Unified Speech and AudioCoding USAC is an data compression Audioaudio compression format and audio codec codec for both music and speech or any mix of speech and audio using very low bit rates between 12 and 64 kbit s. ref cite web url http www.iis.fraunhofer.de en bf amm forschundentw forschaudiomulti usac index.jsp title Unified Speech and AudioCoding author Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits accessdate 2011 07 18 ref It is currently under the development in MPEG and will be defined as an international standard International Organization for Standardization ISO International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 23003 3 a.k.a. MPEG D Part 3 ref cite web url http www.iso.org iso iso catalogue catalogue tc catalogue detail.htm?csnumber 57464 title ISO IEC DIS 23003 3 Information technology MPEG audio technologies Part 3 Unified speech and audiocoding date 2011 02 15 accessdate 2011 07 18 ref and also as an MPEG 4 Audio Object Type in ISO IEC 14496 3 2009 Amd 3. ref cite web url http www.iso.org iso iso catalogue catalogue tc catalogue detail.htm?csnumber 59635 title ISO IEC 14496 3 2009 PDAM 3 Transport of unified speech and audiocoding USAC date 2011 06 30 accessdate 2011 07 18 ref It uses time domain linear prediction and residual coding tools ACELP like techniques for speech signal segments and transform coding tools Modified discrete cosine transform MDCT based techniques for music signal segments and it is able to switch between the tool sets dynamically in a signal responsive manner. It is being developed with the aim of a single, unified coder with performance ... reflist Compression Formats MPEG Software stub Category Audio codecs Category MPEG de Unified Speech and AudioCoding ... Surround parametric coding tools are integrated into the USAC codec. ref cite web url http mpeg.chiariglione.org ... Unified Speech and Audio Coder Common Encoder Reference Software year 2011 month March accessdate 2011 ... more details
Infobox file format name Audio Lossless Coding icon logo screenshot caption extension mime type code uniform type magic owner ISO released latest release version latest release date genre Audio compression ... 14496 3 url MPEG 4 Audio Lossless Coding , also known as MPEG 4 ALS, is an extension to the MPEG 4 Part 3 audio standard to allow Lossless data compression lossless Audio data compression audio compression ... iso iso catalogue catalogue ics catalogue detail ics.htm?csnumber 43026 title Audio Lossless Coding ALS , new audio profiles and BSAC extensions ISO IEC 14496 3 2005 Amd 2 2006 author ISO publisher ISO ... term predictor is similar to Free Lossless Audio Codec FLAC in its operation it is a quantized Linear predictive coding LPC predictor with a losslessly coded residual using Golomb coding Golomb Rice Coding or Block Gilbert Moore Coding BGMC ref name als dcc cite web last first author Tilman Liebchen and Yuriy Reznik authorlink title MPEG 4 ALS an Emerging Standard for Lossless AudioCoding url ... Labs Y. Reznik RealNetworks Inc. authorlink title The MPEG 4 Audio Lossless Coding ALS Standard ..., the Moving Picture Experts Group issued a call for proposals of lossless audiocoding procedures to be sent ... Lossless Transform Audio Compression pre predecessor MPEG 4 SLS MPEG 4 Scalable Lossless Coding ... projekte mpeg 4 audio lossless coding als parameter en MPEG 4 ALS homepage Technical University Berlin ... wiki.multimedia.cx index.php?title MPEG 4 Audio Lossless Coding ALS MPEG 4 Audio Lossless Coding ALS ... storage stub cs MPEG 4 ALS de MPEG 4 Audio Lossless Coding ja MPEG 4 ALS yo Audio Lossless Coding zh ... 11 of the MPEG 4 Audio standard ISO IEC 14496 3 2009 4th edition in August 2009. ref name als berlin cite web last first author Communication Systems Group authorlink title MPEG 4 Audio Lossless Coding ALS url http www.nue.tu berlin.de menue forschung projekte beendete projekte mpeg 4 audio lossless coding als parameter en format accessdate 2009 10 08 date 2009 10 01 publisher Technische Universit t ... more details
wiktionary codingCoding may refer to Channel coding in coding theory Line coding Computer programming , the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging troubleshooting, and maintaining the source code of computer programs The process of Statistical classification of information Coding social sciences , refers to an analytical process in which data, in both quantitative form such as questionnaires results or qualitative such as interview transcripts are categorised to facilitate analysis Coding therapy , a controversial therapy used to treat addictions Legal coding , the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation A coding strand of DNA is translated into a protein product Present progressive tense for Code Blue emergency code Code Blue , which is a patient in Cardiac Arrest or Respiratory Arrest See also Code , a rule for converting a piece of information for example, a letter, word, phrase, or gesture into another form or representation one sign into another sign , not necessarily of the same type Entropy encoding , a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium Source coding Medical coding disambiguation ... more details
Wiktionary audioAudio is an electrical or other representation of sound . Audio may also refer to Audio, audible content media and publishing content in media production and publishing AUDIO group , an American R&B band of 5 brothers formerly known as TNT Boyz and as B5 Audio album Audio album , an album by the Blue Man Group Audio magazine , a magazine published from 1947 to 2000 See also Acoustic disambiguation Audible disambiguation Audio frequency Audio signal Sound recording and reproduction Sound reinforcement disambig bs Audio vor fr Audio ko nn Audio pl Audio ru simple Audio ur ... more details
most important applications of speech coding are mobile telephony and Voice over IP . The techniques used in speech coding are similar to that in audio data compression and audiocoding where knowledge ..., in voiceband speech coding, only information in the frequency band 400 Hz to 3500 Hz is transmitted but the reconstructed signal is still adequate for intelligibility. Speech coding differs from other forms of audiocoding in that speech is a much simpler signal than most other audio signals ..., some auditory information which is relevant in audiocoding can be unnecessary in the speech coding context. In speech coding, the most important criterion is preservation of intelligibility and pleasantness ...unref date December 2007 essay date November 2011 Speech coding is the application of data compression of digital audio signals containing speech . Speech coding uses speech specific parameter estimation using audio signal processing techniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression ... require low coding delay, as long coding delays interfere with speech interaction. Sample companding viewed as a form of speech coding From this viewpoint, the A law algorithm A law and law .... Their audio performance remains acceptable, and there has been no need to replace them in the stationary ... speech coding scheme is Code Excited Linear Prediction CELP coding, which is used for example in the GSM ... predictive model. In addition to the actual speech coding of the signal, it is often necessary to use channel coding for transmission, to avoid losses due to transmission errors. Usually, speech coding and channel coding methods have to be chosen in pairs, with the more important bits in the speech data stream protected by more robust channel coding, in order to get the best overall coding results .... Major subfields Wide band speech coding AMR WB for WCDMA networks VMR WB for CDMA2000 networks G.722 , G.722.1 , Speex and others for VoIP and videoconferencing Narrow band speech coding FNBDT ... more details
Multiple issues wikify March 2012 orphan February 2009 context April 2008 Motion coding is a technique that can be viewed as extensions of the standard block matching techniques in other MPEG standard to image sequences of arbitrary shape. Advanced motion compensation such as overlapped motion compensation and coding of motion vectors for 8x8 blocks, could be used. Category Film and video technology design stub Compu stub ... more details
Elias coding is term used for one of two types of lossless coding schemes used in digital communications Shannon Fano Elias coding , a precursor to arithmetic coding , in which probabilities are used to determine codewords Universal code data compression Universal coding using one of Elias three universal codes, each with predetermined codewords Elias delta coding Elias gamma coding Elias omega coding Disambig cs Eliasovy k dy ... more details
Live coding ref Collins, N., McLean, A., Rohrhuber, J. & Ward, A. 2003 , Live Coding Techniques for Laptop Performance , Organised Sound 8 3 321 30. doi 10.1017 S135577180300030X ref sometimes referred to as on the fly programming , ref Wang G. & Cook P. 2004 http soundlab.cs.princeton.edu publications on the fly nime2004.pdf On the fly Programming Using Code as an Expressive Musical Instrument , In Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression NIME New York NIME, 2004 . ref just in time programming is a performance practice centred upon the use of improvisation improvised interactive programming and Real time computing Real time in Digital Signal Processing real time computing RTC in creating sound and image based digital media . Live coding is particularly prevalent in computer music , combining algorithmic composition with improvisation. ref Collins, N. 2003 Generative Music and Laptop Performance , Contemporary Music Review 22 4 67 79. ref Typically, the process of writing is made visible by projecting the computer screen in the audience ... live coding in improvised dance . ref cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 1 hi technology 8221235.stm ... Proliferation Permanence Purity of Live Algorithm Audio Art Artistic Programming is an informal ... around live coding environments. ref Ward, A., Rohrhuber, J., Olofsson, F., McLean, A., Griffiths, D ... PRS Foundation for its UK activities. Academic research into live coding is ongoing ... live coding environments are generally free open source software efforts and so are in part or wholly ... coding performance in Impromptu programming environment Impromptu by Andrew Sorensen. The first two ... Study in keith.ogv alt A Study in Keith a live coding performance in Impromptu by Andrew Sorensen Live coding environments SuperCollider ChucK http www.pawfal.org fluxus Fluxus Impromptu programming ... 6 . http vimeo.com 9790850 A short film on live coding and the TOPLAP manifesto , Stephen Ramsay, Critical ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Transform coding is a type of data compression for natural data like Sound recording audio Signal information theory signals or photographic image s. The transformation is typically Lossy compression lossy , resulting in a lower quality copy of the original input. In transform coding, knowledge of the application is used to choose information to discard, thereby lowering its Bandwidth computing bandwidth . The remaining information can then be compressed via a variety of methods. When the output is decoded, the result may not be identical to the original input, but is expected to be close enough for the purpose of the application. Colour Television Details YIQ NTSC One of the most successful transform encoding system is typically not referred to as such the example being NTSC color television . After an extensive series of studies in the 1950s, Alda Bedford showed that the human eye has high resolution only for black and white, somewhat less for mid range colors like yellows and greens, and much less for colors on the end of the spectrum, reds and blues. Using this knowledge allowed RCA to develop a system in which they discarded most of the blue signal after it comes from the camera, keeping most of the green and only some of the red this is chroma subsampling in the YIQ color space . The result is a signal with considerably less content, one that would fit within existing 6 MHz black and white signals as a phase modulated differential signal. The average TV displays the equivalent of 350 pixels on a line, but the TV signal contains enough ... is an example of a transform coding, one that examines small blocks of the image and averages out the color ... audio compression analyzes the transformed data according to a psychoacoustic model that describes ... an analog signal is a kind of transform coding that uses Sample signal sampling in one ... DEFAULTSORT Transform Coding Category Lossy compression algorithms de Transformationskodierung ... more details
AdvancED is a non profit, non governmental organization that Pre tertiary education accreditation accredits primary and secondary schools throughout the United States . ref name Citizen cite news title All 31 Coweta Schools to Get Another 5 Year Accreditation author Nelms, Ben date October 3, 2010 newspaper The Citizen location Fayette, GA url http www.thecitizen.com articles 10 03 2010 all 31 coweta schools get another 5 year accreditation accessdate 2010 10 06 ref The organization is based in Georgia U.S. state Georgia . ref cite news title Schools will work with AdvancED newspaper The News & Observer location Raleigh, NC author Hui, T. Keung and Thomas Goldsmith date September 24, 2010 url http www.newsobserver.com 2010 09 24 699641 schools will work with advanced.html accessdate 2010 10 06 ref AdvancED was formed in 2006 by the consolidation of the pre college divisions of two of the U.S. regional accreditation organizations the Commission on Accreditation and School Improvement of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools NCA CASI , and the Council on Accreditation and School Improvement of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools SACS CASI . ref name Citizen References reflist External links Official http www.advanc ed.org Category School accreditors edu org stub ... more details
Golomb coding is a lossless data compression method using a family of data compression codes invented ... code as an optimal prefix code , making Golomb coding highly suitable for situations in which the occurrence of small values in the input stream is significantly more likely than large values. Rice coding ... but possibly suboptimal prefix code Rice used this in an adaptive coding scheme, although Rice coding can refer to either that scheme or merely using that subset of Golomb codes. Whereas a Golomb ... and division by 2 can be implemented more efficiently in binary arithmetic . Rice coding is used as the entropy encoding stage in a number of lossless image compression and audio data compression methods. Overview Construction of codes Golomb coding uses a tunable parameter M to divide an input .... The quotient is sent in unary coding , followed by the remainder in truncated binary encoding . When math M 1 math Golomb coding is equivalent to unary coding. Image golomb rice code.svg Golomb ..., where the remainder code uses simple truncated binary encoding, also named Rice coding other varying ... format Quotient Code Remainder Code , where Quotient Code in unary coding Write a q length string of 1 ... 1 2, Golomb coding can be used to encode runs of zero or more P nowiki nowiki s separated ... audio data compression audio codecs , such as Shorten , ref http www.etree.org shnutils shorten ... after the Linear predictive coding linear prediction step called adaptive FIR filter in Apple Lossless . Rice coding is also used in the FELICS lossless image codec. The Golomb Rice coder is used in the entropy coding stage of Rice Algorithm based lossless image codecs . One such experiment yields ... value and adding one if the input is negative , and then Rice Golomb coding is applied by varying ... ratios In those results, the Rice coding may create very long sequences of one bits for the quotient ... Variable Length Coding for Efficient Compression of Spacecraft Television Data, IEEE Transactions ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Legal coding is the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation . Objective coding Objective coding is creating an index of Objectivity philosophy objective summary data from a document, and if discoverable , would include such information as dates, author, recipient and title. Subjective coding Subjective coding is the indexing of documents around subjectivity subjective data. This may be gleaned from templates, or more usually from a subjective reading by someone familiar with the topic. This is the more realiable way to determine factors such as importance of the document. External links Please do not add links for coding companies, Wikipedia is not for commercial promotion, and these links will be removed thank you DEFAULTSORT Legal Coding Category Legal citation Category Document management systems ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Temporal coding is a type of neural coding which relies on precise timing of action potential s or inter spike interval s. Combined with traditional rate coding models, temporal coding can provide additional information with the same rate. There is no precise definition of temporal code. Actually almost any coding scheme that is not rate coding can be referred to as a temporal code. Unlike rate coding, the temporal coding model tries to account for short term stimuli producing a small number of spikes and for fast decisions, in which upstream cells don t have adequate time to integrate rate. For example, if a neuron is capable of firing at a maximum rate of 100 spikes per second, then a stimulus 10ms would likely elicit only a single spike. This model is especially important for sound localization , which occurs within the brain on the order of milliseconds. Additionally, if low firing rates on the order of 10 spikes per second must be distinguished from arbitrarily close rates coding for different stimuli, then a neuron trying to discriminate these two stimuli may need to wait for a second or more to accumulate enough information. The discovery of spike timing dependent plasticity , where synaptic efficacy is modulated by the precise timing of spikes, provides strong evidence that temporal codes are used for cortical information transmission. It should not be confused with the coding of temporal information. See also Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Neural synchronization References Vanrullen, R., Guyonneau, R., and Thorpe, S. 2005 . Spike times make sense. Trends in Neurosciences , 28 1 1 4. Rullen, R. V. and Thorpe, S. J. 2001 . Rate Coding Versus Temporal Order Coding What the Retinal Ganglion Cells Tell the Visual Cortex. Neural Computation ... coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The rate coding model of neuron al firing communication states that as the intensity of a stimulus increases the frequency or rate of action potential s, or spike firing , increases. Rate coding is sometimes called frequency coding . This phenomenon was originally shown by Edgar Adrian ED Adrian and Yngve Zotterman Y Zotterman in 1926. ref cite journal title The impulses produced by sensory nerve endings Part II The response of a single end organ. author Adrian ED & Zotterman Y. journal J Physiol Lond. year 1926 volume 61 pages 151 171 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1514782 ref In this simple experiment different weights were hung from a muscle . As the weight of the stimulus increased, the number of spikes recorded from sensory nerves innervating the muscle also increased. From these original experiments Adrian and Zotterman concluded that action potentials were unitary events, and that the frequency of events, and not individual event magnitude, was the basis for most inter neuronal communication. See also Neural coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding References references Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
cleanup date May 2011 Zen Coding is a set of Plug in computing plug ins for text editors that allow for high speed coding and editing in HTML , XML , Extensible Stylesheet Language XSL , and other structured code formats. The project was created by Sergey Chikuyonok in 2009 and continues to be actively developed by Chikuyonok and Zen Coding users. The tools have been incorporated into a number of high profile text editor s, some plug ins developed by the Zen Coding team and others implemented independently. However, Zen Coding is primarily independent from any text editor, as the engine works directly ... 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy Way To Write HTML CSS Code ref Zen Coding is an open source code distributed under an MIT License . Functions Expand abbreviations Zen Coding uses a specific syntax in order to expand small snippets of code, similar to CSS selectors, into full fledged HTML code. ref http mondaybynoon.com 2009 08 17 the art of zen coding bringing snippets to a new level Monday By Noon The Art of zen coding Bringing Snippets to a New ... www.downloadsquad.com 2010 04 30 if you code html zen coding will change your life Download Squad Review ... at the current cursor position. Unlike other HTML pair matchers, Zen Coding searches from the cursors ... 2009 11 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy ... Coding team Eclipse software Aptana Eclipse cross platform . TextMate Mac . Coda web development ... with the official Zen Coding engine Adobe Dreamweaver Dreamweaver Windows, Mac AkelPad Windows Sublime ... Zen Coding engine Emacs cross platform IntelliJ IDEA WebStorm PHPStorm cross platform ... links http code.google.com p zen coding Zen Coding Google Project Page http www.emeditor.com modules feature1 rewrite tc 37.html How to Use Zen Coding Category Application programming interfaces ko ru Zen Coding ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The correlation coding model of neuron al firing claims that correlations between action potential s, or spikes , within a spike train may carry additional information above and beyond the simple timing of the spikes. It has been theoretically demonstrated that correlation between spike trains can only reduce, and never increase, the total mutual information present in the two spike trains about a stimulus feature. ref KO Johnson, J Neurophysiol. 1980 Jun 43 6 1793 815. ref Any degree of correlation reduces the total entropy thus, by Fisher information Fisher s Information Theorem , correlations can only reduce information. However, this does not prevent correlations from carrying information not present in the average firing rate of two pairs of neurons. A good example of this exists in the pentobarbital anesthetized marmoset auditory cortex, in which a pure tone causes an increase in the number of correlated spikes, but not an increase in the mean firing rate, of pairs of neurons. ref Nature. 1996 Jun 13 381 6583 610 3 ref Contrast this with independent spike coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Population coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 references Category Neural coding neuroscience stub uk ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The sparse code is a kind of neural code in which each item is encoded by the strong activation of a relatively small set of neurons. For each item to be encoded, this is a different subset of all available neurons ... coding from Olshausen et al. is that sparse coding of natural images produces wavelet like oriented ... a potentially large set of input patterns, sparse coding algorithms attempt to automatically find a small ... input patterns. The sparse coding for the input then consists of those representative patterns ..., and so a sparse coding for English would be those symbols. Linear Generative Model Most models of sparse coding are based on the linear generative model. ref name Rehn cite journal first1 Martin ... numbered input vectors math vec xi in mathbb R k math , the goal of sparse coding is to determine ... Raina first3 Rajat last4 Ng first4 Andrew Y. title Efficient sparse coding algorithms journal Advances ... to the distribution of basis vector coefficients for typical inputs. A coding with soft sparseness has ... Another measure of coding is whether it is critically complete or overcomplete . If the number of basis vectors n is equal to the dimensionality k of the input set, the coding is said to be critically ..., and the coding is not able to gracefully handle small scalings, small translations, or noise ... set, the coding is overcomplete . Overcomplete codings smoothly interpolate between input vectors ... David J. last2 Field title Sparse Coding with an Overcomplete Basis Set A Strategy Employed by V1 ... space is coded by roughly 100,000 neurons. ref name Rehn See also Rate coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Grandmother cell References references Bibliography F ldi k P, Endres D, http www.scholarpedia.org article Sparse Coding Sparse coding , Scholarpedia ..., jun 1996. Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Universal Coding can refer to one of two concepts in data compression Universal code data compression , a fixed prefix code that, for any probability mass function , has a data compression ratio within a constant of the optimal prefix code Universal source coding , a data compression method that limit mathematics asymptotically approaches the data compression ratio of the optimal data compression method, e.g., LZ77 and LZ78 disambig ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Cover coding is a technique for obscuring the data that is transmitted over an insecure link, to reduce the risks of snooping. An example of cover coding would be for the sender to perform a bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR of the original data with a password or random number which is known to both sender and receiver. The resulting cover coded data is then transmitted from sender to the receiver, who uncovers the original data by performing a further bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR operation on the received data using the same password or random number. DEFAULTSORT Cover Coding Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
Merge from Correlation coding Independent spike coding Phase of firing code Population coding Rate coding Sparse coding Temporal coding NeuroElectroDynamics discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Neural coding is a neuroscience related field concerned with how sensory and other ... neural coding is to characterize the relationship between the Stimulus physiology stimulus and the individual ... coding scheme for neural networks , SJ Thorpe Parallel processing in neural systems, 1990 ref . Overview ... , amplitude and shape , they are typically treated as identical stereotyped events in neural coding ... Temporal coding ISI s between two successive spikes in a spike train often vary, apparently randomly ...? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 389 397 ref The study of neural coding involves measuring and characterizing ..., or certain aspects of that stimulus, from the spike sequences it evokes. Coding schemes A sequence, or train , of spikes may contain information based on different coding schemes. In motor neurons ... of the United States of America 94 12740 12741 ref Whether neurons use rate coding or temporal coding is a topic of intense debate within the neuroscience community, even though there is no clear definition of what these terms mean. Rate coding Rate coding is a traditional coding scheme, assuming ..., rate coding is inefficient but highly robust with respect to the ISI noise . ref name Stein The concept ... rate coding, precisely calculating firing rate is very important. In fact, the term firing rate ... over time or an average over several repetitions of experiment. In rate coding, learning is based on activity ... problem with this approach is that it can not be the coding scheme used by neurons in the brain ... neuron and average over N repeated runs. Thus, the time dependent firing rate coding relies on the implicit assumption that there are always populations of neurons. Temporal coding Image with unknown ... in neural coding. ref name thorpe ref name Daniel Daniel A. Butts, Chong Weng, Jianzhong Jin ... more details
Network coding is a technique where, instead of simply relaying the Packet information technology packets ... flow network flow in a Network theory network . Network coding is a field of information theory and coding ... In 2003, Li, et al. proved that linear code linear coding is enough to achieve the upper bound in multicast problems ref S. Li, R. Yeung, and N. Cai, Linear Network Coding http pdos.lcs.mit.edu decouto .... ref In 2005, Randall Dougherty , Chris Freiling , and Ken Zeger showed that the linear coding is not sufficient ... of linearity such as convolutional coding , filter bank coding , etc. ref Dougherty, Freiling, and Zeger. Insufficiency of Linear Coding in Network Information Flow. http code.ucsd.edu zeger publications ... coding In a Linear Network coding problem, a group of nodes math P math are involved in moving ... for the cost of 2 messages, a 100 improvement . Random network coding Random Network Coding relies on using random coding random code s at nodes for multicast or in cast networks. It was originally proposed in T. Ho, R. Koetter, M. Medard, D. R. Karger and M. Effros, The Benefits of Coding over ... network coding, interior network nodes independently choose random linear mappings from inputs to outputs ... as the number of source processes. Applications Network coding is seen to be useful in the following ... id 24 Sigcomm 2006 Form XORs in The Air Practical Wireless Network Coding Bot generated title ref Coding aware routing ref http arena.cse.sc.edu papers rocx.secon06.pdf ref ref http www.cs.wisc.edu ... to IEEE Xplore 2.0 Looking at Large Networks Coding vs. Queueing Bot generated title ref Reduce ... Cai, An Efficient Network Coding based Retransmission Algorithm for Wireless Multicasts, IEEE PIMRC ... ref Network coding and Peer to Peer Networks Network coding may be used in a peer to peer network ... scenarios such as the butterfly network example above, network coding does not increase the maximum ... dmchiu p2pnetcoding.pdf ref However there are several difficulties when utilising network coding ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Population coding is a means by which information is coded in a group of neurons. In population coding, each neuron has a distribution of responses over some set of inputs, and the responses of many neurons may be combined to determine some value about the inputs. In one classic example in primary motor cortex, Georgopoulos and colleagues trained monkeys to move a joystick towards a lit target. ref http homepage.psy.utexas.edu homepage class psy394U hayhoe IntroSensoryMotorSystems week6 Ch38.pdf Intro to Sensory Motor Systems Ch. 38 page 766 ref ref Science. 1986 Sep 26 233 4771 1416 9 ref They found that a single neuron would fire for multiple target directions. However it would fire fastest for one direction and more slowly depending on how close the target was to the neuron s preferred direction. Kenneth Johnson originally derived that if each neuron represents movement in its preferred direction, and the vector sum of all neurons is calculated each neuron has a firing rate and a preferred direction , the sum points in the direction of motion. In this manner, the population of neurons codes the signal for the motion. This particular population code is referred to as population vector coding. This particular study divided the field of motor physiologists between Evarts upper motor neuron group, which followed the hypothesis that motor cortex neurons contributed to control of single muscles, and the Georgopoulos group studying the representation of movement directions in cortex. Typically ... in the set of neurons. The Johnson Georgopoulos vector coding is an example of simple averaging ... postscript none ref . Contrast this with sparse coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Neural coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical ... Category Neural coding ... more details
In coding theory and related engineering problems, coding gain is the measure in the difference between the signal to noise ratio SNR levels between the uncoded system and coded system required to reach the same bit error rate BER levels when used with the error correcting code ECC . Example If the uncoded BPSK system in AWGN environment has a Bit error rate BER of math 10 2 math at the SNR level 4 decibel dB , and the corresponding coded e.g. , BCH code BCH system has the same BER at an SNR level of 2.5dB, then we say the coding gain 4dB 2.5dB 1.5dB, due to the code used in this case BCH . Power limited regime In the power limited regime where the nominal spectral efficiency math rho le 2 math b 2D or b s Hz , i.e. the domain of binary signaling , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error probability per bit math P b E math is defined ... Pulse amplitude modulation PAM or 2× 2 Quadrature amplitude modulation QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A d 2 min A over 4E b . math ... number of nearest neighbors per transmitted bit math K b A math is equal to one, the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is approximately equal to the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math . However, if math K b A 1 math , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is less than the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math by an amount which depends on the steepness of the math P b ... is math rho 2k n math and the nominal coding gain is kd n . Example The table below lists the nominal spectral efficiency, nominal coding gain and effective coding gain at math P b E approx 10 ... coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error rate ... QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A 2 rho ... II, Lecture Notes sections 5.3, 5.5, 6.3, 6.4 Category Coding theory Category Error detection and correction ... more details
Shape coding is a method of design of a control that allows the control s function to be signified by the shape of the control. It was used successfully by Alphonse Chapanis on airplane controls to improve aviation safety . External links http ergo.human.cornell.edu studentdownloads DEA325pdfs controls.pdf A paper on the design of controls pdf file MPEG 4 Video Object Plane Decoder and the functionality The shape information is referred to as alpha planes. The techniques to be adopted by the standard will provide lossless coding of alpha planes and lossy coding of shapes and transparency information since the shape size scalable, thus allowing a tradeoffs between bit rate and accuracy of shape representation. Furthermore, intra and inter shape prediction is envisioned so as to allow both efficient random access operations as well as efficient compression of shape and transparency information. Alpha planes Binary each pixel is either 0 or 255 . Grey scale each pixel is 8 bit . Category Design design stub ... more details
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