Image Aerogelbrick.jpg thumb A 2.5 kg brick is supported by a piece of aerogel with a mass of only 2 grams. Aerogel is a Manufacturing synthetic porous material derived from a gel , in which the liquid ... ref Name GuinnessRecord cite web title Guinness Records Names JPL s Aerogel World s Lightest Solid ... foam expanded polystyrene styrofoam to the touch. Aerogel was first created by Samuel Stephens Kistler ... right A flower is on a piece of aerogel which is suspended over a bunsen burner . Aerogel has ... from the fact that they are derived from gels. Pressing softly on an aerogel typically does not leave .... Silica aerogel is especially good because silica is also a poor conductor of heat a metallic aerogel, on the other hand, would be less effective . They are good convective heat transfer convective inhibitors because air cannot circulate through the lattice. Owing to its hygroscopic nature, aerogel feels dry and acts as a strong desiccant . Persons handling aerogel for extended periods should ... the use of a water jet cutter . Types Silica Image Aerogel nasa.jpg thumb Peter Tsou with a sample of aerogel at Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology Silica aerogel is the most common type of aerogel and the most extensively studied and used. It is a silica based substance, derived from silica gel . The lowest density aerogel is a silica nanofoam at 1 mg cm sup ... aerogel Terms index.php Aerogels Terms . LLNL.gov ref which is the evacuated version of the record aerogel of 1.9 mg cm sup 3 sup . ref name llnl03 cite web url http www.llnl.gov str October03 NewsOctober03.html title Lab s aerogel sets world record publisher LLNL Science & Technology Review ... m sup 3 sup . Silica aerogel strongly absorbs infrared radiation. It allows the construction of materials ... K 1,200 C or 2,192 F . By 2011, silica aerogel held 15 entries in Guinness World Records ... made of carbon fiber s, impregnated with resorcinol formaldehyde aerogel, and pyrolisis pyrolyzed ... more details
Orphan date December 2011 Ultralight materials are solids with a density of less than 10 mg cm sup 3 sup , including silica aerogel s, carbon nanotube aerogel s, metallic foam s, polymeric foam s, and metallic microlattice s. The density of air is about 1.275 mg cm sup 3 sup , which means that the air in the pores contributes significantly to the density of the material. References cite article title Ultralight Metallic Microlattices author TA Schaedler, AJ Jacobsen, A Torrents, AE Sorensen, J Lian, JR Greer, L Valdevit, WB Carter journal Science date 18 November 2011 volume 334 number 6058 pages 962 965 doi 10.1126 science.1211649 Category Materials technology stub date December 2011 simple Ultralight material ... more details
aerogel might look like. The focus movie can be viewed in the Stardust Search Tutorial with the virtual ... collector on the Russian space station Mir and tracks of submicrometre dust particles shot into aerogel ... more details
Image Aerogel nasa.jpg thumb 250px Peter Tsou with a sample of aerogel Peter Tsou is a principal science staff member at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory JPL of the California Institute of Technology , where he has worked for the past 34 years. ref name nasa bio cite web url http stardust.jpl.nasa.gov news bio ptsou.html title Bios Dr. Peter Tsou publisher NASA accessdate 2006 05 11 ref Dr. Tsou s area of focus is utilizing aerogel for space exploration. http www.smc.edu forms news.asp?Q 51&T News&P 1 Dr. Tsou is a Principal Investigator PI for a number of Shuttle and Mir missions, and is responsible for inventing the technique of intact capture of hypervelocity particles. In addition, his work revolutionized the use of silica aerogel for space missions. He is most famous for his work involving ... Silica Aerogel for Particle Extraction , 36th LPSC, 2307, 2005. Tsou, P., Cosmic Dust Intact Capture Experiment , STAIF 99, 1999. Tsou, P., Hypervelocity Capture of Meteoroids in Aerogel , ASPCS Vol ... mission. Working with scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , he made the aerogel ... publisher Discover ref He has also introduced the use of aerogel as one of the capture media and flight qualified variable density aerogel for space flight. He is the principal investigator for a series of Shuttle Sample Return Experiments and Mir Sample Return Experiment with silica aerogel he ... in aerogel. Dr. Tsou was responsible for inventing an integrated aerogel thermal structural ... Dr. Tsou has donated several samples of aerogel for display at JPL s museum, located on their main ... donated a piece of aerogel to the Kirkpatrick Science & Air Space Museum, also known as the Omniplex ... files misc stardust.pdf In 2009, Dr. Tsou donated a sample of space grade aerogel to Santa ... state 4.5 billion years ago. Concerning the Stardust project Citation needed date February 2007 Aerogel ... forms news.asp?Q 51&T News&P 1 ...aerogel has many unique properties that are very suitable for space ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Silicon alkoxides are a group of alkoxide s, chemical compound s of silicon and an alcohol , with the formula Silicon Oxygen alkyl R sub 4 sub . Silicon alkoxides are an important precursor for manufacture of silica based aerogel s. DEFAULTSORT Silicon Alkoxide Category Alkoxides Category Silicate esters organic compound stub ... more details
any shrinkage . ref name Aerogel FAQs cite web url http www.connectexpress.com ips aerogel faq.html title Aerogel FAQs accessdate 2010 04 04 last Stone first Mike date 1999 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080324135004 connectexpress.com ips aerogel faq.html archivedate 2008 03 24 ref Whether ... Company in the early 1940s to start developing granular silica aerogel products under the trademark ... at the University of Utah in 1952. He died in 1975, shortly before the resurgence of interest in aerogel ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 Lumira , formaly Nanogel , is a brand of aerogel Building insulation insulation mainly used in building products and oil and gas industries. It is sometimes called frozen smoke . It is made by Cabot Corporation , which has a plant in Frankfurt , Germany . It is an aerogel that consists of 95 air, in nano sized pores that inhibit heat transfer through the aerogel . Made in grades from Opacity optics opaque to translucent , it can be adapted to different environments. Properties include High porosity Highly porous structure provides high reinforcement and matting efficiency at low concentrations Flowability Excellent flow properties Friability Under intense dispersion conditions, particles are reduced to sub micrometer sizes, leading to superior reinforcement Hydrophobic surface Particles repel water but can be wetted by oleophilic substances such as oils Open porosity Pores are open to each other within the structure Particle size Available in a wide range of particle sizes Surface treatment Surface groups are chemically anchored to the silica skeleton and thus are stable over a wide range of temperatures and pH Nanogel in Skylighting Nanogel is increasingly being used in skylights and daylighting systems. It helps to retain the natural light while doubling the insulation. ref http www.duo gard.com nanogel ref It is non toxic, non combustible, reduces glare, lowers noise levels and reduces HVAC loads. Although the added insulation saves energy costs, and depending on the climate may be cost effective in the long run, the initial cost may be prohibitive for lower budget projects. References references External links http www.nanogel.com Official Site of Lumira http www.ameriluxinternational.com lumira.php Distributor in North America Category Aerogels Category Brand name materials pl Nano el ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Polyimide foam is a foam designed by NASA , manufactured by Inspec Foams Evonik Foams, Inc. in Magnolia, Arkansas , and marketed under the name Solimide. Its primary purposes are as an insulator such as for rocket fuel s and acoustic damper. NASA engineered the product to have relatively low outgassing a problem in vacuum and aboard spacecraft , desirable thermal and acoustic performance, as well as uniformity during distribution and application. Typical uses of the foam include ducting, duct piping insulation, structural components, and strengthening of hollow components while remaining lightweight. See also aerogel Polyimide ferroelectret External links http www.sti.nasa.gov tto spinoff1998 t3.htm Brief NASA article on Solimide http www.evonikfoams.com Evonik Foams public website DEFAULTSORT Polyimide Foam Category Foams ... more details
orphan date January 2010 A chalcogel or properly metal chalcogenide aerogel is an aerogel made from chalcogen s the column of elements on the periodic table beginning with oxygen such as sulfur and selenium, with cadmium, tellurium, platinum, and other elements. ref cite web title Heavy Metal Filter Made Largely from Air url http www.sciam.com article.cfm?chanId sa003&articleId 044B7489 E7F2 99DF 3433709C76B127DF date 2007 07 26 author Biello, David publisher Scientific American ref Research is ongoing, and metals less expensive than platinum have also been used in its creation. Chalcogels preferentially absorb heavy metals, ref S. Bag et al. http www.sciencemag.org cgi content full 317 5837 490 Porous Semiconducting Gels and Aerogels from Chalcogenide Clusters . Science 2007 07 27 Vol. 317. no. 5837, pp. 490 493, DOI 10.1126 science.1142535 ref showing promise in absorbing pollutants mercury, lead, and cadmium from water. ref Carmichael, Mary. http www.newsweek.com id 32528 First Prize for Weird A bizarre substance, like frozen smoke, may clean up rivers, run cell phones and power spaceships. Newsweek International, 2007 08 13. Retrieved on 2007 08 05. ref In addition, scientists have made one that is claimed to be twice as effective at desulfurization as any current methods. This is a very impressive feat, particularly because until the discovery of chalcogels properties, scientists were beginning to consider desulfurization an optimized process. ref cite web title New Sponge like Material Can Remove Mercury From Water, Separate Hydrogen From Other Gases And Pull Sulfur Out Of Crude Oil url http www.sciencedaily.com releases 2009 05 090517143341.htm date 2009 05 17 publisher ScienceDaily ref Semiconducting metal chalcogenide aerogels, first demonstrated by Professor Stephanie Brock at Wayne State University , show great promise for use in chemical sensors, solar cells, and photoelectrolysis of water. References Reflist External links http www.aerogel.org ?p 560 Detailed ... more details
A desiccant is a substance that absorbs water. It is most commonly used to remove humidity that would normally degrade or even destroy products sensitive to moisture. see also desiccant List of desiccants Activated alumina Aerogel Benzophenone Bentonite Bentonite clay Calcium chloride Calcium sulfate Cobalt II chloride Copper II sulfate Lithium chloride Lithium bromide Magnesium sulfate Magnesium perchlorate Molecular sieve Potassium carbonate Silica gel Sodium Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium hydroxide Sodium sulfate Sucrose External links http www.mallbaker.com techlib documents americas 3045.html Desiccant Selection Guide http www.merck chemicals.com is bin INTERSHOP.enfinity WFS Merck International Site en US USD ViewProductDetail Attachments?ProductUUID 0Y.b.s1ORWYAAAEWCLMW4z8f&PortalCatalogUUID Uc6b.s1LfzAAAAEW6tYfVhTl&SelectedDocumentType Bro ankerBrochures Drying agents brochure from Merck http www.sud chemie.com scmcms web content.jsp?nodeId 3944&lang en Education Center Category Desiccants Category Chemistry lists Desiccants pt Anexo Lista de dessecantes nl Lijst van droogmiddelen ... more details
ODC experiment, deployed on the Mir space station for 18 months during 1996 1997, used aerogel to capture ... made of low density aerogel 99 of which is empty space which has about 1 1000 of the density of glass ... and the samples themselves. Aerogel main Aerogel Image Particle captured in aerogel.jpg thumb right 200px A particle captured in aerogelAerogel is a silicon silicon based , porous, solid with a sponge like structure in which 99.8 of its volume is composed of empty space. Aerogel has about 1 1000 of the density of glass. An aerogel was implemented for use with the Stardust spacecraft because ... its chemical composition , and perhaps vaporize it completely. Since the aerogel is mostly transparent ..., the particles do not merely pass through the aerogel completely. Instead, they slow to a stop and then are embedded within it. The Stardust spacecraft has a tennis racket shaped collector with aerogel .... One thing that makes aerogel a good choice for missions such as Stardust is that it is quite .... http stardust.jpl.nasa.gov tech aerogel.html Stardust Aerogel Stardust website on aerogel technology ... more details
Infobox company company name Cabot Corporation company logo Image CABOT LOGO.PNG 160px Cabot Corporation company type Public company Public traded as NYSE CBT company slogan Creating What Matters foundation 1882 location Boston, Massachusetts , United States U.S. founder Godfrey Lowell Cabot num employees 4,400 products Aerogel, Carbon Black, Caesium Formate Fluids, Conductive Compounds, Elastomer Composites, Fine Caesium Chemicals, Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts, Fumed Metal Oxides, Inkjet Colorants, Masterbatch, Mined Minerals, Niobium, Tantalum revenue United States dollar USD 2.5 billion 2006 homepage http www.cabot corp.com www.cabot corp.com Cabot Corporation NYSE CBT is a specialty chemicals and performance materials company. It operates in four segments the Carbon Black Business, the Metal Oxides Business, the Supermetals Business, and the Specialty Fluids Business. Cabot s headquarters is located in Boston, Massachusetts . The company s slogan is Creating What Matters . History In 1882, Cabot Corporation was founded by Godfrey Lowell Cabot . The company started by focusing on certain metalloids and pharmaceuticals in the 20th century and continued into the 21st century by creating small electronic devices. Products Some of the products produced at Cabot Corporation are Aerogel Carbon Black Caesium formate fluids Conductive Compounds Elastomer Composites Fine Cesium Chemicals Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts Fumed Metal Oxides Inkjet Colorants Masterbatch Mined Minerals Niobium Tantalum Although the company produces multiple products, 77 of the company s FY 2007 revenue came from the sale of Carbon Black, an ultra fine particle used primarily in the production of tire rubber. ref wikinvest CBT CBT 2007 10 K, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, page 104 via Wikinvest article ref Other products include the Nanogel insulation Nanogel brand of aerogel . Criticisms Pollution Sam Bodman , CEO of Cabot during the coltan boom, was appointed in December 2004 to serve ... more details
for example is a type of aerogel which floats in the air after being filled with nitrogen. ref name ... hydride . Aerogel holds or held the Guiness World Record for the lightest solid or to be more accurate ... ref Aerogel is mostly air because its structure is like that of a highly vacuous sponge . ref http ... advantage of this, SEAgel , in the same family as aerogel but made from agar , can be filled with nitrogen ... more details
Nanofoams are a class of nanostructured, porous medium porous materials , foam s, containing a significant population of pores with diameters less than 100 nanometer nm . Aerogel s are one example of nanofoam. Metal Nanofoams In 2006, Dr. Bryce Tappan at Los Alamos National Laboratory discovered a technique for producing metal nanofoams by igniting pellets of energetic metal bis tetrazolato amine complexes. Nanofoams of iron , cobalt , nickel , copper , silver , and palladium have been prepared through this technique. These materials exhibit densities as low as 11 mg cm sup 3 sup , and surface areas as high as 258 m sup 2 sup g. These foams are effective catalysts and are being investigated for other applications. ref http www.rdmag.com ShowPR.aspx?PUBCODE 014&ACCT 1400000100&ISSUE 0509&RELTYPE R100&PRODCODE 00000000&PRODLETT AO&CommonCount 0 R&D magazine 100 Awards . Access date Aug. 26, 2008. ref See also Nanoporous Nanoporous material Ceramic foam Metal foam References Reflist added above categories infobox footers by script assisted edit Category Nanomaterials Category Foams Category Gels chemistry stub it Nanoschiuma ar ... more details
by 300 and the sheet plane contracts by 3 . Artificial muscles and giant strokes by MWNT aerogel sheets Highly ordered free standing aerogel sheets of MWNTs can be realized by simply drawing the sheet ... rate as fast as 7 meters per minute to get 3 5 cm wide aerogel sheets of aligned MWNTs .... journal Science volume 309 page 1215 year 2005 doi 10.1126 science.1115311 pmid 16109875 ref The aerogel ... to decrease the volume. The aerogel sheets can be stretched as much as three times along the width while low modulus rubber like behavior is remained. Having aerogel sheets of MWNTs, UT researchers ..., Superelastic Carbon Nanotube Aerogel Muscles pmid 19299612 issue 5921 ref Therefore the actuation ... pmid 19299609 issue 5921 ref The lack of electrolyte solution and temperature robustness of the aerogel ... more details
Friability or friable is the ability of a solid substance to be reduced to smaller pieces with little effort. The opposite of friable is indurated. Often, substances designated as being hazardous, such as asbestos or crystal line Silicon dioxide silica are referred to as being friable if they are present in such a State of matter state that it is possible for small particles to easily become dislodged, thus enabling them to become respirable able to enter human lung s , posing a health hazard. A friable substance is any substance that can be reduced to fibres or finer particles by the action of a small pressure or friction on its mass , such as inadvertently brushing up against the substance. The term could also apply to any material that exhibits these properties. Examples include but are not limited to Typically Ionic bond ionically Chemical bond bound substances 1 kg Litre L density Clumps of dried clay Chalk Rock geology Stone Tablet s Cracker food Crackers Perlite Mineral wool Mineral fibres Polyurethane foam Aerogel Some forms of cancer , such as atrial myxoma Tougher substances, such as concrete may also be mechanically ground down and reduced to finely divided mineral dust. However, such substances are not generally considered friable because of the degree of difficulty involved in breaking the substance s chemical bonds through mechanical means. Some substances, such as polyurethane foams, can increase in friability with exposure to ultraviolet radiation such as is present in sunlight . Friable and indurated are terms used commonly in soft rock geology , especially with sandstone s, mudstone s and shale s to describe how well held together or cemented the rock is. The term friable is also used to describe tumors in medicine, with tumors that are easily torn apart having a higher risk of malignancy and metastasis. See also Asbestos abatement External links http www.epa.gov region4 air asbestos asbmatl.htm EPA Treatise On Friable Asbestos http www.hse.gov.uk ... more details
Nanogel usually refers to a nanoparticle composed of a crosslinked hydrophilic polymer network hydrogel . Nanogels are most often composed of synthetic polymers ref http stbb.nichd.nih.gov pdf nanostruc hybrid hydrogels.pdf ref or biopolymers which are chemically or physically crosslinked. ref http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1002 anie.200900441 abstract ref Nanogels are usually in the tens to hundreds of nanometers in diameter. Like hydrogels, the pores in nanogels can be filled with small molecules or macromolecules , ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 17408798 ref and their properties, such as swelling, degradation, and chemical functionality, can be controlled. ref http pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 ma049199g ref Applications Potential applications of nanogels include drug delivery agents, nanoactuators, and sensors. ref http books.google.com books?id nHlyFdd2B5QC&lpg PA137&ots K4JKvPjyt3&dq nanogel 20omar 20fisher&pg PA137 v onepage&q&f false ref ref http onlinelibrary.wiley.com doi 10.1002 anie.200900441 abstract ref Polyethylene glycol polyethylenimine PEG PEI nanogels have been used to deliver anti cancer compounds into cells. ref http www.ingentaconnect.com content asp jnn 2008 00000008 00000005 art00017 ref A highly hydrophilic fluorescent nanogel thermometer makes it possible to measure temperatures to within 0.5 C within cells. The cell absorbs water when colder and squeezes the water out as its internal temperature rises the relative quantity of water masks or exposes the fluorescence of the nanogel. ref http www.pubs.acs.org doi abs 10.1021 ja807714j ref A nanogel composed of protein molecules in solution can be used to stop bleeding, even in severe gashes. The proteins self assemble on the nanoscale into a biodegradable gel that can stop bleeding in a few seconds. ref http www.impactlab.com 2006 10 11 nano gel used to stop bleeding ref Nanogels are not to be confused with Nanogel insulation Nanogel aerogel , a lightweight thermal insulator. Refere ... more details
buildings. Aerogel Silica Aerogel insulation has the lowest thermal conductivity of any commercially produced insulation. Although no manufacturer currently manufactures Aerogel pipe sections, it is possible to wrap Aerogel blanket around pipework, allowing it to function as pipe insulation. The usage of Aerogel for pipe insulation is currently limited. Heat flow calculations and R value Heat flow ... more details
Sahu Lithium Titanate Aerogel In order to advance the lithium ion battery , lithium titanate aerogel ...,H. J. Sakamoto, J. S. Lithium titanate aerogel for advanced lithium ion batteries Department of Ceramic ... more details
at over 1000 miles per hour, even into aerogel, were believed to be terminal for any known microorganism ... 6.5 km s such that non destructive capture of comet dust is possible using an aerogel collector ... 150px The particle collector uses aerogel , a low density, inert, microporous, silica ... archive small Sample collection File Stardust Coletor 2.png right thumb 100px Stardust capsule with aerogel collector deployed Comet and interstellar particles are collected in ultra low density aerogel . The tennis racket sized collector tray contains ninety blocks of aerogel, providing more than ..., sponge like structure is used in which 99.8 percent of the volume is empty space. Aerogel is 1,000 times less dense than glass , another silicon based solid. When a particle hits the aerogel, it becomes buried in the material, creating a long track, up to 200 times the length of the grain. The aerogel ... from the spacecraft as it passed Earth in 2006. To analyze the aerogel for interstellar ... lands in Utah successfully Sample processing File Aerogel labtest.jpg thumb 100px alt Visible dust grains in the aerogel collector Visible dust grains in the aerogel collector. File Particle captured in aerogel.jpg thumb 100px alt Visible track and particle in aerogel Visible track and particle in aerogel. The sample container was taken to a clean room with a cleanliness factor 100 times that of a hospital ... suggested at least a million microscopic specks of dust were embedded in aerogel collector. Ten particles ... in the aerogel but was not associated with specific particles. In 2010 Dr Andrew Westphal announced that Stardust home volunteer Bruce Hudson found a track labeled I1043,1,30 among the many images of the aerogel ... more details
Carbon nanofoam is an allotropes of carbon allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co workers at the Australian National University in Canberra . ref name Rode1999 cite journal last Rode first Andrei V. authorlink coauthors et al. year 1999 month title Structural analysis of a carbon foam formed by high pulse rate laser ablation journal Applied Physics A Materials Science & Processing volume 69 issue 7 pages S755&ndash S758 doi 10.1007 s003390051522 url accessdate quote ref It consists of a low density cluster assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three dimensional web. Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atom s linked in graphite like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagon s among the regular hexagon al pattern. This is the opposite of what happens in the case of buckminsterfullerene s, in which carbon sheets are given positive curvature by the inclusion of pentagon s. The large scale structure of carbon nanofoam is similar to that of an aerogel , but with 1 of the density of previously produced aerogel Carbon carbon aerogels or only a few times the density of air at sea level . Unlike carbon aerogels, carbon nanofoam is a poor electrical conductivity electrical conductor . The nanofoam contains numerous unpaired electron s, which Rode and colleagues propose is due to carbon atoms with only three bonds that are found at topological and bonding defects. This gives rise to what is perhaps carbon nanofoam s most unusual feature it is attracted to magnets, and Curie point below 183 C can itself be made magnetic. References Reflist Further reading Citation style date March 2009 section This section is excessively long given the short length of the article. An expert is needed to whittle down this list to something more digestible. cite journal last Rode first A. V. authorlink coauthors Gamaly, E. G. Luther Davies, B. year 2000 month title Formation of cluster assemble ... more details
gold, Vycor , or Aerogel . This results in a multiply connected film where the substrate is much ... 250 4 Porous gold 100 200 100 Aerogel 200 1000 20 gallery Image Porous Gold 10micron.jpg SEM image ... more details
of NaCI and NaNO3 Solutions with Carbon Aerogel Electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 159 169. br ... aerogel based capacitive deionization technology, Water Research 42 2605 2617. br 12. P.M. Biesheuvel ... more details
known as an aerogel is produced. Heat treatment of a xerogel at elevated temperature produces viscous .... By replacing the liquid with gas it is possible to prepare aerogel s, materials with exceptional properties ... acid Aerogel Hydrocolloid Gel electrophoresis , Agarose gel electrophoresis , 2 D electrophoresis ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
