrounded by a peripheral layer of myeloid , erythroid and megakaryocyte progenitor cells and their progeny. Category Blood cells Med stub ... more details
C EBP and are transiently induced during the early stages of adipocyte differentiation ... embryonic fibroblasts MEFs from mice lacking both C EBP and show impaired adipocyte differentiation ... factors, C EBP and PPAR . C EBP is required for both adipogenesis and normal adipocyte function ..., T., Yoshida, N, Kishimoto, T, Akira, S. 1997 . Defective adipocyte differentiation in mice lacking ... regulation of terminal adipocyte differentiation by three members of the C EBP family of leucine zipper ... more details
A bacteriocyte Greek language Greek for bacteria cell , also called a mycetocyte , is a specialized adipocyte found in some insect groups such as aphid s, tsetse flies , german cockroach es, and many others. Mycetocyte symbionts specifically include three insect groups Cockroaches, Homoptera such as aphid, and Coleoptera such as weevils. These cells contain Endosymbiosis endosymbiotic bacteria such as Buchnera proteobacteria Buchnera species , which provide essential amino acids and other chemicals to their host. Bacteriocytes are maternally transmitted, i.e. the mother transmits her endosymbionts to her offspring . In some cases, the bacteria are transmitted in the egg, as in Buchnera proteobacteria Buchnera ref name buch cite journal last Douglas first A E title Nutritional interactions in insect microbial symbioses Aphids and their symbiotic bacteria Buchnera journal Annual Review of Entomology volume 43 pages 17 38 year 1998 id ISSN 00664170 accessdate 2007 05 16 doi 10.1146 annurev.ento.43.1.17 pmid 15012383 ref in others like Wigglesworthia , they are transmitted via milk to the developing insect embryo . References reflist External links http users.unimi.it fdctrl Foto 20DWN.htm bacteriocyte pictures Category Animal cells Cell biology stub fr Bact riocyte ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Salacia genus taxobox name Salacia image Salacia prinoides Blanco1.86b.png image caption Salacia prinoides regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Celastrales familia Celastraceae genus Salacia subdivision ranks species Salacia is a genus of plants in the family Celastraceae . Medicinal uses Several species in this genus of plant have been used in traditional medical systems for thousands of years, vague date May 2011 particularly in the Ayurvedic Ayurveda system from India. Extracts of S. reticulata have been reported to inhibit adipocyte differentiation in in vitro models. ref cite journal title Salacia reticulata inhibits differentiation of 3T3 L1 adipocytes date 12 April 2011 author Shimada T, Nagai E, Harasawa Y, Watanabe M, Negishi K, Akase T, Sai Y, Miyamoto KI, Aburada M journal J Ethnopharmacol pmid 21511020 volume 136 issue 1 pages 67 74 doi 10.1016 j.jep.2011.04.012 ref No studies in humans showing any benefit for weight loss were available as of 2011 5 lc on . Selected species Salacia fimbrisepala Salacia mamba Salacia miegei Salacia oblonga Salacia petenensis Salacia reticulata References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Salacia Genus Category Salacia Celastraceae stub es Salacia g nero pt Salacia ... more details
infobox settlement image skyline 3t3 differentiated.jpg image caption Fully differentiated Adipocyte 3T3 L1 Cells Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which preadipocyte s become adipocyte s.Adipogenesis has been one of the most intensively studied model of cellular differentiation. File Differentiated 3T3 L1 Cell line stained with Oil O Red.jpg thumb right 260px Differentiated Adipocyte stained with Oil Red O Introduction Adipocytes play a vital role is energy homeostasis and process the largest energy reserve as triglycerol in the body of animals. ref cite journal last Cornelius first P coauthors MacDougald, OA, Lane, MD title Regulation of adipocyte development. journal Annual review of nutrition year 1994 volume 14 pages 99 129 doi 10.1146 annurev.nu.14.070194.000531 pmid 7946535 url http www.annualreviews.org doi abs 10.1146 annurev.nu.14.070194.000531 ref Adipocytes stay in a dynamic state, they start expanding when the energy intake is higher than the expenditure and undergo mobilization when the energy expenditure exceeds the intake. This process is highly regulated by counter regulatory hormones to which these cells are very sensitive. The hormone insulin promotes expansion where as the counter hormones epinephrine epineprine , glucagon ,and ACTH promote mobilization. Adipogenesis is a tightly regulated cellular differentiation process, in which the preadipocytes are transformed into differentiated adipocyte cells. Comparing with cells from other lineage, the in vitro differentiation of fat cells is authentic and recapitulates most of the characteristic feature of in vivo adipogenesis. The key features of differentiated adipocytes are morphological ... expression during adipocyte differentiation. journal Annual review of biochemistry year 1995 volume ... and differentiation of adipocyte precursors. journal The American journal of physiology date ... FBS I Ob17 Differentiated adipocyte from epididymal fat pad of C57BL 6J ob ob mice ref cite journal ... more details
Expert subject Biology date February 2009 There are five types of bone cells . Osteoblast s These are commonly called bone forming cells. They secrete osteoid , which forms the bone matrix . They also begin mineralization biology mineralization , and are unable to divide. Osteocyte s A mature osteoblast which no longer secretes matrix, yet is surrounded by it. Maintains metabolism, and participates in nutrient waste exchange via blood. Unable to divide. Osteoclast s These function in resorption and degradation of existing bone, the opposite of osteoblasts. Monocytes a type of white blood cell fuse together to create these huge cells, which are concentrated in the endosteum . Osteoblast Osteogenesis Osteoprogenitors Immature cells which cellular differentiation differentiate to make osteoblasts . May divide. Bone lining cell Cellular structure Bone lining cells quiescent osteoblasts covering the bone ref cite journal author Miller, Scott C. Jee, Webster S. S. title The bone lining cell A distinct phenotype? journal Calcified Tissue International volume 41 issue 1 pages 1 5 year 1987 doi 10.1007 BF02555122 ref Although Osteoblast Osteogenesis osteogenic or osteoprogenitor cells are commonly mentioned in bone literature, these do not appear to be a unique type of cell. Rather, osteoblasts derive from mesenchymal stem cell s, which have shown the ability to differentiate into chondrocyte s and adipocyte s as well. Notes reflist References cite journal author Dominici M, Hofmann TJ, Horwitz EM title Bone marrow mesenchymal cells biological properties and clinical applications journal J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents volume 15 issue 1 pages 28 37 year 2001 pmid 11388742 cite journal author Bianco P, Riminucci M, Gronthos S, Robey PG title Bone marrow stromal stem cells nature, biology, and potential applications journal Stem Cells volume 19 issue 3 pages 180 92 year 2001 pmid 11359943 doi 10.1634 stemcells.19 3 180 http stemcells.nih.gov info scireport appendixE.asp Stem c ... more details
of adipocyte derived leucine aminopeptidase highly related to placental leucine aminopeptidase oxytocinase ... first9 M title Characterization of recombinant human adipocyte derived leucine aminopeptidase ... first3 S last4 Tsujimoto first4 M title Genomic organization of the human adipocyte derived ... humu.10047 title Identification of 33 polymorphisms in the adipocyte derived leucine aminopeptidase ... title Distribution of Adipocyte derived Leucine Aminopeptidase A LAP ER aminopeptidase ERAP ... more details
Laser s in Surgery and Medicine in 2009. ref name pmid20014253 Future applications The adipocyte ... which participate in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine pathways. The physical adaptability of the adipocyte ... pages 1277 92 doi 10.1007 s00018 010 0263 4 title Adipocyte extracellular matrix composition, dynamics ... 9 pmid 19192421 issue 1 pmc 2735041 ref Excessive body fat results in adipocyte hypertrophy or acquired lipodystrophy . Significant adipocyte expansion is believed to interrupt the interplay of transcriptional ... Adipocyte hypertrophy has been shown to directly disrupt angiogenesis , adipogenesis , extracellular ... C reactive protein levels. Is adipocyte size associated with inflammation in adults? volume 30 issue ... . Participating in paracrine and autocrine signaling, adipocyte impairment may account for metabolic ... result in adipocyte hypertrophy modulating adipose tissue function and increasing a patient s risk ... cite journal pages 9S 15S doi 10.1038 oby.2006.276 title Metabolic Actions of Adipocyte ... modulation is reflective of the deleterious outcome that manifests when the adipocyte accumulates tremendous ..., hips, and thighs while preventing fat cell death. The formation of the transitory pore within the adipocyte membrane results in adipocyte cell collapse and its return to a lean state. Reduced fat mass ... more details
2 cite journal author Brasaemle DL title Thematic review series adipocyte biology. The perilipin .... title Evidence for an important role of perilipin in the regulation of human adipocyte lipolysis. journal ... more details
tissue . AdPLA regulates adipocyte lipolysis and release of fatty acids through a G protein coupled ... not been shown to apply to human cells. Effects on obesity Obesity has been attributed to adipocyte ... fat diets. Adipocyte hypotrophy was attributed primarily to reduced triacylglyceride content in WAT from lipolysis, while adipocyte differentiation did not play a role in reduced adipose tissue despite ..., Miard S, Briggs MR, Auwerx J title Selective cyclo oxygenase 2 inhibitors impair adipocyte differentiation ... more details
In biology , caveolae Latin for little caves , singular caveola , which are a special type of lipid raft , are small 50 100 nanometer invagination s of the plasma membrane in many vertebrate cell biology cell types, especially in endothelium endothelial cells and adipocyte s. These flask shaped structures are rich in protein s as well as lipid s such as cholesterol and sphingolipid s and have several functions in signal transduction . ref cite journal author Anderson RG title The caveolae membrane system journal Annu. Rev. Biochem. volume 67 issue pages 199 225 year 1998 pmid 9759488 doi 10.1146 annurev.biochem.67.1.199 url http arjournals.annualreviews.org doi abs 10.1146 annurev.biochem.67.1.199?url ver Z39.88 2003&rfr id ori rid crossref.org&rfr dat cr pub 3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov ref They are also believed to play a role in endocytosis , oncogenesis , and the uptake of pathogen ic bacteria and certain virus es. ref cite journal author Frank P, Lisanti M title Caveolin 1 and caveolae in atherosclerosis differential roles in fatty streak formation and neointimal hyperplasia journal Curr Opin Lipidol volume 15 issue 5 pages 523 9 year 2004 pmid 15361787 doi 10.1097 00041433 200410000 00005 ref ref cite journal author Li X, Everson W, Smart E title Caveolae, lipid rafts, and vascular disease journal Trends Cardiovasc Med volume 15 issue 3 pages 92 6 year 2005 pmid 16039968 doi 10.1016 j.tcm.2005.04.001 ref ref cite journal author Pelkmans L title Secrets of caveolae and lipid raft mediated endocytosis revealed by mammalian viruses journal Biochim Biophys Acta volume 1746 issue 3 pages 295 304 year 2005 pmid 16126288 doi 10.1016 j.bbamcr.2005.06.009 ref Caveolae are one source of clathrin independent endocytosis involved in turnover of adhesive complexes. Formation and maintenance of caveolae is primarily due to the protein caveolin , ref MeshName Caveolae ref a 21 kD protein. This protein has both a cytoplasm ic C terminus and a cytoplasmic N terminus, linked together by ... more details
SERCA , or sarcoplasmic reticulum sarco endoplasmic reticulum Calcium Ca sup 2 sup ATPase , or SR Calcium Ca sup 2 sup ATPase , is a calcium ATPase type P ATPase P ATPase P ATPase . Function SERCA resides in the sarcoplasmic reticulum SR within muscle cell s. It is a Ca sup 2 sup ATPase that transfers Ca sup 2 sup from the cytosol of the cell to the lumen anatomy lumen of the SR at the expense of ATP hydrolysis during muscle relaxation. There are 3 major domains on the cytoplasmic face of SERCA the phosphorylation and nucleotide binding domains, which form the catalytic site, and the actuator domain, which is involved in the transmission of major conformational changes. It seems that, in addition to the calcium transporting properties, ATP2A1 SERCA1 generates heat in some adipocyte s. ref cite journal author de Meis L, Oliveira GM, Arruda AP, Santos R, Costa RM, Benchimol M title The thermogenic activity of rat brown adipose tissue and rabbit white muscle Ca2 ATPase journal IUBMB Life volume 57 issue 4 5 pages 337 45 year 2005 pmid 16036618 doi 10.1080 15216540500092534 url ref ref cite journal author Arruda AP, Nigro M, Oliveira GM, de Meis L title Thermogenic activity of Ca2 ATPase from skeletal muscle heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum the role of ryanodine Ca2 channel journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume 1768 issue 6 pages 1498 505 year 2007 month June pmid 17466935 doi 10.1016 j.bbamem.2007.03.016 url ref Regulation SERCA is normally inhibited by the defective phosphorylation of protein phospholamban , with which it is closely associated. Another protein, calsequestrin , binds calcium within the SR and helps to reduce the concentration of free calcium within the SR, which assists SERCA so that it does not have to pump against such a high concentration gradient. The SR has a much higher concentration of Ca sup 2 sup 10,000x inside when compared to the intracellular Ca sup 2 sup concentration. The rate at which SERCA moves Ca sup 2 sup across the SR membrane can be co ... more details
doi 10.1210 en.2007 0175 url issn ref Because of its role in adipocyte differentiation cellular ... Chemerin has been implicated in autocrine paracrine signaling for adipocyte differentiation and also ..., a novel adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism journal J. Biol. Chem ... adipocyte s ref name Bozaoglu 2007 but its expression and secretion increases both during and after ... more details
Infobox Disease Name HIV associated lipodystrophy Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D039682 HIV associated lipodystrophy is a condition characterized by loss of subcutaneous tissues subcutaneous fat associated with infection with HIV . ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 497 Cause The exact mechanism of HIV associated lipodystrophy is not fully elucidated. There is evidence indicating both that it can be caused by anti retroviral medications and that it can be caused by HIV infection in the absence of anti retroviral medication. Evidence implicating anti retroviral medications On the one hand, lipodystrophy seems to be mainly due to HIV 1 protease inhibitors . Interference with lipid metabolism is postulated as pathophysiology. Also, the development of lipodystrophy is associated with specific nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor s NRTI . Mitochondrial toxicity is postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis associated with NRTI. ref name martinez cite journal author Martinez E, Mocroft A, Garc a Viejo MA, et al. title Risk of lipodystrophy in HIV 1 infected patients treated with protease inhibitors a prospective cohort study journal Lancet volume 357 issue 9256 pages 592 8 year 2001 month February pmid 11558485 doi 10.1016 S0140 6736 00 04056 3 url ref Evidence implicating HIV infection alone On the other hand, there is evidence that HIV 1 infection on its own contributes to the development of the lipodystrophic phenotype by interfering with some key genes of adipocyte differentiation and mitochondrial function on patients which have not received antiretroviral treatment. ref name giralt cite journal author Giralt M, Domingo P, Guallar JP, et al. title HIV 1 infection alters gene expression in adipose tiss ... more details
Image Dedifferentiated liposarcoma cropped very high mag.jpg thumb right Micrograph showing a lipoblast left bottom of image in a liposarcoma . H&E stain . A lipoblast is a precursor cell for a adipocyte . ref name YoungWheater2006 cite book author1 Barbara Young author2 Paul R. Wheater title Wheater s functional histology a text and colour atlas url http books.google.com books?id 88tla60sHAUC&pg PA74 accessdate 18 April 2010 year 2006 publisher Elsevier Health Sciences isbn 9780443068508 pages 74 ref Alternate terms include adipoblast ref name pmid10592389 cite journal author Dani C title Embryonic stem cell derived adipogenesis journal Cells Tissues Organs Print volume 165 issue 3 4 pages 173 80 year 1999 pmid 10592389 doi url http content.karger.com produktedb produkte.asp?typ fulltext&file cto65173 ref and preadipocyte. ref name pmid20385145 cite journal author Coskun H, Summerfield TL, Kniss DA, Friedman A title Mathematical modeling of preadipocyte fate determination journal J Theor Biol volume 265 issue 1 pages 87 94 year 2010 month April pmid 20385145 doi 10.1016 j.jtbi.2010.03.047 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0022 5193 10 00182 7 ref Early stages are almost indistinguishable from fibroblast s. ref name HenriksonKaye1997 cite book author1 Ray C. Henrikson author2 Gordon I. Kaye author3 Joseph E. Mazurkiewicz title Histology url http books.google.com books?id 2i ToCBIt8UC&pg PA118 accessdate 18 April 2010 date 31 July 1997 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9780683062250 pages 118 ref Liposarcoma Lipoblasts are seen in liposarcoma ref name Layfield2002 cite book author Lester J. Layfield title Cytopathology of bone and soft tissue tumors url http books.google.com books?id mNZixLqAIU4C&pg PA83 accessdate 18 April 2010 year 2002 publisher Oxford University Press US isbn 9780195132366 pages 83 ref and characteristically have abundant multi vaculated clear cytoplasm and a dark staining hyperchromatic , indented cell nucleus nucleus . S ... more details
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