about biological agglutinationAgglutination biology the music festival Agglutination Metal Festival ..., both Fusional language inflecting languages . In contemporary linguistics , agglutination ... to one correspondence between affix es and syntax syntactical categories. Languages that use agglutination ... . However, both fusional and isolating languages may use agglutination in the most often used constructs, and use agglutination heavily in certain contexts, such as word derivation. This is the case ... from the word root by native speakers in daily usage. Note that the term agglutination is sometimes ... of a word. This is treated in more detail in the section on Agglutination Other uses of the words agglutination and agglutinative other uses of the term . Examples of agglutinative languages main ... example of an agglutinative language. Hungarian uses extensive agglutination in almost all ... note that Hungarian uses no genders . Agglutination is used very heavily in some Indigenous ... linguistics sentence in other languages. Agglutination is also a common feature of Basque language ... , are agglutinative. Agglutination is used to very high degrees both in formal written forms in Tamil ... agglutination is characteristic of certain language families, it would be facile to jump to the conclusion ... 7pl that vi tabu 7pl book vi refu 7pl long Those two tall people who read those long books. Agglutination ... of various languages. For Greenberg, agglutination means that the Morph Miscellanea ... both morphemes included are automatic. The index of agglutination is equal to the average ratio of the number ... to the study of agglutination. The synthetic index is the average number of morphemes per word, with the lowest ..., MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts , 1963, p. 91 113. ref class wikitable scope col agglutination ... 0.73 Phonetics and agglutination The one to one relationship between an affix and its grammatical function ... when the plural marker i meets a stem final vowel Extremes of agglutination It is possible to construct ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Agglutination is the clumping of particles. The word agglutination comes from the Latin language Latin agglutinare , meaning to glue. ref agglutination, Mosby s Medical, Nursing and Allied Health Dictionary, Fourth Edition,kMosby Year Book, 1994, p. 49 ref This occurs in biology in three main examples The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody. The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them, creating a large complex. The coalescing of small particles that are suspended in a solution these larger masses are then usually precipitated. An allergic reaction type occurrence where cells become more compacted together to prevent foreign materials entering them. This is usually the result of an antigen in the vicinity of the cells. 4. Also occurs when people are given blood transfusions of the wrong blood group. Agglutination in hematology Hemagglutination Image Bedside card.jpg thumb 300px right ... hemagglutinin . In cross matching , agglutination occurring when Blood donor donor red blood ... involved are white blood cell s. An example is the PH L form of phytohaemagglutinin . Agglutination in microbiology Agglutination is commonly used as a method of identifying specific bacterial ... and is easy to produce, agglutination is an important technique in diagnosis. History of discoveries ... agglutination in 1896. The clumping became known as Gruber Durham reaction. Gruber introduced the term agglutinin from the Latin for any substance that caused agglutination of cells. French physician ... another important practical application of the agglutination reaction in 1900. Landsteiner s agglutination ... MOS References Reflist Immunologic techniques and tests DEFAULTSORT Agglutination Biology Category Immunologic tests Category Hematology bg cs Aglutinace da Agglutination biologi de Agglutinine fa fr Agglutination biologie gl Aglutinina id Aglutinasi biologi ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 In haematology , red cell agglutination is the process whereby red blood cell red cells clump together forming aggregates. This is seen in Waldenstr m s macroglobulinemia , cold agglutinin disease and Infection with Mycoplasma Pneumonia. ref http ashimagebank.hematologylibrary.org cgi content full 2007 0731 7 00010 ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Red Cell Agglutination Category Hematology ... more details
A direct agglutination test DAT is any test that uses whole organisms as a means of looking for Blood serum serum antibodies . The abbreviation, DAT, is most frequently used for the serological test for visceral leishmaniasis . ref cite journal author Sundar S title Serological diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis direct agglutination test versus rK39 strip test journal Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg year 2006 volume 100 pages 533 7 doi 10.1016 j.trstmh.2005.08.018 pmid 16325874 issue 6 author separator , author2 Singh RK author3 Maurya R display authors 3 last4 Kumar first4 B. last5 Chhabra first5 A. last6 Singh first6 V. last7 Rai first7 M. ref References references Category Blood tests ... more details
In transfusion medicine , mixed field agglutination refers to mixed reactions during cell typing where two distinct cell populations are present agglutinated cells admixed with many unagglutinated cells. The presence of two or more cell population is known as chimerism . Mixed field agglutination is an important cause of ABO typing and genotype discrepancies. The cause of mixed field agglutinations should be sought prior to setting up blood for transfusion. ref http faculty.matcmadison.edu mljensen BloodBank lectures ABO 20discrepancies.htm ref Causes False chimerism By far the most common cause of mixed field agglutination is false chimerism artificially induced through transfusion of identical donor red cells or through a stem cell transplant . ref Roback, JD Combs, MR Grossman, BJ Hillyer, CD. Technical Manual. AABB. 2008. pp353, 356. ref ref Bluth MH, Reid ME, Manny N. Chimerism in the immunohematology laboratory in the molecular bioplogy era. Transfus Med Rev 2007 21 134 46. ref For example, a type B individual who has received massive transfusion of group O donor red cells may show mixed field agglutination with anti B sera whereby his own group B red cells are agglutinated, while the group O donor red cells in his circulation are unagglutinated. True chimerism A true chimerism is a rare sporadic phenomenon whereby an individual has a dual cell population derived from more than one zygote. This may result from intrauterine exchange of erythrocyte precursors between twins twin chimerism or two fertilized eggs fuse into one individual. Twin chimerism results from mixing of blood between two twin fetuses through placental blood vessel anastomoses, leading to engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells from one twin within the marrow of the other. Each twin ends up with two distinct cell populations of varying proportions. References reflist Category Transfusion medicine ... more details
Infobox music festival music festival name Agglutination Metal Festival image location Sant Arcangelo , Italy br Chiaromonte , Italy years active 1995 present dates August genre Heavy metal music Metal website http www.agglutination.it Agglutination.it Agglutination Metal Festival is a heavy metal music metal music festival festival held annually in Italy since 1995. The 2007 edition will take place on August 11 in Sant Arcangelo . Lineups 2009 Held on 10 August 2010 at Campo Sportivo, Sant Arcangelo Potenza ref Cite web last La Tegola first Francesco Crash title Agglutination Festival 2009 publisher Hardsounds date 10 August 2009 url http www.hardsounds.it PUBLIC live report.php?id 461 accessdate 2010 05 21 ref U.D.O. Vader band Vader Extrema band Extrema Fabio Lione Forgotten Tomb Fratello Metallo Trick or Treat band Trick or Treat Ecnephias Symbolyc 2008 Held on 9 August 2008 in Sant Arcangelo ref Cite web title Agglutination 2008 tutti i dettagli publisher Metallized date 28 July 2008 url http www.metallized.it notizia.php?id 6350 accessdate 2010 05 21 ref Dark Tranquility Vision Divine Dismember band Dismember Domine Metal Gang with Pino Scotto DGM band DGM Savior from Anger Denied band Denied Nefertum band Nefertum 2007 Held on 11 August in Sant Arcangelo . ref Cite web last Tripoli first Donato Dannyozzy72 title Agglutination Metal Festival XIII work Live Report publisher Heavy Metal.it date 11 August 2007 url http www.heavy metal.it live live templ.php?id 117 accessdate 2010 05 21 ref Gamma Ray band Gamma Ray Infernal Death band Infernal Death Golem band Golem Kaledon Dark Lunacy Fire Trails Tankard band Tankard 2006 Planned for August 10 in Chiaromonte , but cancelled because of heavy rain. Vision Divine Sinister band Sinister Majesty band Majesty Dark Lunacy Marshall band Marshall Pandaemonium Kragens Aleph Infernal Angels Megawatt 2005 Held on August 13 in Chiaromonte ... festivals Category Recurring events established in 1995 music festival stub it Agglutination Festival ... more details
File TPHA test on microplate wells.jpg thumb Caption The treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay also called TPPA test is an indirect agglutination assay used for detection and titration of antibodies against the causative agent of syphilis , Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum . In the test, gelatin particles are sensitized with T. pallidum antigen. Patient serum is mixed with the reagent containing the sensitized gelatin particles. The particles aggregate to form clumps when the patient serum is positive for syphilis. In other words, the patient s serum contains antibodies to T. pallidum. A negative test shows no clumping of gelatin particles. This is a type of specific treponemal test for syphilis. A similar specific treponemal test for syphilis is the Treponema Pallidum Hemaglutination Assay or TPHA. TPHA is an indirect hemagglutination assay used for the detection and titration of antibodies against the causative agent of syphilis , Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum . In the test, red blood cells erythrocytes are sensitized with antigens from T. pallidum pallidum . The cells then aggregate on the surface of a test dish if exposed to the serum of a patient with syphilis. It is used as a confirmatory test for syphilis infection. A negative test result shows a tight button or spot of red blood cells on the surface of the test dish. Often a plastic test plate containing many small wells is used as the test dish so that many patients may be tested at the same time but their results can be kept separate from each other. Please note the image of the wells on the test plate and the positive and negative test results look different. 2 For primary syphilis , TPPA has a sensitivity and specificity sensitivity of 85 to 100 , and a sensitivity and specificity specificity of 98 to 100 . ref name bmj http bestpractice.bmj.com best practice monograph 50 diagnosis ... agglutination test among patients diagnosed with primary syphilis. Sex Transm Dis. 2007 34 1016 1108 ... more details
Context date October 2009 In an agglutination reaction agglutination or precipitation reaction , prozone or prezone is the zone of relatively high antibody concentrations within which no reaction occurs. In an agglutination test, a person s serum which contains antibodies is added to a test tube which contains a particular antigen. There are many types of different antibodies present in a persons serum, and there might be one particular antibody that will bind to antigen present in the tube. There are also other types of antibodies which would not bind the antigen. The antibody antigen complex forms an agglutinate. In some cases, the concentration of antibody specific for a particular antigen is too low compared to other types of antibodies, and when this occurs, the small portion of agglutination that took place will be masked by larger aggregate of non binding antibodies, and the mixture remain as fluid. The agglutination which took place is invisible, and this is called prozone . This can lead to false negative result. Therefore in each agglutination test, dilution of the antibody antigen mixture is done to a certain level, until agglutination can be seen, or otherwise the test is negative. Prozone effect is sometimes called hook effect References http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd p 38zPzhtm Dorlands Medical Dictionary http www.prozone.dk Prozone.dk Category Immunology Category Hematology molecular cell biology stub ... more details
multiple issues orphan March 2009 unreferenced March 2009 wikify January 2011 Gravindex is an agglutination inhibition test performed on a urine sample to detect pregnancy. Concept The test detects the prevention of agglutination of HCG coated latex particles by HCG present in urine of pregnant women. Procedure Kits commercially available contain two reagents one is a suspension of HCG coated latex particles, and the other is a solution of HCG antibodies. One drop of the urine is mixed with one drop of antibody solution for one minute on a black glass slide. One drop of the HCG coated latex particles are added to the slide and left for one minute. Results If the level of HCG is too low, the antibodies will remain to agglutinate the HCG coated latex particles. If agglutination occurs, the subject is not pregnant. If the levels of HCG is high, the HGC will bind to the antibodies, and thus no agglutination with the HCG coated latex particles occurs. If no agglutination occurs, the subject is pregnant. Category Pregnancy tests ... more details
Diagnostic infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D007841 OPS301 OtherCodes A latex fixation test or latex agglutination test is an Agglutination biology agglutination technique used to detect antibodies, such as those produced in response to the rubella virus or the rheumatoid factor . May be used for Rickettsia, coccidioidomycosis, though numerous sources of interferences e.g., large immune complexes and high protein concentrations lessen the utility of the latex agglutination LA test in most situations. There is an excellent LA test for cryptococcus. ref Howanitz and Howanitz, Laboratory Medicine. Published by Church Livingston 1991 pp 825 828 ref It also is used in definitive diagnosis of Group A streptococcus . In a latex fixation test, a sample is mixed with latex beads coated with antibodies. If the antigen is present, it will react with the antibodies causing the latex beads to clump. http www.umm.edu ency article 003334.htm See also Visceral leishmaniasis Diagnosis External links MeshName Latex fixation test cite journal author Singer JM, Edberg SC, Selinger M, Amram M title Quality control of the latex fixation test journal Am. J. Clin. Pathol. volume 72 issue 4 pages 591 6 year 1979 pmid 495562 doi Immunologic techniques and tests References Reflist Category Blood tests Category Immunologic tests Category Medical tests immunology stub pl Odczyn lateksowy ... more details
Disambiguation TPPA may refer to The Trans Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement , a free trade agreement between Brunei , Chile , New Zealand , Singapore , Australia , Malaysia , Peru , United States , and Vietnam Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay , a medical laboratory procedure for testing for the causative agent of syphilis . ... more details
specific H antigens except i H. After obtaining a positive agglutination with the polyvalent ... H antigen may be identified class wikitable antigen RDS1 RDS2 RDS3 b agglutinationagglutination no agglutination d agglutination no agglutinationagglutination E agglutinationagglutinationagglutination G no agglutination no agglutinationagglutination k no agglutinationagglutinationagglutination L no agglutinationagglutination no agglutination r agglutination no agglutination no agglutination ... more details
No footnotes date February 2011 Hemagglutination , or haemagglutination , is a specific form of Agglutination biology agglutination that involves red blood cell s RBCs . It has two common uses in the laboratory blood typing and the Virus Quantification quantification of virus dilutions. Blood Typing Blood type can be determined by using antibody antibodies that bind to the ABO blood group system A or B blood group in a sample of blood. For example, if antibodies that bind the A blood group are added and agglutination occurs, the blood is either type A or type AB. To determine between type A or type AB, antibodies that bind the B group are added and if agglutination does not occur, the blood is type A. In blood grouping the patient s serum is tested against RBCs of known blood groups and also the patient s RBCs are tested against known serum types. In this way the patient s blood group is confirmed from both RBCs and serum. A direct Coombs test is also done on the patient s blood sample in case there are any confounding antibodies. Viral Hemagglutination Assay Main Hemagglutination assay Many viruses attach to molecules present on the surface of RBCs. A consequence of this is that at certain concentrations, a viral suspension may bind together agglutinate the RBCs, thus preventing them from settling out of suspension. Since agglutination is rarely linked to infectivity, Fact date February 2009 attenuated viruses can therefore be used in assay s. By serially diluting a virus suspension into an assay tray a series of wells of uniform volume and adding a standard amount of blood cells, an estimation of the number of virus particles can be made. While less accurate than a plaque assay , it is cheaper and quicker taking just 30 minutes . This assay may be modified to include the addition of an antiserum. By using a standard amount of virus, a standard amount of blood cells, and serially diluting the antiserum , one can identify the concentration of the antiserum the greatest ... more details
Image Bedside card.jpg thumb 300px right The bedside card method of blood typing, in this case using a Serafol card. The result is blood group A positive. Hemagglutinin or haemagglutinin British English refers to a substance that causes red blood cell s to Agglutination biology agglutinate . This process is called hemagglutination or haemagglutination. Antibodies ref DorlandsDict four 000047685 hemagglutinin ref and lectin s ref MeshName Hemagglutinins ref are commonly known hemagglutinins. Types Examples include Influenza hemagglutinin Measles hemagglutinin Parainfluenza hemagglutinin neuraminidase Mumps hemagglutinin neuraminidase The PH E form of phytohaemagglutinin Uses in serology Hemagglutination can be used to identify RBC surface antigens with known antibodies or to screen for antibodies with RBCs with known surface antigens . Using anti A and anti B antibodies that bind specifically to either the A or to the B blood type blood group surface antigens on Red blood cell RBC s it is possible to test a small sample of blood and determine the ABO blood group or blood type of an individual. The bedside card method of blood grouping relies on visual agglutination to determine an individual s blood group. The card has dried blood group antibody reagent s fixed onto its surface and a drop of the individual s blood is placed on each area on the card. The presence or absence of visual agglutination enables a quick and convenient method of determining the ABO and Rhesus status of the individual. Agglutination of red blood cells is used in the Coombs test . See also Cold agglutinin disease Hemagglutination assay Phytohaemagglutinin s, hemagglutinins produced by plants References No footnotes date June 2009 reflist Immunologic techniques and tests Category Hematology Category Immunologic tests medicine stub ca Hemaglutinina cs Hemaglutinin de H magglutinin Influenzavirus A es Hemaglutinina fr H magglutinine hr Hemaglutinin it Emoagglutinina kk hu Haemaggluti ... more details
automatic taxobox fossil range Cambrian authority Zhegallo, 1982 Maikhanella is a genus of small shelly fossil it is a scaly shell whose scales are equivalent to sclerites of the genus Siphogonuchites . Not just an agglutination of sclerites, the shells have a calcified matrix. Juvenile shells appear not to incorporate sclerites. ref name Bengtson1992 cite doi 10.1111 j.1502 3931.1992.tb01644.x ref References reflist Category Cambrian animals paleo stub ... more details
refimprove date April 2009 In clinical terms, a potentiator is a reagent that enhances sensitization of an antigen . Potentiators are used in the clinical laboratory for performing blood bank ing procedures that require enhancement of agglutination in order to detect the presence of antibodies or antigens in a patient s blood sample. Examples of potentiators include serum albumin albumin , LISS low ionic strength saline and PEG polyethylene glycol ref cite book author Harmening, Denise M. title Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices publisher F. A. Davis Company year 2005 id ISBN 0 8036 1248 6 ref . Potentiators are also known as enhancement reagents. Albumin acts as a potentiator by reducing the zeta potential around the suspended red blood cells, thus dispersing the repulsive negative charges and enhancing agglutination. L ow i onic s trength s aline is a potentiator that acts by not only reducing the zeta potential , but also by increasing the amount of antibody taken up by the red blood cell during sensitization. LISS is a solution of glycine and albumin. P oly e thylene g lycol in a LISS solution removes water from the system and thus concentrates the antibodies present. PEG can cause non specific aggregation of cells, thus eliminating the necessity for centrifugation after 37 C incubation. PEG is not appropriate for use in samples from patients with increased plasma protein, such as patients with multiple myeloma . False positive results may occur more frequently with the use of polyethylene glycol due to its strong agglutination capabilities. Pharmacology In clinical pharmacology, a potentiator is a drug, herb, or chemical that intensifies the effects of a given drug, such as hydroxyzine used to get more pain relief and anxiolysis out of an equal dose of an opioid medication. The potentiation can take place at any part of the liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism & elimination of the drug. References reflist references Category Reagents for o ... more details
Taxobox image image width 235px image caption regnum Fungus Fungi divisio Basidiomycota classis Agaricomycetes ordo Agaricales familia Cortinariaceae genus Gymnopilus species G. chrysimyces binomial Gymnopilus chrysimyces binomial authority Berk. Manjula synonyms mycomorphbox name Gymnopilus chrysimyces whichGills adnexed whichGills2 adnate capShape convex hymeniumType gills stipeCharacter ecologicalType saprotrophic sporePrintColor howEdible Gymnopilus chrysimyces is a species of mushroom in the Cortinariaceae family. Medicinal In a study the mushroom species, this species was shown to have hemagglutinins . The species showed activity towards rat erythrocytes while Lentinus squarrosulus showed activity towards guinea pig and mouse erythrocytes. The agglutination biology agglutination of both species showed that both extracts have more than one hemagglutinin. ref cite journal title Hemagglutinating Activity in Exstracts of Mycelia from Submerged Mushroom Cultures journal Applied and Environmental Microbilogy date October 1982 first PC last Banjoree coauthors Ghosh, A.K., Sengupta, S. volume 44 issue 4 pages 1009 1011 id url em.asm.org cgi reprint 44 4 1009.pdf format PDF accessdate 2010 02 16 ref See also Portal Fungi List of Gymnopilus species List of Gymnopilus species External links http www.indexfungorum.org Names NamesRecord.asp?RecordID 108032 Index Fungorum References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Gymnopilus chrysimyces Category Gymnopilus chrysimyces cortinariaceae stub vi Gymnopilus chrysimyces ... more details
Orphan date May 2011 Unreferenced date May 2011 Autoagglutination represents clumping of an individual s red blood cell s RBCs or erythrocytes by his or her own Blood serum serum due to the RBCs being coated on their surface by antibody antibodies . Autoagglutination is seen to occur in a type of immune mediated hemolytic anemia known as cold antibody hemolytic anemia . Here, the antibodies which act on the erythrocytes are active at temperatures below 30 degree C. The cold reacting antibody has maximal activity at 4 degree C and at this temperature hemolysis ,rupture of erythrocytes, is not activated. The antibodies are of the class of IgM in 85 of cases and in 15 a subtype of IgG known as Donath Landsteiner antibody. IgM molecules, being large, are able to form bridges across adjacent erythrocytes, thereby leading to agglutination. Autoagglutination can result in visible clumping of erythrocytes in the collection device. Automated cell counters may produce abnormal values as the agglutinated cells may be counted as single cells. Problems can also occur when autoagglutinated blood is tested for ABO and Rhesus factor Rh blood grouping typing and during cross matching at the blood bank. The agglutination results in blood being typed uniformly as AB Positive and as being incompatible at cross match. This can be overcome by washing the cells using warm saline prior to testing. Autoagglutination should also be distinguished from Rouleaux Rouleaux formation wherein normal blood tends to form stacks on keeping, which disperses on dilution with normal saline. Diagnosis of autoagglutination can be confirmed by a positive Direct Antiglobulin Test aka Direct Coomb s test using Coomb s serum positivity is seen in 75 of cases The development of the cold agglutinins as cold reacting antibodies are also known as may result from the following conditions 1. Infection with mycoplasma organisms 2. Infectious mononucleosis 3. Lymphoid malignant disorders 4. Unknown causes Category Med ... more details
Image Landois, Leonhard.jpg right thumb Leonard Landois Leonard Landois December 1, 1837 November 17, 1902 was a German physiologist who was a native of M nster . He studied medicine at the University of Greifswald , and was later a professor and director of the institute of physiology at Greifswald . In 1866 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . He was a younger brother to zoologist Hermann Landois 1835 1905 and son in law to botanist Theodor Marsson 1816 1892 . Leonard Landois was a pioneer in the study of blood transfusion s and the phenomena of Agglutination biology agglutination . In 1875 he demonstrated that when red blood cell s are taken from one species of animal and are mixed with Blood serum serum taken from an animal of a different species, the red cells typically clump and sometimes burst hemolyze . Selected writings ber der Haarbalgparasiten des Menschen treatise about Parasites of Humans 1861 Die Transfusion des Blutes On Blood Transfusion 1875 Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen Textbook of Human Physiology 1880 Die Ur mie treatise on Uremia 1890 References This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia. cite book title Written in Blood author Colin Wilson, Damon Wilson year 2003 publisher Carroll & Graf Publishers isbn 078671266X url http books.google.com books?id BJA8soPFgyIC&pg PA254&lpg PA254&dq 22leonard landois 22&source web&ots Rv1k9fsvhT&sig V0Uxy3dWO7hzRB2lPK wBwI6vrg Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Landois, Leonard ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH December 1, 1837 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH November 17, 1902 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Landois, Leonard Category German physiologists Category University of Greifswald alumni Category University of Greifswald faculty Category 1837 births Category 1902 deaths Germany med bio stub de Leonard Landois pl Leonard Landois sv Leonard Landois ... more details
A blocking antibody is an antibody that does not have a reaction when combined with an antigen , but prevents other antibodies from combining with that antigen. ref MeshName Blocking Antibodies ref The term can also be used for inhibiting antibody , prozone phenomenon and, agglutination reaction . Blocking antibodies have been described as a mechanism for HSV 1 to evade the immune system . ref name pmid18480440 cite journal author Hook LM, Huang J, Jiang M, Hodinka R, Friedman HM title Blocking antibody access to neutralizing domains on glycoproteins involved in entry as a novel mechanism of immune evasion by herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoproteins C and E journal J. Virol. volume 82 issue 14 pages 6935 41 year 2008 month July pmid 18480440 doi 10.1128 JVI.02599 07 url http jvi.asm.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18480440 pmc 2446985 ref See also Binding antibody References reflist Category Immune system Immunology stub ... more details
, serum is extracted from the blood, and the serum is incubated with RBCs of known antigen icity. If agglutination ... tube conditions this can lead to agglutination biology agglutination of red blood cell RBCs . The phenomenon of agglutination of red blood cell RBCs is important here, because the resulting clumping ... on to the RBC surface in vitro , the antihuman globulin will Agglutination biology agglutinate the RBCs ... of test serum that is able to produce agglutination of relevant RBCs. Coombs reagent Coombs reagent ... to their large size, efficiently creating what is seen as agglutination biology agglutination . IgG antibodies are smaller and require assistance to bridge well enough to form a visual agglutination biology agglutination reaction. Reagents used to enhance IgG detection are referred to as potentiators ... more details
An agglutinin is a substance that causes particles to coagulate to form a thickened mass http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 9067 agglutinin . Agglutinins can be antibodies that cause antigens to aggregate by binding to the antigen binding sites of antibodies. Agglutinins can also be any substance other than antibodies such as sugar binding protein lectins . Agglutinins work by clumping on particles causing the particles to change from fluid like state to thickened mass state. When an agglutinin is added to a uniform suspension of particles such as bacteria or blood, agglutinin binds to the agglutinin specific structure on the particle causing the particles to aggregate and fall to the bottom leaving a clear suspension. This phenomenon known as agglutination is of great importance to the medical world as it serves as a diagnostic tool. Medical Relevance Reaction of particles with agglutinin is used to indicate present or past host contact with a pathogen http www.answers.com topic agglutinin . A host infected with a pathogen produces antibodies to neutralize the pathogen. As a result, the blood of a host applied to a diagnostic kit causes the aggregation of the pathogenic particles due to the antigen agglutinin interaction. Conversely, agglutination can also be used to identify new bacteria or cells with a specific antigen by exposing them to serum containing known agglutinins. Agglutination using blood agglutinins known as hemagglutinins is used diagnostically to identify blood types of human beings based on the reaction between erythrocyte or Red blood cells antigens and agglutinins http www.answers.com topic agglutinin . Human erythrocytes have only two types of antigens Antigen A and B expressed in different combinations to give either erythrocytes that express only antigen A, antigen B, antigen A and B together or no antigen at all. When erythrocytes are exposed to hemagglutinins anti A and Anti B antibodies , those expressing antigen A or B coagulate upon ... more details
The Quellung reaction is a biochemical Chemical reaction reaction in which antibody antibodies bind to the bacterial capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Neisseria meningitidis , Haemophilus influenzae ref name Microbiology340 cite book author Fisher, Bruce Harvey, Richard P. Champe, Pamela C. title Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Microbiology Lippincott s Illustrated Reviews Series publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstwon, MD year pages isbn 0 7817 8215 5 oclc doi Page 340 ref , Salmonella , and group B Strep mnemonic Some Killers Have Nice Shiny Bodies . The antibody reaction allows these species to be visualized under a microscope . If the reaction is positive, the capsule becomes Opacity optics opaque and appears to enlarge. Quellung is the German word for swelling and describes the microscopic appearance of pneumococcus pneumococcal or other bacterial capsules after their polysaccharide antigen has combined with a specific antibody. The antibody usually comes from a bit of serous fluid serum taken from an immunized laboratory animal. As a result of this combination, and precipitation of the large, complex molecule formed, the capsule appears to swell, because of increased surface tension, and its outlines become clearly demarcated. The pneumococcal Quellung reaction was first described in 1902 ref name Neufeld cite paper author Neufeld, F title Ueber die Agglutination der Pneumokokken und uber die Theorien der Agglutination. publisher Zeitschrift fur Hygiene Infektionskrankheiten. year 1902 pages 54 72 ref by the scientist Fred Neufeld , both as microscopic capsular swelling and macroscopic agglutination clumping visible with the naked eye . It has been used to identify the 90 known capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a diagnostic setting, but in recent years has been challenged by molecular typing techniques which target genetic differences. ref http www.cdc.gov ncidod biotech strep pcr.htm PCR Deducti ... more details
Image ashbytech.svg thumb upright 2.0 400px alt Ashby Technique Visual Representation. Visual Model of Ashby Technique. The Ashby technique is a method for determining the volume and life span of red blood cells in humans, first published by Winifred Ashby Dr. Winifred Ashby in 1919 ref cite journal doi 10.1084 jem.29.3.267 last Winifred first Ashby year 1919 title THE DETERMINATION OF THE LENGTH OF LIFE OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD CORPUSCLES IN MAN journal J Exp Med volume 29 issue 3 pages 267 281 pmid 19868318 pmc 2126347 ref . The technique involves injection of compatible donor red blood cells of a different blood group into a recipient, followed by blood testing periodically afterwards. Differential Agglutination biology agglutination of the red cells is then used to determine the number of remaining donor cells, allowing the survival rate to be determined. It does not involve radioisotope technology, and was the first technique to successfully establish the correct red blood cell life span. In particular, ABO blood group system Type O blood is first transfused into ABO blood group system Type A or B subjects. In subsequent blood samples, the patient s own A and B blood cells are removed by agglutination with either anti A or anti B blood serum serum . The number of remaining nonagglutinated Type O cells as a function of time defines the survival rate of blood cells. ref cite journal author Franco RS title The measurement and importance of red cell survival journal Am. J. Hematol. volume 84 issue 2 pages 109 14 year 2009 month February pmid 19025796 doi 10.1002 ajh.21298 url ref This technique was used extensively during World War II and shortly after but has more recently been replaced by techniques that label one s own blood, due of the dangers of using donor blood ref name lichtman cite book last Lichtman first Marshall title Williams Hematology publisher McGraw Hill Professional date 2005 10 14 edition 7th isbn 0071435913 ref . References reflist Further reading ci ... more details
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