by Cassiodorus in the name of Theodoric the Great , addressed to the Aesti blockquote It is gratifying .... The letter also indicates that the Aesti were fully confident of the value of amber and had made ... . p. 52 53. ref Jordanes Sixth Century historian Jordanes makes two references the Aesti in his book ... from three mouths, the Vidivarii dwell, a people gathered out of various tribes. Beyond them the Aesti, a subject race, likewise hold the shore of Ocean. The next quote concerns the subjugation of the Aesti ... the race of the Aesti, who dwell on the farthest shore of the German Ocean History of Latvia Alfred ... century. The American historian James L. Cabot has gone so far as to claim descent from the Aesti ... Category Baltic peoples als stier ca Aesti da Aesti de stier et Aestii es Aesti lt Ais iai pt Aestii ... more details
referring to them as the Aesti . ref name Aesti Although the Aesti are generally accepted to be the Prussians .... See Aesti . ref The territory was identified as Brus in the 8th century map of the Bavarian geographer ... more details
Image Przeworsk2.PNG 250px thumb The pink area is the Debczyn culture the red area is the extent of the Wielbark culture in the first half of the 3rd century. The green area is the Przeworsk culture , and the yellow area is a Baltic culture possibly the Aesti . The purple area is the Roman Empire The D bczyn group in German also Denziner is an archeological culture in Pomerania from the 3rd to 6th centuries. It was derived from the East Germanic tribes East Germanic Wielbark culture with influences from the Elbe region, and succeeded by migration of West Slavs , the Pomeranians Slavic tribe Pomeranian tribes . In the second half of the third century, the D bczyn Denzin culture or group succeeded the Willenberg culture between the Persante and Drawa Drage rivers, and a local, not yet classified culture between the lower Oder and Persante rivers. The adjacent areas to the east were uninhabited by this time. Whether the eastern D bczyn culture replaced or evolved from the Willenberg culture is not yet known, in the western areas, settlement was continuous. The emergence of this group is characterized by an influence of the Vistula region Willenberg culture , the expansion of the Gustow group , and many paralleles to the Elbe Germanic areas. ref Karl Heinz Otto, Humboldt Universit t zu Berlin Institut f r Ur und Fr hgeschichte, Ost Universit t Berlin, Humboldt Universit t zu Berlin Institut f r V lkerkunde und deutsche Volkskunde, Ethnographisch arch ologische Zeitschrift EAZ , v.43 no.1 4, Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2002, p.390 ref ref name Hoops281 ref name Hoops266ff The dead were buried unburned. The culture existed until the first quarter of the 6th century, when burial of the dead in grave fields stopped. ref name Hoops281 Johannes Hoops, Hans Peter Naumann, Franziska Lanter, Oliver Szokody, Heinrich Beck, Rudolf Simek, Sebastian Brather, Detlev Ellmers, Kurt Schier, Ulrike Sprenger, Else Ebel, Klaus D wel, Wilhelm Heizmann, Heiko Uecker, J rgen Udolph, Reallexiko ... more details
Latinisation is the practice of rendering a non Latin name or word ref http oxforddictionaries.com view entry m en gb0459180 m en gb0459180.007 Latinize , on Oxford Dictionaries ref in a Latin style. It is commonly met with for historical personal name s, with toponym s, or for the standard binomial nomenclature of the life sciences. It goes further than Romanisation , which is the writing of a word in the Latin alphabet that is in another script e.g. Cyrillic . In the case of personal names it may be done so as to more closely emulate Latin authors, or to present a more impressive image. It is carried out by transforming the name into Latin sounds e.g. Geber for Jabir , by translating a name with a specific meaning into Latin e.g. Venator for Cacciatore , or choosing a new name based on some attribute of the person e.g. Noviomagus for Daniel Santbech , possibly from the Latin name for the town of Nijmegen . Humanist names , i.e. pen name s assumed by Renaissance humanist s, were very largely Latinised names, though in some cases e.g. Melanchthon they invoked Ancient Greek . The Latinisation in humanist names may consist of translation from vernacular European languages, involving a playful element of punning. Such names could be a cover for humble social origins. ref http www.phil hum ren.uni muenchen.de GermLat Acta Bernstein.htm ref Latinisation is also common for place names, as a result of many early text books mentioning the places being written in Latin. Because of this, the English language often use Latinised forms of foreign place names instead of Anglicised forms or the original names. Examples of Latinised names for countries or regions are Estonia Estonian name Eesti , German Scandinavian name Estland , i.e. land of the Aesti Livonia German Scandinavian name Livland , i.e. land of the Livonian people Liv s the local tribe Ingria Finnish Inkerinmaa , German Scandinavian Ingermanland , i.e. land of the Izhorians Ingermans the local tribe Latinisation is a ... more details
Infobox settlement name K trzyn image skyline Zamek K trzyn 001.jpg image flag POL K trzyn flag.svg image caption Teutonic castle of Schloss Rastenburg image shield POL K trzyn COA 1.svg pushpin map Poland pushpin label position bottom coordinates region PL subdivision type Country subdivision name POL subdivision type1 Voivodeships of Poland Voivodeship subdivision name1 Warmian Masurian Voivodeship Warmian Masurian subdivision type2 Powiat County subdivision name2 K trzyn County subdivision type3 Gmina subdivision name3 K trzyn small urban gmina small leader title Mayor leader name Krzysztof He man established title Established established date 1329 established title3 Town rights established date3 1357 area total km2 10.34 population as of 2006 population total 28000 population density km2 auto timezone Central European Time CET utc offset 1 timezone DST Central European Summer Time CEST utc offset DST 2 latd 54 latm 5 lats latNS N longd 21 longm 23 longs longEW E postal code type Postal code postal code 11 400 area code 48 89 blank name Polish car number plates Car plates blank info NKE website http www.ketrzyn.pl K trzyn IPAc pl AUD Pl K trzyn.ogg k e n t sz y n lang de Rastenburg Audlisten Rastenburg.ogg former lang pl Rastembork , is a town in northeastern Poland with 28,351 inhabitants 2004 . Situated in the Warmian Masurian Voivodeship since 1999 , K trzyn was previously in Olsztyn Voivodeship 1975 1998 . It is the capital of K trzyn County . The city was named after Wojciech K trzy ski in 1950. History The original inhabitants of the region were the Balt tribe of the Aesti , mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania AD 98 . The town, known in German as Rastenburg and in Polish as Rastembork , was established in 1329 in the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights and was granted town rights in 1357. In 1914 it was the scene of the battle of the Masurian Lakes during the Tannenberg campaign. Adolf Hitler s wartime military headquarters, the Wolfsschanze Wolf s Lair ... more details
Image Imperium Romanum Germania.png thumb 300px Map of the Roman Empire and Germania Magna in the early 2nd century, with the location of some tribes described by Tacitus as Germanic. italictitle The Germania lang la De Origine et situ Germanorum , literally Concerning the Origin and Situation of the Germanics , ref Some sources translate it as Concerning the Origin and Situation of the Germans , but the Germanic peoples are intended in general rather than Germans in the modern sense. ref written by Tacitus Gaius Cornelius Tacitus around 98, is an ethnography ethnographic work on the Germanic tribe s outside the Roman Empire . Contents The Germania begins with a description of the lands, laws, and customs of the Germanic people Chapters 1&ndash 27 it then segues into descriptions of individual tribes, beginning with those dwelling closest to Roman lands and ending on the uttermost shores of the Baltic, among the amber gathering Aesti , the primitive and savage Fenni , and the unknown tribes beyond them. Tacitus says Ch. 2 that physically, the Germans appeared to be a distinct nation, not an admixture of their neighbors, as nobody would desire to migrate to a climate as horrid as Germany s. They are divided into three large branches, the Ingaevones , the Herminones and the Istaevones , deriving their ancestry from three sons of Mannus , son of Tuisto , their common forefather. In Chapter 4, he mentions that they all have common physical characteristics, blue eyes truces et caerulei oculi sky coloured, azure, dark blue, dark green , reddish hair rutilae comae red, golden red, reddish yellow and large bodies, vigorous at the first onset but not tolerant of exhausting labour, tolerant of hunger and cold but not of heat. ref unde habitus quoque corporum, tamquam in tanto hominum numero, idem omnibus truces et caerulei oculi, rutilae comae, magna corpora et tantum ad impetum valida. 3 laboris atque operum non eadem patientia, minimeque sitim aestumque tolerare, frigora at ... more details
History of Poland Image Europe countries map en.png thumb right 200px Location of Poland in Europe Peoples belonging to numerous archaeological culture archeological cultures identified with Celts Celtic , Germanic people Germanic and Balts Baltic tribes, lived and migrated through various parts the territory that now constitutes Poland in Antiquity , an era that dates from about 400 Anno Domini BC to 450 500 Anno Domini AD . Other groups, difficult to identify, were most likely also present, as ethnic group ethnic composition of archeological cultures is often poorly recognized. Short of using a written language to any appreciable degree, many of them developed relatively advanced material culture and social organization , as evidenced by the archeological record, for example judged by the presence of richly furnished, dynastic princely graves. Characteristic of the period was high human migration geographical migration rate of large groups of people, even equivalents of today s nations. ref Various authors, ed. Marek Derwich and Adam urek , U r de Polski do roku 1038 Foundations of Poland until year 1038 , Wydawnictwo Dolno l skie , Wroc aw 2002, ISBN 83 7023 954 4, p. 86 121 ref This article covers the continuation of the Iron Age see Bronze and Iron Age Poland , the La T ne culture La T ne and Roman Empire Roman influence and Migration Period Migration periods. La T ne culture La T ne period is subdivided into La T ne A, 450 to 400 BC La T ne B, 400 to 250 BC La T ne C, 250 to 150 BC La T ne D, 150 to 0 BC. 200 to 0 BC is also considered the younger pre Ancient Rome Roman period A . It was followed by the period of Roman influence, of which the early stage had lasted from 0 to 150 AD 0 80 B sub 1 sub , 80 150 B sub 2 sub , and the late stage from 150 to 375 AD 150 250 C sub 1 sub , 250 300 C sub 2 sub , 300 375 C sub 3 sub . 375 to 500 AD constituted the pre Slavic peoples Slavic Migration Period D and E . ref name Chronology 8 The Celtic peoples established ... more details
Infobox language name Prussian nativename lang bat Pr siskai Bil , lang bat Pr siskan states East Prussia region Europe extinct Late 17th or early 18th century familycolor Indo European fam2 Balto Slavic languages Balto Slavic fam3 Western Baltic languages Western Baltic iso3 prg lingua 54 AAC a Old Prussian Prussian Pr siskan or Pr siskai Bil is an extinct Baltic languages Baltic language, once spoken by the Old Prussians the indigenous peoples of the Prussia region Prussia not to be confused with the Prussia later and much larger German state of the same name , now north eastern Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia . The original territory also included eastern parts of Pomerelia some parts of the region east of the Vistula River . It was also spoken much further east and south in what became Polesia and part of Podlasia with the conquests by Rus and Poles starting in the 10th century and by the Ostsiedlung German colonisation of the area which began in the 12th century. According to Gimbutas, the entire area has thousands of river names that can be traced back to an original Baltic language, even though they have undergone Slavicization . The Aesti , mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania book Germania , may have been a people who spoke Old Prussian. Tacitus describes them as being just like the Suebi a group of Germanic tribes Germanic peoples but with a more Britannic like Celtic languages Celtic language. Old Prussian was closely related to the other extinct Western Baltic languages , Curonian language Curonian , Galindian language Galindian and Sudovian language Sudovian . It is more distantly related to the surviving Eastern Baltic language s, Lithuanian language Lithuanian and Latvian language Latvian . Compare the Prussian word seme zem , ref name Lie Mikkels Klussis. B ziscas pr siskai la tawiskas wirde ns per t laisin laksikis rekreaci nin http donelaitis.vdu.lt prussian Lie.pdf Donelaitis.vdu.lt Lithuanian version of http donelaitis.vdu.lt pruss ... more details
NOTOC This is a timeline of Estonia n history , comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Estonia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Estonia . See also the list of rulers of Estonia . Dynamic list div class toc Centuries 1st century 1st 2nd century 2nd 3rd century 3rd 4th century 4th 5th century 5th 6th century 6th 7th century 7th 8th century 8th 9th century 9th 10th century 10th 11th century 11th 12th century 12th 13th century 13th 14th century 14th 15th century 15th 16th century 16th 17th century 17th 18th century 18th 19th century 19th 20th century 20th 21st century 21st div 1st century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 98 Rome Roman historian Tacitus writes in the book Germania about aesti tribes. 2nd century Empty section date January 2012 3rd century Empty section date January 2012 4th century Empty section date January 2012 5th century Empty section date January 2012 6th century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event rowspan 2 valign top 600 Vikings from Gotland sail to Hiiumaa Dag island and build a fortification there. King Ingvar Ingvar of Sweden invades Estonia, but is killed. His son Anund avenges his father and raids the country. 7th century Empty section date January 2012 8th century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 800 Estonians participat in the Battle of Br vellir on the side of the Swedes and against the Danes . 9th century Empty section date January 2012 10th century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 967 Olav Tryggvason , the future King of Norway , is captured by Estonian pirates , and sold as a slave. 972 A battle between Estonian and Icelanders Icelandic vikings in Saaremaa . 11th century class wikitable width 100 style width 6 Year style width 10 Date Event 1008 Olaf II of Norway Olaf Haraldsson , the future King of ... more details
Disputed date August 2007 Expert verify date August 2007 Lithuanian culture, along with Latvian, is among the oldest surviving Indo European cultures. Much of its symbolism an example is the p rkonkrusts or thunder cross is ancient. Its seasons, festivals, and numerous deities reflect the essential agrarian nature of Latvian tribal life. These seasons and festivals are still noted, if not also celebrated today for example, J i is a national holiday. The legacy of Latvian mythology is also seen in contemporary Christian holidays. Christmas is called Ziemassv tki . Not only is Easter called Lieldienas , but the pussy willow has supplanted the palm frond in Christian symbolism. Palm Sunday is P polsv tdiena , literally, Pussy Willow Sunday , and little children are awoken that morning by the ritualistic swats of a willow branch and the exclamation, Apa k p pols, apa k p pols, apa k p pols Round like the catkins of a pussy willow Also used Apa k p pols, vesels k p pols Round like Pussy willow, healthy like Pussy Willow That way giving a blessing of good health for the year coming until Next Pussy Willow Sunday. Sources Historical sources In AD 98, Gaius Cornelius Tacitus Tacitus , a Roman Empire Roman , mentioned the worship of a goddess mother in the Baltic region see Aesti . Reports of Christianization give unbalanced information. We do know that some tribes had had their religious beliefs declining for some time, and accepted Christianity willingly. Others, such as the Curonians and Semigallians , resisted Christianization. Later texts by authors who presumably knew nothing of Latvian beliefs, substituted supposedly authoritative work substituting Prussian people Prussia n deities, adding extremely unlikely explanations and etymology etymologies . Folklore Latvian folklore was recorded mostly after the 19th century, therefore it sometimes can be quite Christianized. Still, the traditions are layered rather than merged. These records sometimes also conta ... more details
linked One theory is that the modern name of Estonia originated from the Aesti described by the Ancient ... , who in his book Germania book Germania ca. AD 98 describes the Aesti tribe. Tacitus mentions ... more details
History of Poland The ancient Roman scholars knew nothing about the impenetrable forest north of Dacia and the Carpathian Mountains , between the migrating Celts and Germanic peoples Germanic tribes to the west, and the Sarmatians to the east. Augustian historian Strabo only assumed the presence of a different tribe reaching north to the Baltic Sea . Strabo and Tacitus who introduced the concept of Germanorum in the 1st century ref name Moczulski 120 Cornelius Tacitus , De origine at situ Germanorium Klaudios Ptolemaios , Geographia . In L. Moczulski, Narodziny Mi dzymorza , p. 120 ibidem . ref admitted to knowning nothing more. ref name Moczulski 119 Leszek Moczulski , http books.google.ca books?id FY u2 TUiFoC&lpg PA86&ots SBicwMFDDQ&dq Piotr 20Kaczanowski 2C 20Janusz 20Krzysztof 20Koz C5 82owski 20 20Najdawniejsze 20dzieje 20ziem 20polskich 20 20plemiona 20germanskie&pg PA119 v onepage&q&f false Narodziny Mi dzymorza ukszta towanie ojczyzn, powstanie pa stw oraz uk ady geopolityczne wschodniej cz ci Europy w p nej staro ytno ci i we wczesnym redniowieczu. Page 119. Bellona , 2007 826 pages. Google Books preview. ref The main event that took place within the lands of Poland in the Early Middle Ages , as well as other parts of Central Europe central eastern Europe , was the arrival, and subsequent permanent settlement, of the Slavic peoples . ref name KK 337 ref name KK 327 330, 346 The Slavic human migrations migrations in the area of contemporary Poland started in the second half of the 5th century Common Era CE , some half century after these territories were vacated by Germanic peoples Germanic tribes, their previous inhabitants. ref name KK 337 ref name KK 327 330, 346 The first waves of the incoming Slavs settled the vicinity of the upper Vistula River and elsewhere in the lands of present southeastern Poland and southern Masovia . Coming from the east, from the upper and middle regions of the Dnieper River , ref For genetic evidence see Krzysztof R ba a e ... more details
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