modes of travel may include automobile s, motorcycle s, train s, bus es, and bicycle s. Suburbs Commuting ... a more efficient method for people doing so, as their travel times tend to be lower. Commuting ... community survey acs 001695.html US Commuting Averages 2002 http www.guardian.co.uk france story ... 2010 Category Urban geography Category Commuting Category Types of travel Category Transport ... pt Migra o pendular ru simple Commuting fi Pendel inti sv Pendling ta ... more details
wiktionary Aerobic is a word that means requiring Earth s atmosphere air , where air usually means oxygen . Aerobic may also refer to Aerobic exercise , prolonged exercise of moderate intensity Aerobics , a form of aerobic exercise Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration , the aerobic process of cellular respiration Aerobic organism , a living thing with an oxygen based metabolism See also Anaerobic respiration disambig es Aerobico simple Aerobic no Aerob fi Aerobinen ... more details
Globalize date December 2010 A defined by the United States Census Bureau , an extreme commute is a daily journey to work that takes more than 90 minute s each way. According to the bureau, about 3 of American adult workers are so called extreme commuters. ref http www.census.gov Press Release www releases archives american community survey acs 004489.html US Census Press Releases Bot generated title ref Not surprisingly, the number of extreme commuters in the New York Metropolitan Area New York , Baltimore Washington Metropolitan Area , and Greater Los Angeles Area Los Angeles metropolitan areas is much greater than the national average. Midas sponsored an America s Longest Commute award in 2006. The winner drove 372 miles about 4 hour s roundtrip to and from work each day. ref http www.theregister.com 2006 04 13 cisco commute ref References Reflist External links Commons category Commuting http www.newyorker.com reporting 2007 04 16 070416fa fact paumgarten There and Back Again The Soul of the Commuter from The New Yorker http www.businessweek.com magazine content 05 08 b3921127.htm Extreme Commuting More workers are willing to travel three hours a day. But what is the long term cost? from BusinessWeek http www.usatoday.com news nation 2004 11 29 commute x.htm Think your commute is tough? from USA TODAY http www.investopedia.com articles pf 06 extremecommute.asp Extreme Commuting Is It For You? from INVESTOPEDIA DEFAULTSORT Extreme Commuting Category Commuting ... more details
Image Roller.jpg thumb right Motorcycle commuting is a commuting alternative to buses, trains and cars. The term includes a number of two wheel motor vehicles including motor scooter scooters , minibike s, monkey bike s and motorcycle s. United Kingdom In London , England, over the last ten years, Powered Two Wheelers PTW s have increased by 40 . About 16,000 PTW s now ride into London every day. ref cite news url http www.bbc.co.uk london content articles 2007 01 03 motorbikeparking feature.shtml publisher BBC title Motorcyclists to face parking charge date January 4, 2007 accessdate 2007 11 12 ref Due to revenue raising objectives, Westminster Council London are charging motorcycles to park. ref cite web url http www.westminster.gov.uk councilgovernmentanddemocracy councils pressoffice news pr 3530.cfm title Westminster in motorcycle parking bays. date January 4, 2007 accessdate 2007 11 12 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20071008215905 http www.westminster.gov.uk councilgovernmentanddemocracy councils pressoffice news pr 3530.cfm Bot retrieved archive archivedate 2007 10 08 ref Many groups stand for the motorcyclist and PTW users and they are actively lobbying Westminster Council to try and persuade them not to pursue charging for motorcycle parking. ref cite web url http www.mag uk.org content pr 2007 july 04.html date July 4, 2007 accessdate 2007 11 12 title Motorcycling to Face Congestion Charges publisher Motorcycle Action Group ref ref cite web url http www.bmf.co.uk pages bmf main pages.php?main page id 698 publisher British Motorcyclists Federation title Recent issues accessdate 2007 11 12 ref United States In the United States, many individuals commute by motorycle. Ride To Work Ride To Work Inc. is a national organization that encourages motorcycle commuting. Its annual Ride To Work day, the United States largest motorcycle event by number of participants ... Commuting Reflist 30em Category Commuting Category Motorcycle riding Commuting motorcycle stub ... more details
In linear algebra , a set of matrix mathematics matrices math A 1, ldots,A k math is said to Commute mathematics commute if they commute pairwise, meaning math A iA j A jA i math for every pair i , j equivalently, the commutator vanishes math A i,A j math more abstractly, if the algebra they generate is an abelian Lie algebra . Properties Commuting matrices over an algebraically closed field are Triangular matrix Simultaneous triangularisability simultaneously triangularizable indeed, over the complex numbers they are unitarily simultaneously triangularizable. Further, if the matrices math A i math have eigenvalues math alpha i,m , math then a simultaneous eigenbasis can be chosen so that the eigenvalues of a polynomial in the commuting matrices is the polynomial in the eigenvalues. For example, for two commuting matrices math A,B math with eigenvalues math alpha i, beta j, math one can order the eigenvalues and choose the eigenbasis such that the eigenvalues of math A B math are math alpha i beta i math and the eigenvalues for math AB math are math alpha i beta i. math This was proven by Frobenius , with the two matrix case proven in 1878, later generalized by him to any finite set of commuting matrices. This is generalized by Lie s theorem , which shows that any representation of a solvable Lie algebra is simultaneously upper triangularizable, the case of commuting matrices being the abelian Lie algebra case, abelian being a fortiori solvable. History References given in Harv Drazin 1951 . The notion of commuting matrices was introduced by Arthur Cayley Cayley in his Memoir on the theory of matrices, which also provided the first axiomatization of matrices. The first significant results proved on them was the above result of Frobenius in 1878. References reflist refbegin Citation first M. last Drazin journal Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society year 1951 series 3 volume 1 pages 222 231 doi 10.1112 plms s3 1.1.222 issue 1 title Some Generalizati ... more details
Merge to Utility cycling date August 2010 discuss Talk Utility cycling Proposed merge Bicycle commuting into Utility cycling Image Urban cycling III.jpg right thumb 250px Ringstra e , Vienna , Austria , 2005 Bicycle commuting is the use of a bicycle to travel from home to a place of work or study &mdash in contrast to the use of a bicycle for bicycle racing sport , recreation or bicycle touring touring . Commuting especially lends itself to areas with relatively flat terrain and arrangements to keep riders relatively safe from the hazards of accidents with motorized traffic, e.g. separated bicycle lanes and a general acceptance of cyclists as traffic participants. A bike bus is form of collective bicycle commuting where participants cycle together on a set route following a set Public transport timetable timetable . Cyclists may join or leave the bike bus at various points along the route. Bicycles are used for commuting worldwide, though in isolated pockets in the United States . ref cite ... ref Mixed mode commuting combines the use of a bicycle with public transportation for commuting. As a rather cheap means of transportation as well as physical exercise at the same time, bicycle commuting .... Bicycle features that enhance commuting include racks or pannier s for storage, battery or dynamo ... name Hopes cite news title Big Hopes for Commuting by Bike author John Markoff publisher The New York Times url http www.nytimes.com 2002 10 10 business big hopes for commuting by bike.html?scp 12&sq ... In the Netherlands , commuting by bicycle is common, as is the combined use of the bicycle ... parties add paragraphs in which they vow to enhance facilities for bicycle commuting. ref http ... External links commons category Commuting No More Links PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE ... Bike to Work Week Day Map and Events List http commutebybike.com cats commuting 101 Commuting ... Bike Meccas Utility cycling Category Utility cycling Commuting ja no Sykle p jobben ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The aerobic threshold AeT is a term sometimes used by sports coaches and trainers to describe a level of exercise somewhat below the anaerobic threshold . It, however, is not a defined physiological term. The AeT is sometimes defined as the exercise intensity at which anaerobic energy pathways start to operate and where blood lactate reaches a concentration of 2 Mole unit mmol litre at rest it is around 1 . This tends to be at a heart rate of approximately 20 40 bpm less than the anaerobic threshold and correlates with about 65 of the maximum heart rate. The anaerobic energy system does not utilize oxygen to create Adenosine triphosphate ATP and uses glycogen glucose. Lactic acid is the by product of creating ATP for working muscles. See also Anaerobic exercise VO2max DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Threshold Category Aerobic exercise Sport stub de aerobe Schwelle ... more details
Other uses Aerobics Refimprove date January 2008 Aerobic exercise is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic Adenosine triphosphate energy generating process ... 0 7817 8406 1 page 61 ref Aerobic literally means living in air , ref name Cooper1997 cite book author ... and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism ... by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time. ref name PlowmanSmith2007 Aerobic versus anaerobic exercise Refimprove section date October 2011 talk y File Exercise zones.png thumb 300px Fox and Haskell formula showing the split between aerobic light orange and anaerobic dark orange exercise and heart rate. Aerobic exercise and fitness can be contrasted with anaerobic ... with aerobic exercises because the less efficient anaerobic metabolism must supplement the aerobic system due to energy demands that exceed the aerobic system s capacity. What is generally called aerobic exercise might be better termed solely aerobic , because it is designed to be low intensity ... by the liver, and fat metabolism is increased so that it can fuel the aerobic pathways. Aerobic exercise may be fueled by glycogen reserves, fat reserves, or a combination of both, depending on the intensity. Prolonged moderate level aerobic exercise at 65 VO2 max the heart rate of 150 ... www.zowerkthetlichaam.nl 1946 fat vs carbohydrate metabolism during aerobic exercise title Fat vs. carbohydrate metabolism during aerobic exercise ref ref name Watt cite journal title Intramuscular ... may allow to postpone the onset exhaustion beyond 4 hours. ref name Watt Aerobic exercise comprises ... period of time. For example, running a long distance at a moderate pace is an aerobic exercise, but Sprint ... considered aerobic activity, while golf or two person team tennis, with brief bursts of activity punctuated by more frequent breaks, may not be predominantly aerobic. Some sports are thus inherently ... more details
Citations missing date June 2007 Aerobic conditioning is a process whereby one trains the heart and lungs to pump blood more efficiently, allowing more oxygen to get to muscle s and organ anatomy organs . Aerobic exercise Aerobic conditioning is a determining factor in performance in events with a duration greater than 2mins. On the athletics track this would relate to all events extending from the 800m. Usually this is done through cardiovascular exercise , like running , human swimming swimming , aerobics , etc. A stronger heart does not pump blood faster but more thoroughly. Trained endurance athletes can have a heartbeat as low as the reported 28 beats per minute in people such as Miguel Indurain or 32 beats per minute of Lance Armstrong , ref The Lance Armstrong Performance Program ISBN 1 57954 270 0 ref both of whom were professional cyclists at the highest level. Although exercising at lower intensities will improve aerobic conditioning, the most rapid gains are made when exercising close to an individual s anaerobic threshold. ref Arthur Lydiard s Guide to Athletic Training. A Guide to the Brooks American Track and Field Lydiard Running Lecture Tour 1999 ref This is the intensity at which the heart and lungs can no longer provide to the demands of the working muscles and an oxygen debt begins to accrue or when the exercise moves from being aerobic to anaerobic. Aerobic training intensity for most individuals will be 85 92 of maximum heart rate. ref Craig, Neil. Scientific Heart Rate Training. Eureka Quality Printers.1996. ref References references Cooper, Kenneth C. The New Aerobics. Eldora, Iowa Prairie Wind. Donatelle, Rebecca J. Health The Basics . 6th ed. San Francisco Pearson Education, Inc. 2005. Hinkle, J. Scott. http www.ericdigests.org 1992 3 fitness.htm School Children and Fitness Aerobics for Life . Ann Arbor, MI ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Personnel Services. See also Cardiorespiratory fitness Category Aerobic exercise health stub ... more details
of aerobic granular sludge is one of them. Image Granulos.jpg right thumb 260px Aerobic Granules Aerobic granular biomass The following definition differentiates an aerobic granule from a simple ... IWA Workshop Aerobic Granular Sludge in Munich 2004 Cita Granules making up aerobic granular activated ... 2005 . Discussion outcomes. Ede. In Aerobic Granular Sludge. Water and Environmental Management Series. IWA Publishing. Munich, pp.165 169 ref Formation of aerobic granules Image ReactorSBR.JPG right thumb 220px SBR Reactor, with aerobic granules Granular sludge biomass is developed in sequencing batch ... E., Wilderer P.A. and Heijnen J.J. 1999 . Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor .... Liu Y. and Tay J H 2004 . Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor ... show that the application of high shear forces favours the formation of aerobic granules and the physical granule integrity. It was found that aerobic granules could be formed only above a threshold ..., and more regular, rounder, and more compact aerobic granules were developed at high hydrodynamic shear ..., structure and metabolism of aerobic granules. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , Vol. 57, Nos. 1 2, pp. 227 233. ref . Advantages The development of biomass in the form of aerobic ... phosphorus compounds from wastewater. Aerobic granules in aerobic SBR present several advantages ... of aerobic and anoxic zones inside the granules to perform simultaneously different biological processes ... treatment plant working with aerobic granular sludge can be reduced by at least 20 and space requirements ... Loosdrecht M.C.M. 2004 . Aerobic granular sludge From idea to pilot plant.. In Wilderer, P.A. Ed. , Granules 2004. IWA workshop Aerobic Granular Sludge, Technical University of Munich, 26 28 September ... in most of the works carried out with aerobic granules. These works were mainly focussed on the study ... Corral A., Garrido J.M. and M ndez R. 2004 Aerobic granulation with industrial wastewater in sequencing ... more details
Image Anaerobic.png 300px thumb right Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in a liquid culture br 1 Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. br 2 Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. br 3 Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. br 4 Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration. br 5 Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. ref DorlandsDict one 000002016 aerobe ref Facultative anaerobes grow and survive in an oxygenated environment and so do aerotolerant anaerobes. Types Obligate aerobe s require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration. In a process known as cellular respiration , these organisms use oxygen to oxidation oxidize substrates for example sugar s and fat s in order to obtain energy . Facultative anaerobic organism Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen, but also have Anaerobic organism anaerobic methods of energy production. Microaerophile s are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations. Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic organism anaerobic because they do not use it as a terminal electron acceptor . Glucose A good example would be the oxidation of glucose a monosaccharide in aerobic metabolism aerobic respiration . C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub 6 O sub 2 sub 38 Adenosine diphosphate ... obligate aerobes. References reflist See also Aerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Facultative ... 2010 DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Organism Category Cellular respiration Category Microbiology ar ... more details
Aerobic denitrification or co respiration the simultaneous use of both oxygen O sub 2 sub and nitrate NO sub 3 sub sup sup as oxidizing agent s, performed by various genera of microorganisms. ref name controversy cite journal last Robertson first Lesley A. coauthors J. Gijs Kuenen date 22 April 1984 title Aerobic denitrification a controversy revived journal Archives of Microbiology volume 139 issue 4 issn 0302 8933 url http www.springerlink.com content v34t52584g6r63t2 ref This process differs from anaerobic denitrification not only in its insensitivity to the presence of oxygen, but also in that it has a higher potential to create the harmful byproduct nitrous oxide. ref name soils cite journal last Lloyd first David date October 1993 title Aerobic denitrification in soils and sediments from fallacies to facts journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution volume 8 issue 10 url http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6VJ1 4B0PBXH N4& user 4423& coverDate 10 2F31 2F1993& rdoc 1& fmt high& orig search& sort d& docanchor &view c& acct C000059605& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 4423&md5 b4759cfa326f979b58c4bf6b9a4a465e doi 10.1016 0169 5347 93 90218 E pages 352 ref Nitrogen, acting as an oxidant, is therefore reduced in a succession of four reactions performed by the enzymes Nitrate reductase nitrate , Nitrite reductase nitrite , Nitric oxide reductase nitric oxide , and Nitrous oxide reductase nitrous oxide reductases. ref name soils The pathway ultimately yields reduced molecular nitrogen N sub 2 sub , as well as, when the reaction does not reach completion, the intermediate species nitrous oxide N sub 2 sub O . A simple denitrification reaction proceeds as chem NO 3 ... Biogeochemistry An Analysis of Global Change publisher Academic Press isbn 012625155 ref and that aerobic ... with varying levels of productivity, usually lower productivity than results from purely aerobic respiration ... to remove carcinogenic nitrate ions from drinking water. ref name soils Aerobic denitrification ... more details
Image Cardio Boxing Group Fitness Class.JPG thumb right 250px Cardio Kickboxing group fitness class. Aerobic kickboxing is a sport specific equipment based Physical exercise exercise program created by Frank Thiboutot at The Bay Club in Portland, Maine Portland , Maine in 1992 as Cardio Kickboxing . The original circuit training format was developed to help promote the sport of kickboxing through kickboxing for Physical fitness fitness . The techniques used during the one hour classes, using conventional Punching bag heavy bags and focus mitt training pads , are based on authentic kickboxing techniques which provide both resistance training and Circulatory system cardiovascular benefits to its participants. This is further explained in his book, Cardio Kickboxing Elite . Cardio Kickboxing is a registered U.S. trademark , 1,890,451, 1995. Most aerobic kickboxing classes begin with light stretch es and a Aerobic exercise cardio Warming up warm up . Typical routines include a series of repetitive Punch combat punch es, Strike attack hand strikes , kick s and other self defense moves. ref cite web url http www.womenfitness.net cardio kickboxing.htm title Cardio Kickboxing Do & Don t publisher Womenfitness.net accessdate 20 October 2010 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20101201015444 http womenfitness.net cardio kickboxing.htm archivedate 1 December 2010 DASHBot deadurl no ref Notes Reflist 1 Further reading cite book title Cardio Kickboxing Elite For Sport, for Fitness, for Self defense last Thiboutot first Frank year 2001 publisher YMAA Publication Center location Boston, Mass. isbn 1 886969 92 2 oclc 45751308 url http ymaa.com publishing books external cardio kickboxing elite Google books fHJByZOk wC Cardio Kickboxing Elite . External links Give at least one PUBLISHED source for the information, like a reputable website or book. Other editors must be able to check it, so ... Kickboxing For Fitness Category Aerobic exercise Category Kickboxing fr Cardio kickboxing ... more details
Orphan date November 2011 Rural Urban Commuting Areas RUCAs represent a relatively new categorization of rural areas based on research at the Economic Research Service ERS of the United States Department of Agriculture and the University of Washington . RUCAs are a Census tract based classification scheme that use the standard United States Census Bureau Census Bureau urban area definitions in combination with commuting information to characterize all of the Nation s Census tracts regarding their rural and urban status. The RUCAs are based on measures of urbanization, population density, and daily commuting. Census tracts are used to establish RUCAs because they are the smallest geographic building block for which reliable commuting data are available. References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach reflist Category United States Census Bureau geography Category United States Department of Agriculture Category University of Washington US stub ... more details
. ref cite web url http usingbicycles.blogspot.com 2008 04 mixed mode commuting in boston.html title Mixed Mode Commuting in Boston work Using Bicycles author Sherwood Stranieri date 2008 04 25 accessdate ... commresearch.pdf format PDF title Commuting Behavior Research work Montgomery County Department ... mode commuters often travel prepared for inclement weather. See also Commuting Park and ride References ... and how to generate footnotes using the ref , ref and reference tags reflist Category Commuting ... more details
Infobox Book name Casper the Commuting Cat title orig translator image File Casper the Commuting Cat.jpg 200px image caption First edition cover author Susan Finden illustrator cover artist country United Kingdom language English language English series subject Cat s genre Non fiction , biography , children s literature publisher Simon & Schuster Simon & Schuster UK pub date 5 August 2010 media type print hardcover pages 240pp isbn 0 857 20008 9 Casper the Commuting Cat is an English non fiction book by Susan Finden about her cat, Casper cat Casper who attracted world wide media attention when he became a regular bus commuter in Plymouth in Devon , England. ref name Herald Dec2010 The book was ghostwriter ghost written by Scottish writer Grace Monroe Linda Watson Brown Linda Watson Brown , and was first ... by reviewers. Synopsis Casper the Commuting Cat is the story of an adventurous cat, Casper cat ... centre and returned to his bus stop, the driver would let him off. Casper s commuting habits ... told in Sue s voice. ref name Herald Apr2010 Casper the Commuting Cat was aimed at both adults ... at English at school. ref name Herald Apr2010 Reception Casper the Commuting Cat was published ... book last Finden first Susan title Casper the Commuting Cat year 2010 publisher Simon & Schuster ... Jan2010 cite web url http www.dailymail.co.uk news article 1246669 Casper commuting cat live new childrens book killed hit run.html title Casper the commuting cat to be immortalised in new children s book ... reviews index.php?title Casper the Commuting Cat The True Story of the Cat Who Rode the Bus and Stole Our Hearts by Susan Finden and Linda Watson Brown title Casper the Commuting Cat The True ... commuting cat book review 3967135 title Casper The Commuting Cat Book Review last Bevan first Darren ... tol arts and entertainment books article7005168.ece title Casper, the late commuting cat, to have ... the Commuting Cat . Daily Mail . Category 2010 books Category English non fiction books Category Children ... more details
In quantum mechanics , a complete set of commuting observables CSCO is a set of commutative commuting operator mathematics operator s whose eigenvalue s completely specify the quantum state state of a system harv Gasiorowicz 1974 p 119 . For example, in the case of the hydrogen atom , the Hamiltonian quantum mechanics Hamiltonian H , the angular momentum L and its projection mathematics projection L sub z sub along any arbitrary z axis form a CSCO if one ignores the spin physics spin of the proton and of the electron as well as the movement of the center of mass . Since each pair of observables in the set commutes, the observables are all compatible so that the measurement of one observable has no effect on the result of measuring another observable in the set. It is therefore not necessary to specify the order in which the different observables are measured. Measurement of the complete set of observables constitutes a complete measurement, in the sense that it projects the quantum state of the system onto a unique and known vector in the basis defined by the set of operators. This specifies the conditions for the preparation of a well defined quantum state. Also, the states which form the basis of the CSCO are completely defined by specifying the eigenvalues math lambda 1 math , math lambda 2 math , ..., associated with each observable math O 1 math , math O 2 math , ... of the CSCO. In the above example of the hydrogen atom, the basis states are defined by the quantum numbers math n,l,m rangle math , and it is not necessary to include the wave function or the atomic orbital . References Citation last1 Gasiorowicz first1 Stephen title Quantum Physics publisher John Wiley & Sons location New York isbn 978 0 471 29281 4 year 1974 . Category Quantum mechanics quantum stub cs pln mno ina pozorovateln ch de Vollst ndiger Satz kommutierender Observablen fr Ensemble complet d observables qui commutent nl Complete verzameling van commuterende observabelen ru ... more details
The Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships are the European Championships for aerobic gymnastics . They have been organized by the European Union of Gymnastics since 1999. ref name UEG http www.ueg gymnastics.com commstore commstore2.pl c5deb5d91c2b30bc en default.html?k 4&P1 4&P2 0&P3 events&P4 4&block id unternav,navlinks,content,P3,head European Union of Gymnastics Events ref class wikitable border 2 border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 1 style border collapse collapse bgcolor efefef Year Games Host City Country 1999 1999 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships I Birmingham Flag Great Britain 2001 2001 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships II Zaragoza Flag Spain 2003 2003 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships III Debrecen Flag Hungary 2005 2005 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships IV Coimbra Flag Portugal 2007 2007 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships V Szombathely Flag Hungary 2009 2009 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships VI Liberec Flag Czech Republic 2011 2011 Aerobic Gymnastics European Championships VII Bucharest Flag Romania References Reflist Portal Gymnastics Category European championships gymnastics competition stub hu Aerobik Eur pa bajnoks g ... more details
Use dmy dates date October 2010 The Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships are the World Championships for aerobic gymnastics . They have been held since 1995. class wikitable border 2 border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 1 style border collapse collapse bgcolor efefef Year Games Host City Country 1995 1995 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships I Paris Flag France 1996 1996 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships II The Hague Flag Netherlands 1997 1997 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships III Perth, Western Australia Perth Flag Australia 1998 1998 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships IV Catania Flag Italy 1999 1999 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships V Hanover Flag Germany 2000 2000 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships VI Riesa Flag Germany 2002 2002 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships VII Klaip da Flag Lithuania 2004 2004 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships VIII Sofia Flag Bulgaria 2006 2006 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships IX Nanjing Flag China 2008 2008 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships X Ulm Flag Germany 2010 2010 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships XI Rodez Flag France All time medal count small Last updated after the 2010 Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships. small RankedMedalTable 1 align left ROM 10 11 14 35 2 align left BRA 9 3 3 15 3 align left ESP 8 1 2 11 4 align left RUS 4 4 7 15 5 align left CHN 4 4 2 10 6 align left FRA 3 7 7 17 7 align left KOR 3 5 3 11 8 align left JPN 3 1 0 4 9 align left BUL 2 4 1 7 10 align left AUS 1 2 2 5 11 align left HUN 1 1 2 4 12 align left NZL 1 0 2 3 13 align left ITA 0 3 0 3 14 align left SWE 0 0 2 2 rowspan 2 15 align left CHI 0 0 1 1 align left ISL 0 0 1 1 Portal Gymnastics World gym champs Main world championships Category Aerobic Gymnastics World Championships gymnastics competition stub cs Mistrovstv sv ta ve sportovn m aerobiku de Aerobic Weltmeisterschaften fr Championnats du monde de gymnastique a robic ja pl Mistrzostwa wiata w aerobiku pt Campeonato Mundial de Gin stica ... more details
unreferenced date July 2010 Aerobic granular reactor is a type of waste treatment facility. Overview Wastewater treatment plants WWTP based on activated sludge often cover large surface areas, necessitated mainly by the large settling tank s. To build compact WWTP s, biomass can be grown as biofilms on a carrier material, or as fast settling Aerobic granulation aerobic granular sludge without a carrier. Recent research showed the advantages of a discontinuously fed system, in which it is possible to grow stable granulated sludge under aerobic conditions. Simultaneous Chemical oxygen demand , and Nitrogen and Phosphorus removal, can be easily integrated in a discontinuous fed system. Because of the high settling capacity of the granules, the use of a traditional settler is unnecessary. Therefore the installation can be built very compact, needing only 20 of the surface area of conventional activated sludge systems. See also List of waste water treatment technologies Aerobic granulation External links http www.stowa selectedtechnologies.nl Sheets Sheets Aerobic.Granular.Sludge.Process.html Aerobic granular sludge process Category Biodegradable waste management Category Biodegradation Category Environmental engineering Category Waste treatment technology waste stub ... more details
orphan date September 2010 Aerobic methane production is a recent discovery. While biomethanation usually only occurs under Anoxic event anoxic conditions, the generation of methane in an oxygen ated environment under near ambient conditions was discovered in 2006. ref Keppler, F., Roeckmann, T., Hamilton, J. T. G., and Bra , M., Nature 439 7073 , 187 2006 . http www.nature.com nature journal v439 n7073 abs nature04420.html Methane emissions from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions ref Although the emissions are smaller than the initial extrapolations, results clearly show the existence of a non microbial CH sub 4 sub production. Temperature and ultraviolet light are key factors involved in the Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration aerobic generation of CH sub 4 sub from organic matter. ref Vigano, I., et al. Biogeosciences, 5, 937 947, 2008. http www.biogeosciences.net 5 937 2008 bg 5 937 2008.html Effect of UV radiation and temperature on the emission of methane from plant biomass and structural components ref References Reflist Category Methane Category Greenhouse gas emissions Environment stub ... more details
class wikitable style float right margin left 10px Anaerobic & aerobic system comparison style background color cfb Anaerobic digestion style background color cfb Composting Digestate Compost Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Methane Heat Hydrogen sulfide trace levels The following article is a comparison of aerobic and anaerobic digestion . In both Aerobic organism aerobic and anaerobic systems the growing and reproducing microorganisms within them require a source of elemental oxygen to survive. ref name Aerobic and anaerobic respiration http www.sp.uconn.edu terry Common respiration.swf Aerobic and anaerobic respiration , www.sp.uconn.edu, retrieved 24.10.07 ref In an anaerobic system there is an absence of gaseous oxygen. In an anaerobic digester, gaseous oxygen is prevented from entering the system through physical containment in sealed tanks. Anaerobes access oxygen from sources other than the surrounding air. The oxygen source for these microorganisms can be the organic material itself or alternatively may be supplied by inorganic oxide s from within the input material. When the oxygen source in an anaerobic system is derived from the organic material itself, then the intermediate end products are primarily alcohol s, aldehyde s, and organic acid s plus carbon dioxide. In the presence of specialised methanogens, the intermediates are converted to the final end products of methane, carbon dioxide with trace levels of hydrogen sulfide. ref Adapted from Beychok, M. 1967 Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants , First edition, John Wiley & Sons, Library of Congress Control Number LCCN 67019834 ref ref http www.anaerobic digestion.com html the anaerobic digestion ..., R. 2006 Methanogenic bacteria in Anaerobic digestion of biomass, p49 ref In an aerobic system ... atmosphere. The end products of an aerobic process are primarily carbon dioxide and water which are the stable ... , phosphate and sulfate . ref name Aerobic and anaerobic respiration In an aerobic system the majority ... more details
An aerobic treatment system or ATS , often called incorrectly an aerobic septic system is a small scale sewage treatment system similar to a septic tank system, but which uses an Cellular respiration aerobic ... system, the aerobic treatment system produces a high quality secondary effluent, which can be sterilized ..., where the aerobic bacteria digest the biological wastes in the wastewater. Settling stage to allow ... Items to Avoid , Hoot Aerobic Systems ref Types of aerobic treatment systems Small scale aerobic systems generally use one of two designs, fixed film systems, or continuous flow, suspended growth aerobic systems CFSGAS . The pre treatment and effluent handling are similar for both types ... to air. In both cases, the biomass must be exposed to both wastewater and air for the aerobic ... of one or two revolutions per minute. ref name epa Continuous flow, suspended growth aerobic systems ... in the wastewater. ref name epa Retrofit or portable aerobic systems Another increasingly common use of aerobic treatment is for the remediation of failing or failed anaerobic septic systems, by retrofitting an existing system with an aerobic feature. This class of product, known as aerobic remediation ... dissolved oxygen and aerobic bacteria flow to the distribution component and digest the bio mat. Composting ... than the flush toilet s associated with the above types of aerobic treatment systems. These systems ... by aerobic bacteria, but also by fungi , arthropods , and earthworm s. Treatment times are very ... from a traditional septic system in fact, an aerobic treatment system can be used as a secondary treatment for septic tank effluent. ref name epa These stages increase the initial cost of the aerobic ... , aerobic treatment systems require a constant supply of electricity to drive the air pump increasing ..., an aerobic system produces a higher quality effluent than a septic tank, and thus the leach field ... too environmentally sensitive for septic system output. Some aerobic systems recycle the effluent through ... more details
Orphan date October 2011 Aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacteria AAPB , also named aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophs AAPs , is a group of bacteria that are primarily heterotrophic but can utilize light energy through bacterial chlorophyll a . ref Nianzhi Jiao, Gerhard J. Herndl, Dennis A. Hansell, Ronald Benner, Gerhard Kattner, Steven W. Wilhelm, David L. Kirchman, Markus G. Weinbauer, Tingwei Luo, Feng Chen, Farooq Azam 2010 . Microbial Production of Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Matter Long term Carbon Storage in the Global Ocean . Nature Reviews Microbiology 8, 593 599. dio 10. 1038 nrmicro2386 ref Description In contrast to other known anoxygenic phototrophs, these microbes are obligatory aerobes They metabolize carbon and other organic substrates and use O2 dependent respiration, but they also contain bacteriochlorophyll a, carotenoids , as well as photosynthetic reaction centers and light harvesting complexes. Although the amount of bacteriochlorophyll in these photoheterotrophs is lower than in other photosynthetic bacteria, they are capable of fixing CO2 during photosynthesis, and light enhances their growth. Their ancestors appear to be purple nonsulfur bacteria, and they have arisen independently several times during evolution. So far, they have not attracted ... Claistre, David L. Kirchman, Philippe Lebaron 2007 . High Abundances of Aerobic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic ... Koblizek, Christopher Rathgeber, Paul G. Falkowsik 2001 . Contribution of Aerobic Photoheterotrophic ... and Taxonomy Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are classified in two marine Erythrobacter and Roseobacter ... Proteobacteria . ref Vladimir V. Yurkov, J. Thomas Beatty 1998 . Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic ... as well as many non photosynthetic bacteria are included. Apparently, these aerobic BChl containing bacteria represent an evolutionary transient phase from anaerobic phototrophs to aerobic non phototrophs ... are in a evolutionary stable state. ref Keizo Shimada 2004 . Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophs . Advances ... more details
Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria AAPBs are alphaproteobacteria that are obligate aerobe s that capture energy from light by anoxygenic photosynthesis . Anoxygenic photosynthesis is the phototrophic process where light energy is captured and stored as ATP. The production of oxygen is non existent and, therefore, water is not used as an electron donor. They are widely distributed marine plankton that may constitute over 10 of the open ocean microbial community. They can be particularly abundant in oligotrophic conditions where they were found to be 24 of the community. ref cite doi 10.1128 AEM.02652 06 ref Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are photoheterotrophic phototroph microbes that exist in a variety of aquatic environments. Photoheterotrophs Gk photo light, hetero an other, troph nourishment , are heterotrophic organisms that use light to produce energy, but are unable to utilize carbon dioxide as their primary carbon source. Most are obligately aerobic organism aerobic , meaning they require oxygen to grow. One remarkable aspect of these novel bacteria is that they, unlike other similar bacteria , are unable to utilize BChl bacteriochlorophyll for anaerobic growth. Bacteriochlorophyll is The only photosynthetic pigment that exists in AAPB is BChl a. Anaerobic phototrophic bacteria , on the contrary, can contain numerous species of photosynthetic pigments like bacteriochlorophyll a ,b,c,d,e,f,etc. There is still a large void in the areas regarding the abundance .... ref Ritchie, Anna E. & Johnson, Zackary I. 2012 . Abundance and Genetic Diversity of Aerobic ..., DU. 2003 . Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and their roles in marine ecosystems. Chinese ... and Roseobacter . The realization that the synthesized BChl a by obligately aerobic heterotrophs ... role in bacterial classification. ref Yurkov, Vladimir V., & Beatty, Thomas J. 1998 . Aerobic Anoxygenic ... distribution pattern of abundance and diversity of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria in the global ... more details
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