unreferenced date February 2012 Affirming the consequent , sometimes called converse error , is a formal fallacy , committed by reasoning in the argument form form If P , then Q . Q . Therefore, P . An argument of this form is validity invalid , i.e., the conclusion can be false even when statements 1 and 2 are true. Since P was never asserted as the only sufficient condition for Q , other factors could account for Q while P was false . The name affirming the consequent derives from the premise Q , which affirms consequent the then clause of the indicative conditional conditional premise. Examples One way to demonstrate the invalidity of this argument form is with a counterexample with true premises but an obviously false conclusion. For example If Bill Gates owns United States Bullion Depository Fort Knox , then he is rich. Bill Gates is rich. Therefore, Bill Gates owns Fort Knox. Owning Fort Knox is not the only way to be rich. There are any number of other ways to be rich. Arguments of the same form can sometimes seem superficially convincing, as in the following example If I have the flu , then I have a sore throat . I have a sore throat. Therefore, I have the flu. But having the flu is not the only cause of a sore throat since many illnesses cause sore throat, such as the common cold or strep throat . The following is a more subtle version of the fallacy embedded into conversation. A All Republican Party United States Republicans are gun control against gun control . B That s not true. My uncle s against gun control and he s not a Republican. B attempts to falsify A s Logical conditional conditional statement if Republican then against gun control by providing evidence he believes would contradict its implication. However, B s example of his uncle does not contradict A s statement, which says nothing about non Republicans. What would be needed to disprove A s assertion ... logic stub date November 2008 DEFAULTSORT Affirming The Consequent Category Propositional fallacies ... more details
Other uses Consequence disambiguation Refimprove date December 2009 A consequent is the second half of a hypothetical proposition . In the standard form of such a proposition, it is the part that follows then . In an implication , if math phi math implies math psi math then math phi math is called the Antecedent logic antecedent and math psi math is called the consequent . ref Sets, Functions and Logic An Introduction to Abstract Mathematics, Keith Devlin, Chapman & Hall CRC Mathematics, 3rd ed., 2004 ref Examples If P, then Q. Q is the consequent of this hypothetical proposition. If X is a mammal, then X is an animal. Here, X is an animal is the consequent. If computers can think, then they are alive. They are alive is the consequent. The consequent in a hypothetical proposition is not necessarily a consequence of the Antecedent logic antecedent . If monkeys are purple, then fish speak Klingon . Fish speak Klingon is the consequent here, but intuitively is not a consequence of nor does it have anything anything to do with the claim made in the antecedent that monkeys are purple . See also Antecedent logic References reflist Category Conditionals Logic stub cs Konsekvent es Ap dosis nl Gevolg ru sv Konsekvent zh ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 The logical fallacy of affirming a disjunct also known as the fallacy of the alternative disjunct or a false exclusionary disjunct occurs when a deductive logic deductive argument takes the following logical form A or B A Therefore, it is not the case that B Or in logical operators math p vee q math math p math math vdash math math q math Where math vdash math denotes a logical assertion . Explanation The fallacy lies in concluding that one disjunction disjunct must be false because the other disjunct is true in fact they may both be true. This results from or being defined inclusively rather than exclusively. Affirming the disjunct should not be confused with the valid form known as the disjunctive syllogism . Example The following argument indicates the invalidity of affirming a disjunct Max is a cat or Max is a mammal. Max is a cat. Therefore, Max is not a mammal. This inference is invalid. If Max is a cat then Max is also a mammal. Remember or is defined in an inclusive sense not an exclusive sense. The car is red or the car is large. The car is red. Therefore, the car is not large. The above example of an argument also demonstrates the fallacy. See also Exclusive disjunction Logical disjunction Syllogistic fallacy External links http www.fallacyfiles.org afonedis.html Fallacy files affirming a disjunct Formal fallacy Category Propositional fallacies Category Syllogistic fallacies fr Affirmation d une disjonction he ja ... more details
Christianity and sexual orientation Open and Affirming ONA is an official designation of congregations and other settings within the United Church of Christ UCC denomination affirming the full inclusion of gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender persons LGBT in that setting s life and ministry. The Open and Affirming program is administered by the UCC Coalition for LGBT Concerns, which supports congregations and other church settings as they consider adoption of an ONA covenant and maintains the official list of ONA settings. The Coalition encourages UCC congregations, campus ministries, seminaries, regional bodies and other communities to engage their members in serious study of sexual orientation and gender identity and to declare publicly their full welcome and inclusion of LGBT people. With more than 1,000 congregations, the UCC s ONA program is the largest of several LGBT welcoming church movements in U.S. and Canadian churches. History In 1985 the United Church of Christ s General Synod adopted the Open and Affirming ONA resolution, encouraging UCC congregations to welcome or consider welcoming gay, lesbian, and bisexual members into their life and programs. Following subsequent General Synod resolutions affirming transgender members of the church, the welcome was extended so that, today, an ONA covenant typically welcomes members of any sexual orientation or gender identity ..., more than 1,000 UCC congregations and other settings are listed as officially Open and Affirming ..., Multicultural, Open and Affirming , and Accessible to All A Church where everyone is welcome ..., 59 congregations have identified themselves as Faithful and Welcoming by affirming the Lexington ... summarized by the Open and Affirming movement. Only ten percent of UCC churches have officially adopted ... http facebook.com ucc.coalition Open and Affirming Facebook page http www.clgs.org 5 pdf fahnenstock ... News history of the ONA movement DEFAULTSORT Open And Affirming Category United Church of Christ Category ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Affirming Catholicism is a movement operating in several provinces of the Anglican Communion , most notably in the United Kingdom UK , Ireland , the United States where it is known as Affirming Anglican Catholicism or AAC and Canada. The movement represents a liberal strand of Anglo Catholicism and is particularly noted for holding that Anglo Catholic belief and practice is compatible with the ordination of women . It also generally supports ordination into the threefold ministry bishop s, priest s, deacon s regardless of gender or sexual orientation . ref cite book title Evangelicals Etcetera Conflict and Conviction in the Church of England s Parties author Kelvin Randall year 2005 publisher Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. isbn 0 7546 5215 7 pages 42 url http books.google.com books?id e9i 3s 0cgwC&pg PA42&dq 22Affirming Catholicism 22&ie ISO 8859 1&output html ref The movement was formalised on 9 June 1990, at St Alban s Church Holborn in London by a number of Anglo Catholic clergy in the Diocese of London who had been marginalised within, or expelled from, existing Anglo Catholic groups because of their support for women s ordination to the priesthood. It developed a theological stance which was staunchly liberal in matters of inclusivity but traditionally Catholic in matters of liturgy and the centrality and theology of the sacrament s whilst believing that traditional restrictions on who may receive them should be re examined. Prominent supporters include the Archbishop of Canterbury , Rowan Williams , as well as the St Albans Cathedral Dean of St Albans , Jeffrey John , both of whom have served on the executive committee of British Irish Affirming Catholicism in recent years. In North America, bishops involved in AAC include Frank Griswold , former ... Affirming Catholicism UK http affirmingcatholicism.org index.html Affirming Catholicism USA http www.cdsp.edu ... Catholicism fr Affirming Catholicism ... more details
Affirming Pentecostal Church International is an LGBT LGBT affirming Oneness Pentecostalism Apostolic Pentecostal denomination. It was founded December 5, 2010 in Indianapolis, Indiana, and maintains headquarters in that city. ref name glbtq1 cite web url http www.glbtq.com social sciences apostolic pentecostals,2.html title social sciences Apostolic Pentecostals publisher glbtq date accessdate 2011 06 10 ref ref http www.myapci.org ref APCI has established congregations in the US, Wales, Albania, Kosovo, Portugal, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil and Guatemala, and is in the process of establishing churches in Montenegro, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, Taiwan, Tanzania, England, Trinidad, Ukraine, Uganda, and Ghana. APCI also has extensive ministries in Nigeria, through their Chicago church, High Praises International Ministries. ref name glbtq1 ref http www.myapci.org ref The church holds three conferences each year. ref http www.myapci.org ref Leadership Rev. Rafael DeJesus is the Senior Bishop. Rev. Kevin Konkle and Rev. Robert Martin serve as Associate Bishops ... ref Beliefs APCI is a fully affirming church open to all persons. Their anti discrimination policy includes ... texts of scripture, as do other Gay Apostolic Pentecostals LGBT Affirming Apostolic organizations. Education ... Affirming Pentecostal Church , Palmer Lake, CO http www.opendoorcommunitychurch.org Open ..., TN Turning Point Affirming Apostolic Church, Charleston, WV Mi Fortaleza es Dios, San Juan ... Affirming Pentecostal Church, Bloomington, IN http lighthousesatx.org Lighthouse Christian Fellowship ... Affirming Pentecostal Church, Merida, Mexico Affirming Pentecostal Church, Tirane, Albania Affirming Pentecostal Church, Bogota, Colombia Affirming Pentecostal Church, Pristina, Kosovo Affirming Pentecostal Church, Lisbon, Portugal Affirming Pentecostal Church, S o Paolo, Brazil http www.avivamiento.8m.com ... www.myapci.org Official website of the Affirming Pentecostal Church International Category Articles ... more details
baptist The Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists AWAB is a group consisting of Baptist individuals, organizations, and congregations that are committed to advocating and encouraging the full inclusion of lesbian , gay , bisexuality bisexual and transgender persons in the lives and ministries of Baptist churches. It is one of many LGBT welcoming church movements to emerge in American Christianity beginning in the 1980s. File AWAB Logo Small.png left AWAB was established by about ten congregations in 1993 during that year s ABCUSA Biennial in San Jose, California. It grew out of a group called http www.rainbowbaptists.org ambaptists.htm American Baptists Concerned for Sexual Minorities , which was founded in 1972 and which merged with AWAB in 2003. As of 2009 AWAB had 75 member congregations. These congregations are affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA , the Baptist Peace Fellowship of North America , the Alliance of Baptists , and the United Church of Christ . Informal partners of AWAB include the Roger Williams Fellowship, the Coalition for Baptist Principles, and Baptists without Borders. In addition to the member congregations and informal partner organizations, AWAB has a number of local affiliated groups, member organizations, one member seminary and hundreds of individual members in all parts of the United States. Beyond Baptist circles, AWAB cooperates ecumenically with welcoming and affirming organizations in other Christian denominations and faith traditions. AWAB is partners in the Institute of Welcoming Resources and publishes a quarterly newsletter, The InSpiriter and an email newsletter, Associational . The national offices of AWAB are in Kensington ... out of San Francisco, CA. See also Portal LGBT LGBT affirming churches Pullen Memorial Baptist ... Church Austin, Texas External links http wabaptists.org Association of Welcoming and Affirming ... Association Of Welcoming And Affirming Baptists Category Baptist organizations Category Homosexuality ... more details
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender LGBT affirming denominations in Judaism also called gay affirming are Jewish religious groups that welcome LGBT members and do not consider homosexuality to be a sin . They include both entire Jewish denomination s, as well as individual synagogue s. Some are composed mainly of non LGBT members and also have specific programs to welcome LGBT people, while others are composed mainly of LGBT members. Denominations Conservative Judaism Conservative Judaism in North America Mixed support Reform Judaism North America Reform Judaism in North America Reconstructionist Judaism Humanistic Judaism Individual congregations http www.narayever.com First Narayever Congregation Toronto, Ontario, Canada http www.betmish.org Bet Mishpachah Washington, D.C. ref name DC http lgbt.dc.gov lgbt cwp view,a,3,q,554396,lgbtNav, 7C32273 7C.asp Affirming Churches, Synagogues, and Religious Groups , District of Columbia ref Fabrangen Havurah Washington, D.C. ref name DC http www.shaarzahav.org Congregation Sha har Zahav San Francisco, California http www.cbst.org Congregation Beit Simchat Torah New York, New York Denomination sanctioned programmes http www.huc.edu ijso inclusion Institute for Judaism and Sexual Orientation Reform Judaism Unofficial programmes Keshet Rabbis Conservative Judaism Hod Organization Hod Orthodox Judaism Bat Kol Orthodox Judaism Programmes not affiliated with any particular denomination Keshet organization Keshet Jewish Mosaic http www.nehirim.org Nehirim http www.gaygevalt.com GayGevalt LGBT Jewish Calendar http www.havruta.org.il Havruta Religious Gays See also Portal box LGBT Homosexuality and Judaism References references External links http www.huc.edu ijso inclusion Institute for Judaism and Sexual Orientation of Hebrew Union College Reform Judaism Religion and LGBT issues LGBT state collapsed DEFAULTSORT Lgbt Affirming Denominations In Judaism Category Homosexuality and Judaism ... more details
LGBT topics and Christianity Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender LGBT affirming Christian denominations are Christian denominations that do not consider homosexuality or transgender ism to be sin s. They include entire religious denomination s, as well as individual church building churches and congregations. Some are composed mainly of non LGBT members and also have specific programs to welcome LGBT ... are not LGBT affirming have member organized groups which are not officially sanctioned by the denomination ... name GLBTQ Some congregations are merely non discriminatory and LGBT affirming while others are specifically ... . Affirming Pentecostal Church International Association of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists ... Episcopal Church United States Friends General Conference Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic ... of Iceland United Protestant Church in Belgium Portugal Affirming Pentecostal Church International British ... Wales Affirming Pentecostal Church International Albania Affirming Pentecostal Church International ... Central and South America Brazil Affirming Pentecostal Church International Colombia Affirming Pentecostal Church International Mexico Affirming Pentecostal Church International Individual congregations ..., TX, USA Denomination sanctioned programmes The following denominations have LGBT welcoming or affirming ... Open and Affirming Christian Church Disciples of Christ Open and Affirming. Welcoming Community Network ... Presbyterian Church USA Open & Affirming, All are Welcome Reformed Catholic Church USA International ... Open and affirming Open and Affirming ONA United Church of Christ Friends for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual ... of Welcoming and Affirming Baptists Welcoming and Affirming Baptist Pink Menno Campaign Mennonite ... friendly churches Christian http www.myapci.org Affirming Pentecostal Church International http ... Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals Gay Apostolic Pentecostals http huk.org e index.htm Homosexuals ... Affirming Christian Denominations Category LGBT topics and Christianity es Iglesias cristianas inclusivas ... more details
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender LGBT affirming religious groups also called gay affirming are religious groups that welcome LGBT members and do not consider homosexuality to be a sin . They include entire religious denomination s, as well as individual church building churches and synagogue s. Some are composed mainly of non LGBT members and also have specific programs to welcome LGBT people, while others are composed mainly of LGBT members. History The Abrahamic religion s of Judaism , Christianity and Islam , have traditionally forbidden sodomy , believing and teaching that such behaviour is sin ful. ref http www.catholic.org national national story.php?id 29699 Bishop Soto tells NACDLGM Homosexuality is Sinful catholic.org, accessed 29 September 2008 ref ref http oncourse.ag.org help index.cfm?targetBay 24b28860 fb44 4e27 92a1 a2fe92076e8b&ModID 2&Process DisplayArticle&RSS RSSContentID 9123&RSS OriginatingChannelID 1202&RSS OriginatingRSSFeedID 3859&RSS Source Help topics Assemblies of God USA , accessed 6 July 2009 ref Today some denominations within these religions are accepting of homosexuality and inclusive of homosexual people, such as Reform Judaism , the United Church of Christ and the Metropolitan Community Church . Many clerical ministries seek to create officially sanctioned Safe space s in a similar vein as gay straight alliance s in various schools. LGBT ministries differ from lay lead movements for inclusion of LGBT parishioners in that most lay movements do not receive open and official support from clergy. They also differ from LGBT oriented congregations such as those of the Metropolitan Community Church formed explicitly for LGBT parishioners in that the clergy ... inclusive, at all levels. Judaism Main LGBT affirming denominations in Judaism Christianity Main LGBT affirming Christian denominations Episcopal Church United States fact date December ... dates date January 2011 DEFAULTSORT Lgbt Affirming Religious Groups Category Homosexuality and religion ... more details
The Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals GAAAP is an LGBT affirming, Oneness Pentecostal denomination, headquartered in Thonotosassa, Florida . GAAAP was organized in 2007 by Rev. Robert Morgan of Tampa, Florida . GAAAP originally began as a ministerial fellowship, with 17 ministers by early 2008. In April 2010, GAAAP acquired Apostolic Restoration Mission ARM , formerly known as the National Gay Pentecostal Alliance NGPA . NGPA had been the first LGBT affirming Apostolic denomination, having formed in 1980 in Schenectady, New York . ref Gay Apostolic Pentecostals ref By late summer 2010, the organization claimed 50 ministers in 19 States and 5 nations. It was in 2010 that GAAAP amended its constitution to become a denomination and began to affiliate churches. Another significant development in the administrative structure of the organization was the official consecration of Robert Morgan and Robert Stamper as Presiding and Assistant Bishops respectively in August, 2011. The organization hosts an annual leadership retreat in February, in Tampa, FL and an annual ONE Conference that rotates between cities. The church is Nontrinitarianism non trinitarian in theology, holding to the belief that all the fullness of God resides bodily in Jesus , and teaches that repentance, water baptism by immersion in the name of Jesus Christ, and the Baptism of the Holy Ghost are essential elements of the Apostolic era church that must be retained in the church of God today. They also believe that speaking in tongues is the initial physical evidence of the baptism of the Holy Ghost . The church is affirming of gay people but doesn t not promote itself as a gay organization. A significant ... West Virginia, Charleston Pentecostal Affirming Ministries Pastor Tiffany Brashear GAAAP See also ... here automatically Reflist http www.GAAAP.net Official website of Global Alliance of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals Categories DEFAULTSORT Global Alliance Of Affirming Apostolic Pentecostals Category ... more details
Aristotelianism italictitle Sophistical Refutations Latin De sophisticis elenchis is a text in Aristotle s Organon . Aristotle identified thirteen Fallacy fallacies , as follows Verbal fallacies Accent or emphasis Amphibology Equivocation Fallacy of composition Composition Fallacy of division Division Figure of speech Material fallacies Accident fallacy Accident Affirming the consequent Converse accident Irrelevant conclusion Begging the question False cause Fallacy of many questions References http changingminds.org disciplines argument fallacies aristotle fallacies.htm ChangingMinds.org Aristotle s 13 fallacies External links HTML Greek text via http www.poesialatina.it Greek Index.htm Greco interattivo http etext.library.adelaide.edu.au a a8 sophist.html translated by W. A. Pickard Cambridge Category Works by Aristotle Category Logic literature de Sophistische Widerlegungen fr R futations sophistiques is Spekir k mk nl Sofistische weerleggingen no Sofistiske gjendrivelser pt Elencos Sof sticos ... more details
The Van Gogh fallacy is a type of Propositional calculus propositional fallacy affirming the consequent . It derives its name from an example in which an individual argues that because the painter Vincent Van Gogh lived his life in obscurity, yet was later recognised as a great artist , another individual who is currently living his or her life in similar obscurity is also likely to be recognised as a great artist. ref Nigel Warburton, Thinking from A to Z , Routledge, 2000 http books.google.co.uk books?id HF6nEOdfZmIC&pg PA142&dq 22Van Gogh fallacy 22&hl en&ei rZ0CTOubBpWN AbOxoHKBQ&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CC0Q6AEwAA v onepage&q 22Van 20Gogh 20fallacy 22&f false ref ref cite web title Analytical Thinking url http cambridgeperformance.com info.php?area analytical thinking publisher Cambridge Personal & Professional Development accessdate 27 June 2010 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot ref References Reflist Philosophy stub Category Logical fallacies ... more details
is a man. Affirming the consequent main Affirming the consequent Any argument that takes the following .... This sort of non sequitur is also called affirming the consequent . An example of affirming the consequent ... of the truth of its premises it is a non sequitur . Affirming the consequent is essentially the same ... even if the conclusion is true. Affirming a disjunct main Affirming a disjunct Affirming a disjunct .... An example of affirming a disjunct would be I am at home or I am in the city. I am at home. Therefore ... more details
is ignored in the argument. The fallacy is similar to affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent ... of the undistributed middle are, in fact, examples of affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent ... Specifically, the structure of this example results in affirming the consequent . However, if the latter ... more details
Merge to Hasty generalization date November 2010 Refimprove date November 2006 Proof by example also known as inappropriate generalization is a logical fallacy whereby one or more examples are claimed as proof for a more general statement. ref http www.auburn.edu marchjl fallacies.htm ref This fallacy has the following structure, and argument form Structure I know that X is such. Therefore, anything related to X is also such. Argument form I know that x, which is a member of group X, has the property P. Therefore, all other elements of X have the property P. The following example demonstrates why this is a logical fallacy I ve seen a person shoot someone dead. Therefore, all people are murderers. The flaw in this argument is very evident, but arguments of the same form can sometimes seem somewhat convincing, as in the following example I ve seen Gypsies steal. So, Gypsies must be thieves. When valid However, argument by example is valid when it leads from a singular premise to an existential conclusion. For example Socrates is wise. Therefore, someone is wise. or I ve seen a person steal. Therefore, people can steal. This is an informal version of the logical rule known as List of rules of inference Rules of classical predicate calculus existential introduction also known as particularisation or existential generalization . Formally Existential Introduction math underline varphi beta alpha , math math exists alpha , varphi , math See also Modus ponens Affirming the consequent Inductive reasoning Bayesian probability Proof by construction Anecdotal evidence Counterexample References references Formal Fallacy DEFAULTSORT Proof By Example Category Quantificational fallacies ro Dovad prin exemplu ... more details
Merge Outline of logic date August 2011 Index of logic articles header AlphanumericTOC align center nobreak numbers references externallinks top A Abacus logic Abduction logic Abductive validation Affine logic Affirming the antecedent Affirming the consequent Antecedent logic Antecedent Antinomy Argument form Aristotelian logic Axiom Axiomatic system Axiomatization B Backward chaining Barcan formula Biconditional elimination Biconditional introduction Bivalence and related laws Boolean algebra logic Boolean algebra structure C Categorical logic Clocked logic Cointerpretability College logic Combinational logic Combinatory logic Computability logic Conditional Conditional proof Conjunction elimination Conjunction introduction Conjunctive normal form Consequent Constructive dilemma Contradiction Contrapositive Control logic Converse logic Converse Barcan formula Cotolerance Counterfactual conditional Curry s paradox D De Morgan s laws Deduction theorem Deductive reasoning Degree of truth Denying the antecedent Deviant logic Disjunction elimination Disjunction introduction Disjunctive normal form Disjunctive syllogism Double negative Double negative elimination E Elimination rule End term Exclusive nor Exclusive or Existential fallacy Existential quantification F Fallacy of distribution Fallacy of the four terms First order predicate First order predicate calculus First order resolution Fluidic logic Forward chaining Free variables and bound variables Fuzzy logic G Game semantics H Heyting algebra Higher order predicate Horn clause Hypothetical syllogism I Iff Illicit major Illicit minor Implicant Inductive logic Inductive logic programming Inference procedure Inference rule Infinitary logic Informal logic Intensional statement Interpretability Interpretability logic Introduction rule Intuitionistic linear logic Intuitionistic logic Invalid proof Inverse logic K Karnaugh map L language Lateral thinking Law of excluded middle Law of non contradiction Laws of logic Laws ... more details
of the new argument stems not from denying the antecedent, but denying the consequent . See also Affirming the consequent Modus ponens Modus tollens Necessary and sufficient conditions To His Coy ... more details
In logic , the converse of a categorical or implicational statement is the result of reversing its two parts. For the Material conditional implication P &rarr Q , the converse is Q &rarr P . For the categorical proposition All S is P , the converse is All P is S . In neither case does the converse necessarily follow from the original statement. ref name Audi Robert Audi, ed. 1999 , The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy , 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press converse . ref The categorical converse of a statement is contrasted with the contraposition contrapositive and the obversion obverse . Implicational converse If S is a statement of the form P implies Q P &rarr Q , then the converse of S is the statement Q implies P Q &rarr P . In general, the verity of S says nothing about the verity of its converse, unless the Antecedent logic antecedent P and the consequent Q are logically equivalent. For example, consider the true statement If I am a human, then I am mortal. The converse of that statement is If I am mortal, then I am a human, which is not necessarily true. On the other hand, the converse of a statement with mutually inclusive terms remains true, given the truth of the original proposition. Thus, the statement If I am a bachelor, then I am an unmarried man is logically equivalent to If I am an unmarried man, then I am a bachelor. A truth table makes it clear that S and the converse of S are not logically equivalent unless both terms imply each other class wikitable P Q P &rarr Q Q &rarr P converse T T T T T F F T F T T F F F T T Going from a statement to its converse is the fallacy of affirming the consequent . However, if the statement S and its converse are equivalent i.e. if P is true iff if and only if Q is also true , then affirming the consequent will be valid. Converse of a theorem In mathematics, the converse of a theorem of the form P &rarr Q will be Q &rarr P . The converse may or may not be true. If true, the proof may be difficult. For example, the ... more details
such as affirming the consequent , denying the antecedent , proof by contradiction , proof by contrapositive ... the consequent is not in error . ref Russell 1927 9 ref In other words if one statement logic statement ... premises it can be logically concluded that Q , the consequent of the conditional claim, must be true ... more details
then, their antecedents are then considered as the new goals and not the conclusions as in affirming the consequent which ultimately must match known facts usually defined as consequents whose ... more details
Multiple issues refimprove April 2011 notability April 2011 An appeal to probability is a justification based on probability, sometimes regarded as a logical fallacy , Citation needed date May 2011 when an unwarranted assumption that something will happen, because it can happen, or when the odds of an occurrence are unrealistically played down in lieu of appropriate precaution. Examples Some examples are div style margin top 1.5em It doesn t matter if I get myself into debt . If I play the progressive jackpot lottery enough, I will win the jackpot , and then I can pay off all my debts. This argument assumes a optimism best case scenario , however problem gambling is an urge to Gambling gamble despite negative consequences or the desire to stop and is often defined by the harm suffered as opposed to the gambling. The fallacy is that because the chance of winning the lottery is not zero that, given enough time, the gambler will eventually win. This logic is often combined with gambler s fallacy . div style margin top 1.5em Van Gogh was an artistic genius, and yet he died penniless. I am a penniless artist, therefore I am a genius. ref name pigliucci2010 cite book last Pigliucci first Massimo year 2010 title Nonsense on Stilts How to Tell Science from Bunk isbn 9780226667867 url http books.google.co.uk books?id aC8Baky2qTcC&lpg PA295&pg PA295 page 295 lccn 2009049778 ref This weak analogy, the so called Van Gogh fallacy , assumes that because P was Q, and I am P, therefore I am Q, when this is not necessarily the case, and is a propositional fallacy known as affirming the consequent . ref name warburton2007 cite book last Warburton first Nigel year 2007 title Thinking from A to Z isbn 9780415222815 url http books.google.co.uk books?id yNjM75ItNKAC&lpg PA142&pg PA142 page 142 lccn 2010293612 ref div See also Murphy s law Infinite monkey theorem , a mathematically rigorous probabilistic statement Compare with Axiom S5 References references Informal fallacy DEFAULTSORT Ap ... more details
with fallacious undistributed middle arguments, it can also be seen as the fallacy of affirming the consequent when restated as an equivalent hypothetical syllogism ref cite book url http books.google.com ... more details
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