. However, for the whole organism this cannot be sustained for long, and humans are therefore obligate aerobes. References reflist See also Aerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Facultative anaerobic organism Fermentation biochemistry Microaerophile Bacteria Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT AerobicOrganism Category Cellular respiration Category Microbiology ar ...Image Anaerobic.png 300px thumb right Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in a liquid culture br 1 Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. br 2 Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. br 3 Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one but as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. br 4 Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration. br 5 Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. An aerobicorganism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow ... s require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration. In a process known as cellular respiration , these organisms ... energy . Facultative anaerobic organism Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen, but also have Anaerobic organism anaerobic methods of energy production. Microaerophile s are organisms that may use ..., but they are anaerobic organism anaerobic because they do not use it as a terminal electron acceptor . Glucose A good example would be the oxidation of glucose a monosaccharide in aerobic metabolism aerobic respiration . C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub 6 O sub 2 sub 38 Adenosine diphosphate ... aerobes, which require oxygen. Most anaerobic organism s are bacteria. Clarify date December 2010 Being ... pl Aerob pt Aerobiose ro Organism aerob ru sl Aerobiont sv Aerob uk zh ... more details
wiktionary Aerobic is a word that means requiring Earth s atmosphere air , where air usually means oxygen . Aerobic may also refer to Aerobic exercise , prolonged exercise of moderate intensity Aerobics , a form of aerobic exercise Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration Aerobic respiration , the aerobic process of cellular respiration Aerobicorganism , a living thing with an oxygen based metabolism See also Anaerobic respiration disambig es Aerobico simple Aerobic no Aerob fi Aerobinen ... more details
gaspakjar.htm GasPak System . Accessed May 3, 2008. ref References Reflist 1 See also Aerobicorganism Anaerobic infection Anaerobic digestion Biogas Digester Facultative anaerobic organism Hypoxia ...Image Anaerobic.png 300px thumb right Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in liquid culture br 1 Obligate aerobic oxygen needing bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen. br 2 Obligate anaerobic bacteria gather at the bottom to avoid oxygen. br 3 Facultative bacteria gather mostly at the top, since aerobic respiration is the most beneficial one but, as lack of oxygen does not hurt them, they can be found all along the test tube. br 4 Microaerophiles gather at the upper part of the test tube but not at the top. They require oxygen but at a low concentration. br 5 Aerotolerant bacteria are not affected at all by oxygen, and they are evenly spread along the test tube. An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. It could possibly react negatively and may even die if oxygen is present. There are three types obligate anaerobe s, which cannot use oxygen for growth and are even harmed by it aerotolerant organisms, which cannot use oxygen for growth, but tolerate the presence of it facultative anaerobic organism facultative anaerobe s, which can grow without oxygen but can utilize oxygen if it is present Metabolism Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation biochemistry fermentation ... of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration without oxygen, some of them ferment ... molecule that the typical aerobic reaction generates. Plants and fungi e.g., yeasts in general use ... Culturing anaerobes Since normal microbial culturing occurs in atmospheric air, which is an aerobic ... DEFAULTSORT Anaerobic Organism Category Biodegradation Category Biodegradable waste management ... Anaerobic organism fi Anaerobinen eli sv Anaerob th uk zh ... more details
saved book title Organism subtitle cover image cover color Organism Main article Organism Superorganism Superorganism Evolution Common descent Abiogenesis Origin of life History of life Timeline of evolution Category Wikipedia books on biology Organism ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Ur organism is the term loosely given to the hypothetical first life species, from which all other life presumably evolved. The term was used first by Charles Darwin , and has been picked up by various subsequent thinkers addressing the same questions of origin of species. Not to be confused with the Last universal ancestor LUA , the term ur organism refers to the first universal ancestor common to all life existing on earth today. It is therefore the ancestor of the LUA. The ur organism is not necessarily the Abiogenesis first instance of life arising abiogenically on Earth. As with the concept of the Mitochondrial Eve , the existence of the ur organism does not imply the existence of a population bottleneck or a first organism. It is estimated to have lived some 3.9 to 4.1 billion years ago. See also Abiogenesis Aleksandr Oparin Last universal ancestor Common descent DEFAULTSORT Ur Organism Category Origin of life Category Hypothetical life forms Biology stub ... more details
sociology In sociology , the social organism is theoretical concept in which a society or social structure is viewed as a living organism. From this perspective, typically, the relation of social features, e.g. law , family , crime , etc., are examined as they interact with other features of society to meet social needs. All elements of a society or social organism have a function that maintains the stability and cohesiveness of the organism. History The model or concept of society as an organism was developed in the late 19th century by mile Durkheim , a French sociologist. According to Durkheim, the more specialized the function of an organism or society the greater its development, and vice versa. Generally, culture , politics , and economics are the three core activities of society. Social health depends on the harmonious interworking of these three activities. Hence, the health of the social organism can be thought of a function of the interaction of culture, politics, and economics, which in theory can be studied, modeled, and analyzed. The conception of an organismic society was elaborated further by Herbert Spencer in his essay on The Social Organism . Related An analogous concept is the Gaia hypothesis in which the entire earth is theorized to be a single unified organism . If global society can be seen as a super organism, then the Internet can be viewed as that organism ... R. title The Social Organism A Short History of the Idea That a Human Society May Be Regarded As a Gigantic ... Rawie, Henry title The Social Organism and its Natural Laws publisher Williams & Wilkins Co. year 1990 id ASIN B000879AT2 cite book author Steiner, Rudolf title The Renewal of the Social Organism publisher ...? http www.gwu.edu asc people new cannon gwc.html The Fluid Matrix of the Social Organism http www.brocku.ca MeadProject Thomas Thomas 1905.html Social Psychology and the Social Organism http ... the essay The Social Organism in volume 1 Category Superorganisms Category Sociological paradigms ... more details
Aerobic denitrification or co respiration the simultaneous use of both oxygen O sub 2 sub and nitrate NO sub 3 sub sup sup as oxidizing agent s, performed by various genera of microorganisms. ref name controversy cite journal last Robertson first Lesley A. coauthors J. Gijs Kuenen date 22 April 1984 title Aerobic denitrification a controversy revived journal Archives of Microbiology volume 139 issue 4 issn 0302 8933 url http www.springerlink.com content v34t52584g6r63t2 ref This process differs from anaerobic denitrification not only in its insensitivity to the presence of oxygen, but also in that it has a higher potential to create the harmful byproduct nitrous oxide. ref name soils cite journal last Lloyd first David date October 1993 title Aerobic denitrification in soils and sediments from fallacies to facts journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution volume 8 issue 10 url http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6VJ1 4B0PBXH N4& user 4423& coverDate 10 2F31 2F1993& rdoc 1& fmt high& orig search& sort d& docanchor &view c& acct C000059605& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 4423&md5 b4759cfa326f979b58c4bf6b9a4a465e doi 10.1016 0169 5347 93 90218 E pages 352 ref Nitrogen, acting as an oxidant, is therefore reduced in a succession of four reactions performed by the enzymes Nitrate reductase nitrate , Nitrite reductase nitrite , Nitric oxide reductase nitric oxide , and Nitrous oxide reductase nitrous oxide reductases. ref name soils The pathway ultimately yields reduced molecular nitrogen N sub 2 sub , as well as, when the reaction does not reach completion, the intermediate ... organism facultative anaerobes ref cite book last Schlesinger first William H. year 1997 title Biogeochemistry An Analysis of Global Change publisher Academic Press isbn 012625155 ref and that aerobic ... with varying levels of productivity, usually lower productivity than results from purely aerobic respiration ... to remove carcinogenic nitrate ions from drinking water. ref name soils Aerobic denitrification ... more details
Citations missing date November 2008 Maintenance of an organism is the collection of processes to stay alive, excluding production processes. The Dynamic Energy Budget theory delineates two classes Somatic maintenance . This comprises mainly the turnover of structural mass mainly proteins and the maintenance of concentration gradients of metabolites across membranes e.g., counteracting leakage . This is related to maintenance respiration . Maturity maintenance . This comprises the maintenance of defence systems such as the immune system , the preparation of the body for reproduction. The theory assumes that maturity maintenance costs can be reduced more easily during starvation than somatic maintenance costs. Under extreme starvation conditions, somatic maintenance costs are paid from structural mass, which causes shrinking.Some organism manage to switch to the turpor state under starvation conditions, and reduce their maintenance costs. DEFAULTSORT Maintenance Of An Organism Category Developmental biology ... more details
A fastidious organism is any organism that has a complex nutritional requirement. In other words, a fastidious organism will only grow when specific nutrients are included in its diet. The more restrictive term fastidious microorganism is often used in the field of microbiology to describe microorganism s that will only grow if special nutrients are present in their culture medium . ref cite web last Rao P.N. first Sridhar title Culture Media url http www.microrao.com micronotes culture media.pdf accessdate 23 March 2012 ref See also Growth medium References Reflist Microbiology stub Category Microbial growth and nutrition ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A pioneer organism is an organism that populates a region after a natural disaster or any other event that may have caused most life in that area to disappear. Common pioneer organisms include lichen s and algae . Mosses usually follow lichens in colonization, but cannot serve as pioneer organisms. Pioneer organisms modify their environment and establish conditions under which more advanced organisms can live. In some circumstances, other organisms can be considered pioneer organisms. Birds are usually the first to inhabit newly created islands, and seeds, such as the coconut , may also be the first arrivals on barren soil. seealso Ecological succession Primary succession Secondary succession ecology stub Category Ecological succession Category Population ecology ... more details
Disputed date March 2008 Philosophy of Organism or Organic Realism is how Alfred North Whitehead described his metaphysics . It is now known as process philosophy . Central to this school is the idea of concrescence philosophy concrescence . Concrescence means growing together com con from Latin for together , crescence from Latin crescere cret grow , the present is given by a consense of subjective form s. We are multiple individuals, but there are also multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in the construction of the given. Marvin Minsky calls this the society of mind in his book Society of Mind . Whitehead s subjective forms complement eternal objects in his metaphysical system eternal objects being entities not unlike Plato s archetypal Forms . In Process and Reality , Whitehead proposes that his organic realism be used in place of classical materialism . References Agar, W. E. 1936. Whitehead s Philosophy of Organism an Introduction for Biologists . The Quarterly Review of Biology , Vol. 11, No. 1 16 34. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1997. Science and the Modern World . Free Press. Whitehead, Alfred North. 1979, 2nd Ed. Process and Reality Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh During the Session 1927 28 . Free Press publisher Free Press . See also Organicism DEFAULTSORT Philosophy Of Organism Category Alfred North Whitehead Category Metaphysics Category Holism philosophy stub ... more details
to highlight the nuclei of its cells. Multicellular organisms are organism s that consist of more than one cell biology cell , in contrast to single cell organism s. To form a multicellular organism, these cells ..., true multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism from germ cell ... cells in one organism this mechanism is observable in Drosophila . A third hypothesis is that, as a unicellular organism divided, the daughter cells failed to separate, resulting in a conglomeration of identical cells in one organism, which could later develop specialized tissues. This is what ... leading to the incorporation into one multicellular organism of their genome. ref cite book author Margulis ...?a o&d 96971657 ref Each respective organism would become a separate lineage of differentiated cells ... extinct. However, the problem with this theory is that it is still not known how each organism ... one individual organism once more. The Cellularization Syncytial Theory This theory states that a single unicellular organism could have developed endomembrane internal membrane partitions around each ... serves the organism s needs, while the micronucleus is used for sexual like reproduction ..., this theory needs a demonstrable example and mechanism of generation of a multicellular organism ... of different species led to a multicellular organism. At least some, it is presumed land evolved .... Advantages of Multicellularity Allows an organism to grow larger than would be otherwise possible ... cellular lineages within an organism. See also Cellular differentiation Organogenesis Embryogenesis ... of Life Eukaryotes Evolution DEFAULTSORT Multicellular Organism Category Developmental biology Category ... cs Mnohobun nost cy Organeb amlgellog de Vielzeller et Hulkrakne organism es Pluricelular eu Zelulanitz ... simple Multicellular organism sk Mnohobunkov organizmus sl Mnogoceli ar sv Flercellig organism uk ur zh ... more details
unreferenced date May 2011 Evolutionary biology A digital organism is a self replication self replicating computer program that mutation genetic algorithm mutates and evolution disambiguation evolves . Digital organism s are used as a tool to study the dynamics of Darwinian evolution , and to test or verify specific hypotheses or mathematical model s of evolution. This is closely related to the area of artificial life . History Digital organisms can be traced back to the game Darwin in which computer programs had to compete with each other to stop one another from Execution computing executing Aleph Null, Computer Recreations , Software Practice and Experience, vol. 2, pp. 93 96, 1972 . A similar implementation that followed was the game Core War . In Core War, it turned out that one of the winning strategy strategies was to replicate as fast as possible, which had the result that the opponent was deprived of all resource computer science computational resources . Programs in the Core War game are also able to mutate themselves and each other by overwriting instructions in the simulated memory in which this game took place. This allowed competing programs to embed damaging instructions in each other that caused errors terminating the process that reads it , enslave processes making an enemy program work for you , or even change strategies mid game and heal themselves. Steen Rasmussen at Los Alamos National Laboratory took the idea from Core War one step further in his core world system. He introduced a genetic algorithm that would automatically write programs. However, Rasmussen did not observe the evolution of complex and stable programs. It turned out that the programming ... cleaner and easier to interpret than those with Tierra. With Avida, digital organism research has begun ... condition. See also Portal Evolutionary biology List of digital organism simulators Artificial ... 457 464. evolution DEFAULTSORT Digital Organism Category Artificial life Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 File Pinus pinea foliage.jpg thumb Juvenile left and adult right leaves of Stone Pine A juvenile is an individual organism that has not yet reached its adult form, sexual maturity or size. Juveniles sometimes look very different from the adult form, particularly in terms of their colour. In many organisms the juvenile has a different name from the adult see also List of animal names . Some organisms reach maturity in a short metamorphosis , such as eclosion in many insect s. For others, the transition from juvenile to fully mature is a more prolonged process &ndash puberty for example. In such cases, juveniles during this transformation are sometimes called subadults . Many invertebrate s, on reaching the adult stage, are fully mature and their development and growth stops. Juvenile refers to the larva or comparable stages in such taxa . In vertebrate s and some invertebrates e.g. spider s , larval forms e.g. tadpole s are usually considered a development stage of their own, and juvenile refers to a post larval stage that is not fully grown and not sexually mature. In amniote s and most plant s, the embryo represents the larval stage. Here, juvenile in general applies to the time between hatching birth germination and reaching maturity. Image Wildsau mit Frischling.jpg thumb left 200px Young wild boar suckling from adult female. Here, juvenile colouring acts as a form of camouflage Developmental biology stub DEFAULTSORT Juvenile Organism Category Developmental biology ca Per ode juvenil d un organisme de Juvenil nl Juveniel nn Juvenil pt Juvenil sr sv Juvenil ... more details
prokaryote prokaryotic model organism Image Drosophila melanogaster side aka .jpg thumb Drosophila melanogaster , one of the most famous subjects for experiments A model organism is a non human ... that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms. ref cite journal author Fields S, Johnston M title Cell biology. Whither model organism ... from one organism to another. Selecting a model organism Models are those organisms with a wealth ..., the genome arrangement facilitates the sequencing of the model organism s genome, for example, by being ... . When researchers look for an organism to use in their studies, they look for several traits. Among ... This common, Gram negative bacteria Gram negative gut bacterium is the most widely used organism in molecular ... differentiation . Mycoplasma genitalium a minimal organism Vibrio fischeri quorum sensing , bioluminescence ... ref cite book author Davis, Rowland H. title Neurospora contributions of a model organism publisher ... biology Mimulus is a model organism used in evolutionary and functional genomes studies. This specie ... sequence of Poplar Populus trichocarpa sequence is publicly available. See also Model organism ... was the first multicellular organism whose genome was completely sequenced Ciona intestinalis , a sea ... organism to understand the processes of Regeneration biology regeneration and morphogenesis ..., a model organism for the study of stem cells, regeneration, ageing, gene function, and the evolution ... first4 R title A new model organism among the lower Bilateria and the use of digital microscopy ... Ecological genomics Daphnia pulex , an environmental indicator model organism Table of model genetic ... organism as well as whether the organism exhibits homologous recombination . class wikitable Organism ... organism Yes Yes See also Animal model Ensembl genome database of model organisms History ... Mouse models of colorectal and intestinal cancer Generic Model Organism Database History of animal ... more details
In agriculture and gardening , a beneficial organism is any organism that benefits the growing process, including insect s, arachnid s, other animal s, plant s, bacteria , fungus fungi , virus es, and nematode s. Benefits include pest control , pollination , and maintenance of soil health. The opposite of beneficial organisms are pest animal pest s, which are organisms deemed detrimental to the growing process. Beneficial or pest The distinction between beneficial and pest is arbitrary, subjectively determined by examining the effect of a particular organism in a specific growing situation. Insects Beneficial insects can include predators such as ladybug s of pest insects, and pollinators such as bee s, which are an integral part of the growth cycle of many crops . Increasingly certain species of insects are managed and used to intervene where natural pollination or biological control is insufficient, usually due to human disturbance of the balance of nature. Nematodes Certain microscopic nematodes worms are beneficial in destroying and controlling populations of larvae that are damaging or deadly to crops and other plants. They are commonly used in organic gardening for their ability to kill various kinds of harmful larvae fungus gnat s, flea larvae, spidermite s, weevil s, Larva grub s, rootworm s, cutworm s, etc. Microorganisms Many different soil microorganisms are responsible for nutrient recycling for one, through decomposing plant residues and other soil building and maintaining activities. Mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria Rhodopseudomonas sp lactic acid bacteria lactobacillus sp. , yeast saccharomyces sp. and fermenting fungi ref Higa and Wididana, 1991 Higa and Parr, 1994 ref can positively improve the soil fertility as well as plant productivity. Productive Microbes as an effective alternative tool for manipulation and managing the overall microbial ecology of complex and diverse systems. Animals Bird s and other animals ... more details
In biology, Kappa organism or Kappa particle refers to inheritable cytoplasmic symbionts , occurring in some strains of Paramecium . Paramecium stains possessing the particles Killers liberate into the culture medium a substance lethal to Paramecium not containing kappa particles. Kappa particles are Feulgen positive, stain with Giemsa after acid hydrolysis. The length of the particles is 0.2 0.5 . ref C. H. Brown, Elimination of kappa particles from killer strains of paramecium aurelia by treatment with chloromycetin . Nature 166, 527 23 September 1950 DOI 10.1038 166527A0 ref The particles are considered to be intracellular symbionts, occupying a position between viruses , bacteria , and organelles , ref http www.medilexicon.com medicaldictionary.php?t 66078 Kappa Particles in mediLexicon ref mere nucleoprotein ref http www.answers.com topic kappa particle Kappa Particles in McGraw Hill Science & Technology Dictionary ref or, by another sources bacterium Caenobacter taenospiralis . References reflist External links The classes of kappa in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1972 PMID 5076362 Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia . Preer et al. 1974 PMID 4599970 Category Cell anatomy Category Ciliates Biology stub ... more details
Indicator organisms are used to measure potential fecal contamination of environmental samples. The presence of coliform bacteria , such as E. coli , in surface water is a common indicator of Water quality Measurement fecal contamination . Coliform bacteria in water samples may be quantified using the most probable number MPN method, a probabilistic test which assumes cultivable bacteria meet certain growth and biochemical criteria. If preliminary tests suggest that coliform bacteria are present at numbers in excess of an established cut off the Coliform Index , fecal contamination is suspected and confirmatory assays such as the Eijckman test are conducted. Citation needed date December 2007 Coliform bacteria selected as indicators of fecal contamination must not persist in the environment for long periods of time following efflux from the intestine, and their presence must be closely correlated with contamination by other fecal organisms. Indicator organisms need not be pathogenic. ref cite web url http des.nh.gov organization commissioner pip factsheets wwt documents web 18.pdf title Fecal Coliform as an Indicator Organism accessdate 2007 11 30 last first coauthors date 2003 work Wastewater treatment environmental fact sheet publisher New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services ref Non coliform bacteria, such as Streptococcus bovis and certain clostridia may also be used as an index of fecal contamination. ref cite book last Gerardi first Michael H. authorlink coauthors Mel C. Zimmerman editor Michael H. Gerardi title Wastewater Pathogens url edition series Wastewater Microbiology Series date year 2005 month January publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. location Hoboken, NJ isbn 9780471206927 pages 147 ref See also Coliform bacteria Coliform Index E. coli References Reflist nothing kn Category Bacteria ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The aerobic threshold AeT is a term sometimes used by sports coaches and trainers to describe a level of exercise somewhat below the anaerobic threshold . It, however, is not a defined physiological term. The AeT is sometimes defined as the exercise intensity at which anaerobic energy pathways start to operate and where blood lactate reaches a concentration of 2 Mole unit mmol litre at rest it is around 1 . This tends to be at a heart rate of approximately 20 40 bpm less than the anaerobic threshold and correlates with about 65 of the maximum heart rate. The anaerobic energy system does not utilize oxygen to create Adenosine triphosphate ATP and uses glycogen glucose. Lactic acid is the by product of creating ATP for working muscles. See also Anaerobic exercise VO2max DEFAULTSORT Aerobic Threshold Category Aerobic exercise Sport stub de aerobe Schwelle ... more details
Other uses Aerobics Refimprove date January 2008 Aerobic exercise is physical exercise of relatively low intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic Adenosine triphosphate energy generating process ... 0 7817 8406 1 page 61 ref Aerobic literally means living in air , ref name Cooper1997 cite book author ... and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise via aerobic metabolism ... by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time. ref name PlowmanSmith2007 Aerobic versus anaerobic exercise Refimprove section date October 2011 talk y File Exercise zones.png thumb 300px Fox and Haskell formula showing the split between aerobic light orange and anaerobic dark orange exercise and heart rate. Aerobic exercise and fitness can be contrasted with anaerobic ... with aerobic exercises because the less efficient anaerobic metabolism must supplement the aerobic system due to energy demands that exceed the aerobic system s capacity. What is generally called aerobic exercise might be better termed solely aerobic , because it is designed to be low intensity ... by the liver, and fat metabolism is increased so that it can fuel the aerobic pathways. Aerobic exercise may be fueled by glycogen reserves, fat reserves, or a combination of both, depending on the intensity. Prolonged moderate level aerobic exercise at 65 VO2 max the heart rate of 150 ... www.zowerkthetlichaam.nl 1946 fat vs carbohydrate metabolism during aerobic exercise title Fat vs. carbohydrate metabolism during aerobic exercise ref ref name Watt cite journal title Intramuscular ... may allow to postpone the onset exhaustion beyond 4 hours. ref name Watt Aerobic exercise comprises ... period of time. For example, running a long distance at a moderate pace is an aerobic exercise, but Sprint ... considered aerobic activity, while golf or two person team tennis, with brief bursts of activity punctuated by more frequent breaks, may not be predominantly aerobic. Some sports are thus inherently ... more details
Citations missing date June 2007 Aerobic conditioning is a process whereby one trains the heart and lungs to pump blood more efficiently, allowing more oxygen to get to muscle s and organ anatomy organs . Aerobic exercise Aerobic conditioning is a determining factor in performance in events with a duration greater than 2mins. On the athletics track this would relate to all events extending from the 800m. Usually this is done through cardiovascular exercise , like running , human swimming swimming , aerobics , etc. A stronger heart does not pump blood faster but more thoroughly. Trained endurance athletes can have a heartbeat as low as the reported 28 beats per minute in people such as Miguel Indurain or 32 beats per minute of Lance Armstrong , ref The Lance Armstrong Performance Program ISBN 1 57954 270 0 ref both of whom were professional cyclists at the highest level. Although exercising at lower intensities will improve aerobic conditioning, the most rapid gains are made when exercising close to an individual s anaerobic threshold. ref Arthur Lydiard s Guide to Athletic Training. A Guide to the Brooks American Track and Field Lydiard Running Lecture Tour 1999 ref This is the intensity at which the heart and lungs can no longer provide to the demands of the working muscles and an oxygen debt begins to accrue or when the exercise moves from being aerobic to anaerobic. Aerobic training intensity for most individuals will be 85 92 of maximum heart rate. ref Craig, Neil. Scientific Heart Rate Training. Eureka Quality Printers.1996. ref References references Cooper, Kenneth C. The New Aerobics. Eldora, Iowa Prairie Wind. Donatelle, Rebecca J. Health The Basics . 6th ed. San Francisco Pearson Education, Inc. 2005. Hinkle, J. Scott. http www.ericdigests.org 1992 3 fitness.htm School Children and Fitness Aerobics for Life . Ann Arbor, MI ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Personnel Services. See also Cardiorespiratory fitness Category Aerobic exercise health stub ... more details
of aerobic granular sludge is one of them. Image Granulos.jpg right thumb 260px Aerobic Granules Aerobic granular biomass The following definition differentiates an aerobic granule from a simple ... IWA Workshop Aerobic Granular Sludge in Munich 2004 Cita Granules making up aerobic granular activated ... 2005 . Discussion outcomes. Ede. In Aerobic Granular Sludge. Water and Environmental Management Series. IWA Publishing. Munich, pp.165 169 ref Formation of aerobic granules Image ReactorSBR.JPG right thumb 220px SBR Reactor, with aerobic granules Granular sludge biomass is developed in sequencing batch ... E., Wilderer P.A. and Heijnen J.J. 1999 . Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch reactor .... Liu Y. and Tay J H 2004 . Effect of settling time on aerobic granulation in sequencing batch reactor ... show that the application of high shear forces favours the formation of aerobic granules and the physical granule integrity. It was found that aerobic granules could be formed only above a threshold ..., and more regular, rounder, and more compact aerobic granules were developed at high hydrodynamic shear ..., structure and metabolism of aerobic granules. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , Vol. 57, Nos. 1 2, pp. 227 233. ref . Advantages The development of biomass in the form of aerobic ... phosphorus compounds from wastewater. Aerobic granules in aerobic SBR present several advantages ... of aerobic and anoxic zones inside the granules to perform simultaneously different biological processes ... treatment plant working with aerobic granular sludge can be reduced by at least 20 and space requirements ... Loosdrecht M.C.M. 2004 . Aerobic granular sludge From idea to pilot plant.. In Wilderer, P.A. Ed. , Granules 2004. IWA workshop Aerobic Granular Sludge, Technical University of Munich, 26 28 September ... in most of the works carried out with aerobic granules. These works were mainly focussed on the study ... Corral A., Garrido J.M. and M ndez R. 2004 Aerobic granulation with industrial wastewater in sequencing ... more details
Image Cardio Boxing Group Fitness Class.JPG thumb right 250px Cardio Kickboxing group fitness class. Aerobic kickboxing is a sport specific equipment based Physical exercise exercise program created by Frank Thiboutot at The Bay Club in Portland, Maine Portland , Maine in 1992 as Cardio Kickboxing . The original circuit training format was developed to help promote the sport of kickboxing through kickboxing for Physical fitness fitness . The techniques used during the one hour classes, using conventional Punching bag heavy bags and focus mitt training pads , are based on authentic kickboxing techniques which provide both resistance training and Circulatory system cardiovascular benefits to its participants. This is further explained in his book, Cardio Kickboxing Elite . Cardio Kickboxing is a registered U.S. trademark , 1,890,451, 1995. Most aerobic kickboxing classes begin with light stretch es and a Aerobic exercise cardio Warming up warm up . Typical routines include a series of repetitive Punch combat punch es, Strike attack hand strikes , kick s and other self defense moves. ref cite web url http www.womenfitness.net cardio kickboxing.htm title Cardio Kickboxing Do & Don t publisher Womenfitness.net accessdate 20 October 2010 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20101201015444 http womenfitness.net cardio kickboxing.htm archivedate 1 December 2010 DASHBot deadurl no ref Notes Reflist 1 Further reading cite book title Cardio Kickboxing Elite For Sport, for Fitness, for Self defense last Thiboutot first Frank year 2001 publisher YMAA Publication Center location Boston, Mass. isbn 1 886969 92 2 oclc 45751308 url http ymaa.com publishing books external cardio kickboxing elite Google books fHJByZOk wC Cardio Kickboxing Elite . External links Give at least one PUBLISHED source for the information, like a reputable website or book. Other editors must be able to check it, so ... Kickboxing For Fitness Category Aerobic exercise Category Kickboxing fr Cardio kickboxing ... more details
File Anaerobic.png thumb Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria can be identified by growing them in liquid culture br 1. Obligate aerobe BR 2. Obligate anaerobe BR 3. Facultative anaerobic organism continuum with facultative aerobicorganism BR 4. Microaerophile BR 5. Aerotolerant A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism , usually a bacterium , that makes Adenosine triphosphate ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to Fermentation biochemistry fermentation . In contrast, obligate anaerobe s die in the presence of oxygen. Some examples of facultative anaerobic bacteria are Staphylococcus Gram positive , Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis Gram negative , and Listeria Gram positive . Certain eukaryote phyla are also facultative anaerobes, including fungi such as yeasts and many aquatic invertebrates such as Nereid worm polychaete s, for example. ref Cite journal last Sch ttler first U. title On the Anaerobic Metabolism of Three Species of Nereis Annelida journal Marine Ecology Progress Series volume 1 pages 249 54 date November 30, 1979 url http www.int res.com articles meps 1 m001p249.pdf issn 1616 1599 accessdate February 14, 2010 ref There are also circulating white blood cell s that are classified as facultative anaerobes. These include neutrophil s, monocyte s and tissue macrophage s. The concentrations of oxygen and fermentable material in the environment influence the organism s use of aerobic respiration vs. fermentation to derive energy. In brewer s yeast , the Pasteur effect Pasteur shift is the observed cessation of oxygen consumption when fermentable sugar is supplied. In a growing culture, the energy economics disfavors respiration due to the overhead cost of producing the apparatus, as long as sufficient fermentable ... fast consumption of ATP preferentially use anaerobic glycolysis. See also Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Anaerobic organism Obligate anaerobe References reflist External links http trishul.sci.gu.edu.au ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
