wiktionary Afferent is an anatomical term with the following meanings Convey ing towards a center, for example the afferent arteriole s conveying blood towards the Bowman s capsule in the Kidney . Opposite to Efferent . Something that so conduct s, see Afferent nerve fiber Afferent lymphatic vessels References Dorland s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 30th Ed., ISBN 0 7216 0146 4 Category Medical terms de Afferenz nl Afferent ... more details
Visceral afferent can refer to General visceral afferent fibers Special visceral afferent disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Afferent vessels can refer to Afferent arterioles Afferent lymphatic vessels disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Afferent arterioles Latin arteriola glomerularis afferens GraySubject 253 GrayPage 1221 Image Gray1128.png Caption Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. Label Afferent vessel is visible in upper left. Image2 Gray1129.png Caption2 Distribution of bloodvessels in cortex of kidney. BranchFrom interlobular artery BranchTo Vein Supplies glomerular capillaries MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 62 DorlandsSuf 12156661 The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessel s that supply the nephron s in many Excretion excretory systems . They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure as a part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery , which supplies blood to the kidney s. The afferent arterioles later diverge into the Capillary capillaries of the glomerulus kidney glomerulus . Regulation When renal blood flow is reduced indicating hypotension or there is a decrease in sodium and chloride ion concentration, the macula densa of the distal tubule releases prostaglandins , which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin , activating the renin angiotensin aldosterone system , to increase blood pressure and increase retention of sodium ions via aldosterone . The macula densa cell can also increase the local blood pressure of the afferent arterioles by increasing the synthesis of nitrous oxide or decreasing the synthesis of adenosine or adenosine triphosphate ATP . If the afferent arterioles are constricted then the blood pressure in the capillaries of the kidneys will drop. They consist of blood plasma. See also Efferent arteriole Tubuloglomerular feedback Macula densa Additional images gallery Image Renal corpuscle.svg Renal corpuscle gallery External links GeorgiaPhysiology 7 7ch03 7ch03p10 Renal Vasculature Efferent Arterioles & Peritubular Capillaries UCDavisOrganology Urinary mammal vasc0 vasc2 Mammal, renal vasculature EM, Low kidney Category ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. General somatic efferent fibers Somatic efferent . BR 2. Somatic afferent. BR 3,4,5. General visceral efferent fibers Sympathetic efferent . BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Sympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The general somatic afferent fibers GSA , or somatic sensory fibers , afferent fibers , arise from cells in the spinal ganglia and are found in all the spinal nerves , except occasionally the first cervical, and conduct impulses of Pain and nociception pain , touch and temperature from the surface of the body through the posterior roots to the spinal cord and impulses of muscle sense, tendon sense and joint sense from the deeper structures. See also Afferent nerve References reflist Gray s Nervous tissue neuroscience stub Category Spinal cord ru GSA DEFAULTSORT General Somatic Afferent Fibers ... more details
Special somatic afferent SSA refers to afferent nerves that carry information from the special senses of Visual system vision , Hearing sense hearing and Equilibrioception balance . The cranial nerve s containing SSA fibers are the optic nerve II and the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII . SSA may also stand for special sensory afferent , however this term encompasses both special somatic and special visceral afferent s. ref Drake et al. 2010 , Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone. ref References references External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca cns histo systems cranialnerves main.htm Overview at mmi.mcgill.ca Nervous tissue Category Neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
citations missing date August 2011 Infobox Nerve Name Afferent Nerve Fiber Latin neurofibrae afferentes GraySubject GrayPage Image motor.jpg Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber Code TerminologiaHistologica 2 00 06.1.00015 In the nervous system , afferent neurons otherwise known as sensory neuron sensory or receptor neuron s , carry action potential nerve impulses from receptor biochemistry receptor s or sense organs towards the central nervous system . This term can also be used to describe relative connections between structures. Afferent neurons communicate with specialized interneuron s. The opposite activity of direction or flow is efferent nerve fiber efferent . In the nervous system there is a closed loop system of sensation, decision, and reactions. This process is carried out through the activity of afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons. A touch or pain ful stimulus physiology stimulus , for example, creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent nerve pathways. Afferent neurons are pseudounipolar neurons , that have a single long dendrite and a short axon Citation needed date September 2010 , and a smooth and rounded cell soma biology body . The dendrite ... that make up the afferent nerves. Just outside the spinal cord , thousands of afferent neuronal ... and mnemonics Afferent is derived from Latin participle afferentem af ad to ferre bear, carry ... afferent and efferent a fferent connection a rrives and an e fferent connection e xits . ref MedicalMnemonics 3502 3463 367 115 ref Another mnemonic device is SAME DAVE. Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent, Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent. See also Efferent nerve fiber Motor neuron Interneuron References ... Afferent Nerve Fiber Category Neurophysiology Category Sensory system ar ca Nervi ... afferenti kk lt Sensorinis neuronas nl Sensorische zenuwcel no Afferent ... more details
Special visceral afferent SVA refers to afferent nerves that develop in association with the gastrointestinal tract . ref NormanAnatomy cranialnerves ref They carry the special senses of smell olfaction and taste gustation . The cranial nerve s containing SVA fibers are the olfactory nerve I , the facial nerve VII , the glossopharyngeal nerve IX and the vagus nerve X . The facial nerve receives taste from the anterior two thirds of the tongue the glossopharyngeal from the posterior third. SVA fibres in the vagus originate in the epiglottis and pharynx . ref Drake et al. 2010 , Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone. ref References references External links http sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca cns histo systems cranialnerves main.htm Overview at mmi.mcgill.ca Nervous tissue DEFAULTSORT Special Visceral Afferent Category Neuroscience Neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Lymph Name Afferent lymph vessel Latin vasa afferentia lymphoglandulae GraySubject 175 GrayPage 689 Image Illu lymph node structure.png Caption Structure of the lymph node. Image2 Caption2 DrainsFrom DrainsTo MeshName MeshNumber Dorlands DorlandsID The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node , and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the lymph sinuses of the Cortex anatomy cortical part. In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths. Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes . This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the thymus and spleen . Additional images gallery Image Schematic of lymph node showing lymph sinuses.png Schematic of lymph node showing lymph sinuses gallery External links BUHistology 07107loa Lymphoid Tissues and Organs lymph node, afferent arterioles BiowebUW aplab Table of Contents Lab 11 Lymph node 2 Lymph node 2b lymph node 2b.html Afferent lymph vessel http faculty.une.edu com abell histo Histolab6.htm Image at une.edu http www.cvm.okstate.edu instruction mm curr histology HistologyReference HRLym.htm Overview at okstate.edu Lymphatic flow Lymphatic organ anatomy Gray s Category Lymphatic system Lymphatic stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name General visceral afferent fibers Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing pathways white grey rami are spatially reversed, possibly for clarity? of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. General somatic efferent fibers Somatic efferent . BR 2. General somatic afferent fibers Somatic afferent . BR 3,4,5. General visceral efferent fibers Sympathetic efferent . BR 6, 7. Parasympathetic afferent. BR Note that this image merely depicts pathways in a schematic fashion it is not anatomically correct. The efferent sympathetics exit in a loop entering the more lateral white and either exiting the more medial grey or traveling up down the chain to exit grey at other ganglia. The general visceral afferent fibers GVA conduct sensory impulses usually pain or reflex sensations from the viscera, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system. ref name Moore635 cite book last Moore first Keith title Essential Clinical Anatomy, Third Edition year 2007 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 0 7817 6274 X pages 635 coauthors Anne Agur ref They are considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system . However, unlike the efferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, the afferent fibers are not classified as either sympathetic nervous system sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system parasympathetic . ref name Moore34 35 cite book ... Abdomen In the abdomen, general visceral afferent fibers usually accompany sympathetic efferent fibers. This means that a signal traveling in an afferent fiber will begin at sensory receptors in the afferent ... visceral afferent nerve is located. ref name Moore180 Moore, K.L., & Agur, A.M. 2007 . Essential Clinical ... and the rectum. These afferent fibers, instead, follow the path of parasympathetic efferent fibers back to the vertebral column, where the afferent fibers enter the S2 S4 sensory ganglia followed by the spinal ... experienced. ref name Moore220 See also Afferent nerve References reflist Nervous tissue ... more details
In medicine and anatomy , the special senses are the sense s that have specialized Organ anatomy organs devoted to them Visual perception vision the human eye eye Hearing sense hearing and Equilibrioception balance the ear , which includes the auditory system and vestibular system olfaction smell the Human nose nose taste the tongue The distinction between special and general senses is used to classify nerve fibres running to and from the central nervous system information from special senses is carried in special somatic afferent s and special visceral afferent s. In contrast, the other sense, touch , is a somatic sense which does not have a specialized organ but comes from all over the body, most noticeably the skin but also the internal organs viscera . Touch includes mechanoreception pressure, vibration and proprioception , pain nociception and heat thermoception , and such information is carried in general somatic afferent s and General visceral afferent fibers general visceral afferent s. ref Drake et al. 2010 , Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Ed., Churchill Livingstone. ref References Reflist External links http www.lrn.org Content Lessons senses.html development Development of special senses Sensory system Category Sensory system zh ... more details
wiktionarypar efferent Efferent is an anatomy anatomical term with the following meanings Conveying away from a center, for example the efferent arteriole s conveying blood away from the Bowman s capsule in the kidney . Opposite to afferent . Something that so Electrical conduction conduct s, see efferent nerve fiber Efferent lymph vessel See also Efferent ducts Efferent arteriole disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 A sensory unit is a single afferent neuron with all its receptor biochemistry receptor endings.It is the smallest unit of sensory response. DEFAULTSORT Sensory Unit Category Neurons Neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name General somatic efferent fibers Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. Somatic efferent. BR 2. General somatic afferent fibers Somatic afferent . BR 3,4,5. General visceral efferent fibers Sympathetic efferent . BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Sympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The spinal somatic efferent neurons GSE , somatomotor , or somatic motor fibers , arise from motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral horns of the gray matter within the spinal cord . They exit the spinal cord through the ventral roots , carrying motor impulses to skeletal muscle . Of the somatic efferent neurons, there exist subtypes. Alpha motor neurons target extrafusal muscle fiber s. Gamma motor neurons target intrafusal muscle fibre s Cranial nerves also supply their own somatic efferent neurons to the extraocular muscles and some of the muscles of the tongue. See also Nerve fiber Efferent nerve References reflist Gray s Nervous tissue Category Peripheral nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Artery Name PAGENAME Latin arteriae corticales radiatae, arteriae interlobulares renis GraySubject 253 GrayPage 1224 Image Gray1128.png Caption Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply. Image2 Caption2 BranchFrom arcuate arteries of the kidney BranchTo Vein Interlobular veins Supplies Afferent arterioles , glomeruli MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 61 DorlandsSuf 12154691 The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries or cortical radiate arteries , or cortical radial arteries , are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the Medullary ray anatomy medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end arteries . In their outward course they give off lateral branches these are the afferent arterioles afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus . From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman s capsule . External links BUHistology 16015loa Urinary System kidney, H&E, interlobular artery and vein Gray s circulatory stub Kidney Category Kidney anatomy ca Arteriola interlobel lar del rony es Arterias interlobulares del ri n ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The neothalamus is part of the diencephalon , a portion of the brain of higher organisms including humans. The neothalamus receives input from the thalamus and projects to the association psychology association areas of the neocortex . It contains the largest division of nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei in the brain and is larger in animals with a well developed cerebral cortex cortex . Nociception Nociceptive signals received in the spinal cord from primary afferent neuron s are projected via secondary afferent neurons, specifically, via the neo spinothalamic tract , through the neothalamus, where the tract terminates, to the somatosensory cortex . See also List of regions in the human brain Category Neuroanatomy Category Central nervous system Neuroanatomy stub ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin stria medullaris thalamica GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 281 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Stria medullaris NeuroLexID birnlex 1066 DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The stria medullaris , also known as stria medullaris thalami, is a fiber bundle containing Afferent nerve afferent fibers from the septal nuclei , lateral preoptico hypothalamic region, and anterior thalamic nuclei to the habenula . It forms a horizontal ridge on the medial surface of the thalamus . It projects to the habenular nuclei . ref http www.dartmouth.edu rswenson NeuroSci chapter 10.html ref It is considered part of the epithalamus in NeuroNames , but part of the thalamus in Terminologia Anatomica . References reflist neuroscience stub Diencephalon Olfactory system Category Neuroanatomy ... more details
Infobox Brain Name PAGENAME Latin Fibrae projectionis GraySubject 189 GrayPage 843 Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType ancil BrainInfoNumber 219 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre f 05 DorlandsSuf 12362087 Code Terminologia Anatomica TA A14.1.00.018 The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the Cerebral cortex cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord . Efferent The principal efferent strands are 1 the motor tract , occupying the genu and anterior two thirds of the occipital part of the internal capsule , and consisting of a the geniculate fibers , which Decussation of pyramids decussate and end in the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves of the opposite side and b the cerebrospinal fibers , which are prolonged through the pyramid of the medulla oblongata into the medulla spinalis 2 the corticopontine fibers , ending in the nuclei pontis . Afferent The chief afferent fibers are 1 those of the Lemniscus anatomy lemniscus which are not interrupted in the thalamus 2 those of the superior cerebellar peduncle which are not interrupted in the red nucleus and thalamus 3 numerous fibers arising within the thalamus , and passing through its stalks to the different parts of the Cerebral cortex cortex 4 optic and acoustic fibers , the former passing to the Occiput occipital , the latter to the temporal lobe . External links http mri.kennedykrieger.org sitemap neuronal.html Diagram at kennedykrieger.org http www.mch.com doctors caregivers physicians radiologyStudies tractography classification.htm Overview at mch.com Gray s Nervous tissue Category Nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name General visceral efferent fibers Latin GraySubject 190 GrayPage 849 Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve. BR 1. General somatic efferent fibers Somatic efferent . BR 2. General somatic afferent fibers Somatic afferent . BR 3,4,5. Sympathetic efferent. BR 6,7. General visceral afferent fibers Parasympathetic afferent . Image2 Caption2 System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The term general visceral efferent fibers GVE or visceral efferent or autonomic efferent refers to the efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system that provide motor innervation to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands contrast with Special visceral efferent SVE fibers ref cite book last Drake, Vogl, Mitchell title Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition year 2010 publisher Elsevier ref . GVE fibers may be either sympathetic or parasympathetic ref cite book last Drake, Vogl, Mitchell title Gray s Anatomy for Students, 2nd Edition year 2010 publisher Elsevier ref . The cranial nerves containing GVE fibers include the oculomotor nerve , the facial nerve , the glossopharyngeal nerve , and the vagus nerve . ref Mehta, Samir et al. Step Up A High Yield, Systems Based Review for the USMLE Step 1. Baltimore, MD LWW, 2003. ref Additional images gallery Image Gray840.png Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia. gallery See also Nerve fiber Preganglionic fibers Efferent nerve Gray s Nervous tissue References reflist Category Peripheral nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray1130.svg Caption Glomerulus. Vascular pole not labeled, but visible at bottom. Image2 Corpuscule malpighi.JPG Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre p 26 DorlandsSuf 13491188 The vascular pole is a location of the glomerulus . At the vascular pole, the afferent arterioles and efferent arterioles enter the Bowman s capsule . The urinary pole is at the other end. External links UIUCHistologySubject 1398 genitourinary stub Category Urinary system ... more details
RAPD may refer to RAPD Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA Marcus Gunn pupil Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Nofootnotes date November 2007 The anal wink , anal reflex , perineal reflex , or anocutaneous reflex is the reflex ive contraction of the external anal sphincter upon stroking of the skin around the anus. A noxious or tactile stimulus will cause a wink contraction of the anal sphincter muscle s and also flexion. The stimulus is detected by the nociceptor s in the perineal skin to the pudendal nerve , where a response is integrated by the spinal cord sacral segment s S2 S4. The absence of this reflex indicates that there is an interruption of the reflex arc , which may be in the sensory afferent limb or the motor efferent limb. The synapse between the afferent and efferent limbs occurs in the lowest sacral segments of the spinal cord . See also Reflex anal dilatation External links http www.law.umkc.edu faculty projects ftrials mcmartin woodlingtestimony.html Testimony by Dr. Bruce Woodling &mdash Expert testimony in McMartin Child Abuse Case. http www.pathguy.com abuse.htm False allegations of child abuse &mdash Expert opinion on false allegations of child abuse, with mention of anal wink testimony. Category Reflexes de Analreflex pl Odruch odbytniczy uk ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Nerve Name Ramus communicans Latin ramus communicans nervorum spinalium GraySubject GrayPage Image Gray799.svg Caption Scheme showing structure of a typical spinal nerve . 1. Somatic efferent. 2. Somatic afferent. 3,4,5. Sympathetic efferent. 6,7. Sympathetic afferent. Image2 Gray819.png Caption2 Diagram of the course and branches of a typical intercostal nerve. Rami communicantes labeled at center. Innervates BranchFrom BranchTo MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre r 02 DorlandsSuf 12689477 Ramus communicans plural rami communicantes is the term used for a nerve which connects two other nerves. When used without further definition, it almost always refers to a communicating branch between a spinal nerve and the sympathetic trunk . More specifically, it usually refers to one of the following Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans Autonomic Nervous tissue DEFAULTSORT Ramus Communicans Category Nerves of the torso Neuroanatomy stub ca Branca comunicant ... more details
Mergeto subthalamus date December 2009 Unreferenced date December 2009 The prethalamus formerly described as ventral thalamus or subthalamus is part of the diencephalon and therefore part of the brain . Developmental biologists prefer the term prethalamus, as it can be genetically defined Puelles and Rubenstein, 2003 , whereas human anatomists often use the expression subthalamus. The prethalamus is part of the mid diencephalic territory MDT containing also the zona limitans intrathalamica ZLI , and the thalamus . Caudally, the prethalamus is separated from the thalamus by the ZLI acting as lineage restriction boundary. The pro neural gene Dlx gene Dlx2 serves a typical marker of the prethalamus. Typical nucleus neuroanatomy nuclei of the prethalamus are the zona incerta , thalamic reticular nucleus , and the fields of Forel . The prethalamus is patterned by Sonic hedgehog signalling from the ZLI. Anatomically, it develops efferent nerve efferent output connections to the striatum caudate nucleus and putamen in the telencephalon , to the thalamus medial and lateral nuclear groups in the diencephalon, and to the red nucleus and substantia nigra in the mesencephalon . It receives afferent nerve afferent input connections from the substantia nigra and striatum. Diencephalon Category Diencephalon de Pr thalamus ... more details
Cleanup date May 2009 Image Brain 090407.jpg thumb right 238px The human brain The Basolateral Amygdala is a major limbic related region within the brain . The basolateral amygdala projects heavily to the nucleus accumbens . The nucleus accumbens is regarded as the limbic motor interface , in view of these limbic afferent and its somatomotor and autonomic efferent connections. These afferent inputs have been suggested to converge monosynaptically on cells within the accumbens and are hypothesised to play a role in functions such as affective motivational behaviour. In fact there is a robust reciprocal projection between the basolateral amygdala and the hippocampus, synaptic details of which have not been fully investigated. Bidirectional projections connect the medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala. This circuit has been implicated to play a role in fear extinction and abnormalities in the projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the basolateral amygdala have been observed in schizophrenics. Rostral basal ganglia and associated structures Category Rostral basal ganglia and associated structures ... more details
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