wiktionarypar affordance An affordance is a quality of an object, or an environment, which allows an individual to perform an action. For example, a knob affords twisting, and perhaps pushing, while a cord affords pulling. The term is used in a variety of fields perceptual psychology , cognitive psychology ... of affordance that have developed are explained in the following sections. The original definition ... to bear with similar objects baseballs, perhaps when evaluating a new affordance. Norman s 1988 definition makes the concept of affordance relational rather than subjective or intrinsic. This he deemed ... would replace the term by perceived affordance in any future revision of the book. ref Donald Norman ... Press. ref ref http www.jnd.org dn.mss affordance conv.html Affordance, Conventions and Design Part ... has seen a further shift of meaning, in which the term affordance is used as an uncountable noun ..., as in this web page has good affordance, or this button needs more affordance. This has then in turn ... good affordance Universal Principles of Design , Lidwell, Holden & Butler. 2003, p. 20 first give ... handle affording i.e., suggesting pulling. ref False affordance William Gaver ref Gaver ... affordances into three categories perceptible, hidden, and false. A false affordance is an apparent affordance that does not have any real function, meaning that the actor perceives nonexistent ... ref A good example of a false affordance is a placebo button . ref http architectures.danlockton.co.uk ... and habit forming ref In his article, Gaver explains that a hidden affordance indicates that there are possibilities for action, but these are not perceived by the actor. At a perceptible affordance, there is perceptible information available for an existing affordance, meaning that the actor perceives and then acts upon the existing affordance. This means that when affordances are perceptible ... de Angebotscharakter fr Affordance ko it Affordance ja pl Afordancje pt Affordance ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Social affordance is a specialization of the term affordance , and refers to the properties of an object or environment that permit social actions . Social affordance is most often used in the context of a social technology such as wiki and online chat chat applications. References Knebel, Nicole 2004 http www.ou.nl eCache DEF 14 092.html The sociability of computer mediated communication, coordination and collaboration CM3C systems as retrieved on Feb 21, 2005 20 37 03 GMT by Google Cache Category Human computer interaction comp sci stub ... more details
orphan date December 2008 Infobox software name MenuBlinking logo Unsourced image removed Image AppearanceOptions.jpeg 200px A screenshot of the Appearance Preferences showing the Menu Blinking panel in Mac OS 9 Menu blinking is user interface affordance included in all versions of Mac OS . It is a visual effect which makes the selection rectangle blink on and off, indicating to the user which menu option was selected. Only in Classic Mac OS es there have been preferences for Menu Blinking where you can control how many times the selection rectangle blinks. However,in Mac OS X there are no preference panes to control Menu Blinking and throughout Mac OS X the selection rectangle only blinks once on click. Combo boxes and Drop down boxes Mac OS X Menu Blinking is consistent in Combo Boxes but not in Drop down boxes reasons for this are unknown. Category Mac OS user interface ... more details
Confusing date March 2011 Expert subject date February 2009 Image ocw.jpg thumb 420px The case study used here to illustrate the transformation process is a slight adaptation of the case used by Bonacin 2004 . ref Rodrigo Bonacin et al. 2004 . http www.ais.rdg.ac.uk papers con ICEIS2004Rodrigosub1.pdf From Ontology chart s to Class diagrams semantic analysis aiding systems design . In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Porto, 2004 . ref An Ontology Chart is a type of chart used in Semiotics and software engineering to illustrate an Ontology information science ontology . Overview The nodes of an Ontology chart represent universal affordances and rarely represent particulars. The exception is the Root which is a particular agent often labelled Society and located on the extreme left of an Ontology chart. The Root is often dropped in practice but is implied in every Ontology chart. If any other particular is present in an Ontology chart it is recognised by the sign prefix and upper case letters. In our Ontology chart the node labelled IBM is a particular organisation. The arcs represent ontological dependency relations directed from left to right. The right affordance is ontologically dependent on the left affordance. The left affordance is the ontological antecedent of the right affordance. A special category of affordances are determiners. They are recognised by the sign prefix. The two examples above are hourly rate and name. All determiners have a second antecedent the measurement standard. They are usually dropped from the Ontology chart but they are implied and obvious. In the case of hourly rate and name they are currency and language respectively. The names on the arcs are role names of the carrier, the left node, in the relationship node on the right. For example, the employee is the role name of a person while in employment. No Ontology chart node has more than two ontological antecedents. Where you find an arc ... more details
dispute.php The Gombrich Gibson Dispute Donald Norman http jnd.org dn.mss affordance conventions and design part 2.html Affordance, Conventions and Design Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Expressive potential is the degree to which a given MIDI controller music control interface input device enables a musician to control musical expression . An interface with low expressive potential enables control over a narrow range of musical expression, no matter how virtuoso virtuosic its player, whereas an interface with high expressive potential enables control over a wide range of musical expression. Expressive potential is independent of how that potential was, is, or will be realized in any given composition or performance. This independence allows the expressive potential of new musical instruments & interfaces to be compared and contrasted objectively with traditional musical instruments. The concept of expressive potential is closely related to the concept of affordance , i.e. all action possibilities latent in the environment, objectively measurable and independent of the individual s ability to recognize or realize them. One possible metric for expressive potential is the number of Degrees of freedom physics and chemistry degrees of freedom provided by the interface. The more degrees of freedom, the more independent expressive variables a musician can control independently during performance. The development of new interfaces to control musical expression is an active research area, supporting an annual conference, http nime.org New Interfaces for Musical Expression . Category Electronic music ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Object Action Complexes OACs are proposed as a universal representation enabling efficient planning and execution of purposeful action at all levels of a cognitive architecture Kruger 2009, Worgotter 2008, Geib 2006, Piater 2009 . OACs combine the representational and computational efficiency for purposes of search the frame problem of STRIPS rules and the object and situation oriented concept of affordance with the logical clarity of the event calculus . Affordance is the relation between a situation, usually including an object of a defined type, and the actions that it allows. While affordances have mostly been analyzed in their purely perceptual aspect, the OAC concept defines them more generally as state transition function s suited to prediction. Such functions can be used for efficient forward chaining planning, learning, and execution of actions represented simultaneously at multiple levels in an embodied agent architecture. http www.paco plus.org The PACO project , an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission through its Cognition Unit under the Information Society Technologies of the sixth Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development Framework Programme FP6 , and launched on 1 February 2006, brings together an interdisciplinary research team to design and build Cognitive robotics cognitive robots capable of developing perceptual, behavioural and cognitive categories that can be used, communicated and shared with other humans and artificial agents. In the project they hypothesize that such understanding can only be attained by embodied agents and requires the simultaneous consideration of perception and action resting on three foundational assumptions Objects and Actions are inseparably intertwined in cognitive processing that is Object Action Complexes OACs are the building blocks of cognition . Cognition is based on reflective learning, Contextualization contextualizing and then reinterpreting OACs to le ... more details
Wikify date December 2010 In the context of E learning e Learning , interactivity is defined as function of input required by the learner while responding to the computer, the analysis of those responses by the computer, and the nature of the action by the computer. ref citation last Sims first R. title Interactivity A forgotten art? in Computers in Human Behavior url http www2.gsu.edu wwwitr docs interact year 1997 ref Variables of Interactivity There are two variables describing the interactivity of a given lesson technology affordance and user freedom. Technology affordance, also known as manual operators, ref citation last Chen first M. title A methodology for characterizing computer based learning environments in Instructional Science year 1995 ref is the richness of the communication between the student and the instructor usually expressed in terms of the input and output channels. ref citation last1 Helfrich first1 J. last2 Moulton first2 S. title Leveraging interactivity to increase e learning effectiveness in Proceedings of World Conference on E Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2009 year 2009 ref User freedom, on the other hand, is a function of the degree of freedom the learning system grants the student in influencing the presentation of the lesson. Technology Affordance Technology affordance in the E learning e Learning is a function of the capabilities of available computer I O devices, having a tendency to evolve as new input and output devices become obtainable. ref citation last Jonassen first D. title Instructional Designs for Microcomputer Courseware year 1988 ref There are five levels of technology affordance interactivity Immersion is full sensory immersion commonly called virtual reality. ref Sims, 1997 ref Video games are the closest approximation we have to Immersion today. Voice. The same as Text except emotion and body language are used as communication channels. A phone conversation is an example of voice ... more details
via affordance learning . In their words in end state emulation the presence of an end ... movement might motivate the observer to reproduce the outcome . Emulation via affordance learning ..., E. D. & Zentall, T. R. 2003 Imitation and affordance learning by pigeons Columba livia . J. Comp ... more details
Perceptual psychology is a subfield of cognitive psychology that is concerned specifically with the pre conscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system perception . File Optical illusion.jpg thumb Optical illusion Perceptual psychology is a branch off of cognitive psychology dealing with mental processes that we use in everyday living. Any time you problems solve, make a decision, make a memory or reflect on one you are using a example of perceptual psychology . Perceptual psychology is often used in therapy to help a patient better their problem solving skills. ref cite web last Wells Moran first Jolyn title Cognitive Psychology url http psychologydegree.lifetips.com tip 130454 cognitive psychology cognitive psychology cognitive psychology.html publisher lifetips accessdate 7 1 11 ref A pioneer of this field was James J. Gibson . A major study was that of cognitive bias es mostly due to affordance s, i.e. the perceived utility of objects in, or features of, one s surroundings. According to Gibson, such features or objects were perceived as affordances and not as separate or distinct objects in themselves. This view was central to several other fields as software user interface and usability engineering , environmentalism in psychology, and ultimately to political economy where the perceptual view was used to explain the omission of key inputs or consequences of economic transactions, i.e. resources and wastes. Gerard Egan and Robert Bolton explored areas of interpersonal interactions based on the premise that people act in accordance with their perception of a given situation. While behaviour is obvious, a person s thoughts and feelings are masked. This gives rise to the idea that the most common problems between people are based on the assumption that we can guess what the other person is feeling and thinking. They also offered methods, within this scope, for effective communications. This includes reflective listening , assertion skills, conflict resolutio ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 A reading path is a term used by Gunther Kress in Literacy in the New Media Age 2003 . According to Kress, a professor of English Education at the University of London , a reading path is the way that the writing text , or text plus other features, can determine or order the way that we read it. In a linear , written text, the reader makes sense of the text according to the arrangement of the words, both grammatically and syntactically. In such a reading path, there is a sequential time to the text. In contrast, with Nonlinear arts non linear text, such as the text found when Screen reading reading a computer screen, where text is often combined with visual elements, the reading path is non linear and non sequential. Kress suggests that reading paths that contain visual images are more open to Semantics interpretation and the reader s construction of meaning. This is part of the semiotic work that we do as a reader ref Kress, G. 2003 . Literacy in the new media age. New York Routledge. page 57 ref Linear reading path An example of a linear reading path might be a textbook, without pictures, where the reader is led to assume cause and effect sequences, for example. Speech is also a linear path because the path is more set ref Kress, G. 2003 . Literacy in the new media age. New York Routledge. page 4 ref according to Kress. Non linear reading path An example of a non linear reading path might be a text that has images alongside it. Kress argues that this different mode yields a different affordance the visual image allows for open interpretation. A concrete example on paper might be a diagram such as a flow chart or graphic organizers . In such multi modal texts, the reading path is much less linear and more open to the reader s interpretation. The idea that reading paths differ according to evolving, emerging, multi modal texts, are part of the New literacy studies , visual rhetoric , and the concept of multiliteracies. References Kress, G. ... more details
Refimprove date July 2011 Infobox scientist name Eleanor J. Gibson image birth date birth date mf y 1910 12 7 birth place Peoria, Illinois death date death date and age mf y 2002 12 30 1910 12 7 death place Columbia, South Carolina nationality ethnicity field psychology work institutions Cornell alma mater Smith College, Yale University doctoral advisor Clark Hull doctoral students known for Visual Cliff, Differentiation and Enrichment of Embedded Structures influences influenced awards National Medal of Science 1992 Eleanor J. Gibson December 7, 1910 December 30, 2002 was an United States American psychologist . Among her contributions to psychology, the most important are the study of perception in infants and toddlers. She is popularly known for the visual cliff experiment in which precocial animals, and crawling human infants, showed their ability to perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a virtual cliff. Along with her husband James J. Gibson , she forwarded the concept that perceptual learning takes place by differentiation. Gibson is credited with creating the Gibsonian or ecological theory of development, which centers on the concept of Affordance affordances and how children learn to perceive them. The Visual Cliff was a wooden table from the edge of which strong plate glass extended, Life magazine reported in 1959. Children were put on the table top and coaxed to crawl out over the glass, the magazine said. But when they got to the edge of the cliff and looked down almost all of them quickly withdrew. Even their mothers most persuasive urgings could not get them out. Similar studies were done with animals, including rats and kittens. The findings indicated that perception is an essentially adaptive process, or as Dr. Gibson put it, We perceive to learn, as well as learn to perceive. In 1982, she was invited to Beijing to teach Chinese psychologists about recent theories and techniques of research. In 1992, Eleanor Gibson was awarded the National Medal ... more details
Other people2 Edward Reed disambiguation Edward S. Reed November 20, 1954 February 14, 1997 was a philosophy of science philosopher of science and an ecological psychology ecological psychologist in the vein of James J. Gibson . His most important works were published as a triptych Encountering the World Toward an Ecological Psychology , The Necessity of Experience and From Soul to Mind The Emergence of Psychology, from Erasmus Darwin to William James . Bibliography Costall, A. 1999 . An Iconoclast s Triptych. Edward Reed s Ecological Philosophy. Theory & Psychology , 9, 411 416. Mace, W.M. 1997 . In Memoriam Edward S. Reed November 20, 1954 February 14, 1997. Ecological Psychology , 9, 179 188. Reed, E.S. & Jones, R. Eds. . 1982 . Reasons for Realism Selected essays of James J. Gibson . Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum. Reed, E.S. 1986 . James Gibson s ecological revolution in perceptual psychology A case study in the transformation of scientific Ideas. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science , 17, 65 99. Reed, E.S. 1987 . James Gibson s Ecological Approach to Cognition pp. 142 173 . In A. Costall & A. Still Eds. . Cognitive Psychology in Question . Sussex Harvester Press. Reed, E.S. 1988a . James J. Gibson and the psychology of perception . New Have Yale University Press. Reed, E.S. 1988b . Why Do Things Look as they do? The Implications of J.J. Gibson s The Ecological Approach to Visual perception pp. 90 114 . In G. Claxton Ed. . Growth Points in Cognition . London Routledge. Reed, E.S. 1990 . The trapped infinity Cartesian volition as conceptual nightmare. Philosophical Psychology , 3, 101 121. Reed, E.S. 1993 . The intention to use a specific affordance A conceptual framework for psychology pp. 45 76 . In R. Wozniak & K. Fischer Eds. . Development in Context Activity and Thinking in Specific Environments . Hillsdale, NJ LEA. Reed, E.S. 1996a . Encountering the World Toward an Ecological Psychology . New York Oxford University Press. Reed, ... more details
unreferenced date September 2011 notability date September 2011 Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Sollers image sollers.jpg caption Sollers in the studio 2007 image size landscape yes background group or band origin Osaka , Japan instrument genre Rock music Rock , Hard rock , Pop music Pop , Progressive rock years active 2007 label Critical Anthem Records associated acts Siss Gulsowdo website http www.indiestore.com sollers SOLLERS current members Sollers 1,Sollers 2,Sollers 3,Sollers 4,Sollers 5. Sollers is a band based out of Osaka , Japan . Sollers is based on Zen Spirits & French philosophy . They are named after French Author Phillipe Sollers . They formed in early 2007 from a group of musicians who, after playing together in various groups and guises decided to bring it all together under one new name. Influences Their music is influenced by the artists that they love, which their singer describes as Zappa, Elvis, J.S.Bach, Brian Eno, Pat Metheny, Isaac Hayes, Colin Blunstone, Wagner, The Beatles, Dave Matthew s Band, Brahms, Jeff Buckley, Louis Armstrong, Morrissey, Donny Hathaway, Goblin, Queen, Radiohead, Rammstein, The Smiths, Beethoven, Sly & The Family Stone, Ennio Morricone, Marvin Gaye, Leon Russell, Bill LaBounty, Todd Rundgren, U2, The 5th Dimension, Bruckner, Yo Yo Ma, XTC, Syd Barrett, The Mars Volta, Kestrel, Gipsy Kings, Blind Faith, The Doors, Joni Mitchell, E.L.O., Genesis, Iggy Pop, Jackson 5, Jimi Hendrix, Stevie Wonder, Mark Almond, Captain Beefheart, The Clash, Keith Jarrett, Crimson, Limp Bizkit, Roxy Music, Steely Dan, T. Rex .....etc Members Sollers 0 organized human parts Sollers 1 singer & writer, guitar, bass Sollers 2 guitar Sollers 4 drums Sollers 5 piano, synthesizer Discography Albums Emergence Music, Significance, Vitals, Mystique & Affordance. All Published in 2007 External links http www.indiestore.com sollers indiestore.com sollers http www.myspace.com sollersmusic myspace.com sollersmusic http ww ... more details
low affordance , ref cite web url http justaddwater.dk 2007 05 05 affordance of autocomplete text fields title Affordance of Autocomplete Text Fields author Jesper R nn Jensen date 2007 05 05 ref as the text ... more details
to an environmental feature affordance is the mechanism through which the reciprocal relations between ... in his discussion of the affordance . Barker also develops a useful analogy for conceptualizing ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2011 Mouse chording is the capability of performing actions when multiple Computer mouse mouse buttons are held down, much like a chorded keyboard . Like mouse gestures , chorded actions may lack feedback and affordance and would therefore offer no way for users to discover possible chords without reference. A similar feature such as a context menu would require less training. In the X Window System , and on some laptops with integrated 2 button mice, a three button mouse can be emulated using a chorded click from both the right and left buttons which is translated into a middle click. This middle click emulation does not enable chords which involve the middle click. The Apple Mighty Mouse does not support mouse chording due to the design of the button sensors. One common application of mouse chording, called rocker navigation , is found in Opera web browser Opera and in mouse gesture extensions of Mozilla Firefox . Rocker navigation typically involves the following two mouse chords Hold the left button and click the right button to move forward in the browser s history. Hold the right button and click the left button to move backward in the browser s history. The operating systems Plan 9 from Bell Labs Plan 9 and Oberon operating system Oberon and the acme text editor acme development environment make heavy use of mouse chording. OS 2 Presentation Manager can also use chording to copy and paste text using two buttons however Common User Access key combinations are more frequently used. Applications that support mouse chording Dynamic list Microstation CAD software, uses chording to snap to elements. CATIA CAD Computer aided manufacturing CAM CAE software, uses middle and left mouse button chording to zoom, pan and rotate screen representation Acme text editor Acme and Wily Opera web browser Opera Maxthon Blender software Blender 3D Plan 9 from Bell Labs Oberon operating system Sketchup Valve Hammer Editor Celestia Pressing both mouse butto ... more details
sensory information and local environmental cues to perform specific real world actions. Affordance ... uses the example of an outfielder in baseball to better illustrate the concept of affordance. Traditional ... of catching the ball as opposed to the former has significant implications for perception. The affordance ... of perception, calculation and performing action. Thus, the affordance approach challenges the traditional ... claim this is certain but he does observe the affordance approach can explain adaptive response satisfactorily ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 lowercase Image Iz toy.png thumb Zizzle iZ 128px right The green orange iZ The Zizzle iZ is an electronic musical toy released in September 2005 from Zizzle. Taking the shape of an abstract tripod humanoid figure, the iZ allows users to interactively manipulate music by twisting particular parts of the figure s body as well as add sound effects to prerecorded sound from a connected audio device. The toy also acts as a dancing speaker. Since its release it has been available in three color schemes, green orange, dark blue light blue and red yellow. iZ was developed by Roger Shiffman , who also created the Giga Pets , Furby and Poo Chi toys. It was explicitly said during the development phase that a new Furby was the aim. ref cite news last Cole first Wendy title Toyland s Saviour? date August 7, 2005 publisher Time url http www.time.com time insidebiz article 0,9171,1090894,00.html accessdate October 3, 2006 ref iZ is designed to seem like it has a life of its own and does things out of its user s control when there is interaction with it. Modes of operation Since the iZ is such an abstract kind of toy the easiest way to understand it is by learning what you can do with it. The iZ has a few methods for input. First, as mentioned, it has an audio jack to connect other audio devices. It has two ears that are twistable and a touch sensitive tentacle , called a flicker, on its head. On top of this it also has five buttons placed on different places on its colorful belly. All the input methods except the audio jack are colored in a secondary color to raise its affordance . The iZ s three legs are also adjustable, but these do not generate any input. For output the iZ has a built in speaker, a nose that lights up in different colors and two eyes driven by small motors making them able to move up and down. When another audio device is connected to the iZ it acts as a speaker but also overlays some of its own sound effects on top of the sound from t ... more details
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