Akinesis may refer to Cranial kinesis Cranial akinesis , referring to skulls possessing no kinetic hinge Akinesia , the loss of the ability to create muscular movement in some diseases such as Parkinsons dab ... more details
Akinetic mutism is a medicine medical term describing patient s tending neither to speak mutism nor move akinesia . It is the result of severe frontal lobe injury in which the pattern of inhibitory control is one of increasing passivity and gradually decreasing speech and motion. An example of a cause of this disorder is an olfactory system olfactory groove meningioma . It is also seen in the final stages of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease a rare degenerative brain disease , and in acute cases of encephalitis lethargica . It can also occur in a stroke that affects both anterior cerebral artery territories. Another cause is neurotoxicity due to drugs such as Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine. Another cause of both akinesia and mutism is Ablation Medicine ablation of the cingulate gyrus . Destruction of the cingulate gyrus has been used in the treatment of psychosis . Such lesions result in akinesia, mutism, apathy , and indifference to painful stimuli. ref Fix JD. Neuroanatomy. 4th ed. ref See also Selective mutism Locked in syndrome References references Category Neurological disorders Category Oral communication Category Silence Muteness, akinetic med sign stub de Akinetischer Mutismus it Mutismo acinetico pl Mutyzm akinetyczny ... more details
Altitoxin is a neurotoxin found in the South African scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus . Injection of altitoxin in mice leads to akinesia, depression and death. ref name toxicon B. Inceoglu, J. Lango, I.N. Pessah, B.D. Hammock. Three structurally related, highly potent, peptides from the venom of the Parabuthus Transvaalicus possess divergent biological activity. Toxicon 45 2005 727 733. ref Source File Parabuthus transvaalicus male .jpg right thumb South African spitting scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus Altitoxin is secreted by the venom gland of the South African spitting or fattail scorpion Parabuthus transvaalicus . ref name toxicon Chemistry Altitoxin is 58 amino acid residues long and has a molecular mass of 6598 Da it has 3 disulfide bridges . ref name toxicon It has large homology to other toxins from the venom of Parabuthus transvaalicus , including bestoxin , birtoxin ikitoxin and dortoxin. Target Altitoxin has sequence homology to scorpion toxins, suggesting it might target sodium channels. However, its depressing action following injection into mice ref name toxicon is not in agreement with the effect of toxins on sodium channels. Related scorpion toxins, which include birtoxin and bestoxin , exhibit highly divergent biological activity, ref name toxicon indicating that the mode of action of these toxins is highly diverse. Toxicity An injection of 100 ng altitoxin in 20 g mouse ED99 causes a state of akinesia and Depression mood depression . Lethality is reached at injecting 200 ng. ref name toxicon References Reflist Category Neurotoxins Category Ion channel toxins ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Hypokinesia Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D018476 Hypokinesia refers to decreased bodily movement. ref http serendip.brynmawr.edu bb neuro neuro03 web1 ljackson.html ref It is associated with basal ganglia diseases such as Parkinson s disease , mental health disorders and prolonged inactivity due to illness, amongst other diseases. Hypokinesia describes a spectrum of disorders br Akinesia lang grc privative a a , without , lang grc kin sis , motion is the inability to initiate movement due to difficulty selecting and or activating motor programs in the central nervous system. Common in severe cases of Parkinson s disease , akinesia is a result of severely diminished dopamine rgic cell activity in the direct pathway of movement . Bradykinesia lang grc bradys , slow , lang grc kin sis , motion anchor Bradykinesia is characterized by slowness of movement and has been linked to Parkinson s disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia. Rather than being a slowness in initiation akinesia , bradykinesia describes a slowness in the execution of movement. It is one of the 3 key symptoms of parkinsonism, which are bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity. Bradykinesia is also the cause of what is normally referred to as stone face expressionless face among those with Parkinson s. Freezing is characterized by an inability to move muscles in any desired direction. Rigidity is characterized by an increase in muscle tone causing resistance to externally imposed joint movements. ref cite book last1 O Sullivan first1 Susan B. last2 Schmitz first2 Thomas J. title Physical Rehabilitation chapter Parkinson s Disease volume 5 publisher F.A Davis Company year 2007 location Philadelphia pages 856 857 accessdate 2011 05 11 ref It does not depend on imposed speed and can be elicited at very low speeds of passive movement. It is felt in both agonist and antagonist muscles and in moveme ... more details
been no reports of recurrent cases of amyoplasia in a family. ref name healthline The fetal akinesia ... also be a myogenic cause to the fetal akinesia, meaning that fetal muscles do not develop properly ... tissue tendon and skeletal defects may contribute to the fetal akinesia and be the primary cause of amyoplasia ... range of other conditions. Other causes of fetal akinesia may include a maternal fever during pregnancy ... the pregnancy. The lack of movement in utero also known as fetal akinesia allows extra connective tissue ... more details
dystonia correlated to the akinesia that occurs before the full effect of L dopa, when the plasma ..., and are not movement disorder s. See also Akathisia Akinesia Antiparkinsonian Dopamine Hemiballismus ... more details
. D. 1995 . The treatment of akinesia using virtual images. from http www.hitl.washington.edu publications ... akinesia are not always effective and their effects tend to wear off quickly. Dopaminergic medications ... video in external links of a man that can overcome his akinesia with a simple paper cue. Note, how ... being used to overcome akinesia . Each is of a different form, but effectively helps the individual ... or another movement, they are sometimes able to control akinesia in its early stages. For example, in a common household akinesia is much more common because the patient is not only focusing on their walking ... in mobility. ref name Kaminsky See also Parkinson s disease Stimulation Akinesia Gait Dopaminergic ... more details
For the journal Movement Disorders journal Infobox Disease Name Movement disorder Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 F44.4, F98.4, G25.8 G25.9, ICD10 R 25 r 25 ICD9 ICD9 333.9 , ICD9 781.0 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D009069 Movement disorders include Akathisia inability to sit still Akinesia lack of movement Associated Movements Mirror Movements or Homolateral Synkinesis Athetosis contorted torsion or twisting Ataxia gross lack of coordination of muscle movements Ballismus violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements Hemiballismus affecting only one side of the body Bradykinesia slow movement Cerebral palsy Chorea disease Chorea rapid, involuntary movement Sydenham s chorea Rheumatic chorea Huntington s disease Dystonia sustained torsion Dystonia muscularum Blepharospasm Writer s cramp Spasmodic torticollis twisting of head and neck Dopamine responsive dystonia hereditary progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation or Segawa s disease Geniospasm episodic involuntary up and down movements of the chin and lower lip Myoclonus brief, involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles Metabolic General Unwellness Movement Syndrome MGUMS Mirror movement disorder involuntary movements on one side of the body mirroring voluntary movements of the other side Parkinson s disease Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia Restless Legs Syndrome RLS WittMaack Ekboms disease Spasm s contractions Stereotypic movement disorder Stereotypy repetition Tardive dyskinesia Tic disorder s involuntary, compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped Tourette syndrome Tourette s syndrome Tremor oscillation s Rest tremor 4 8 Hertz Hz Postural tremor Kinetic tremor Essential tremor 6 8 Hz variable amplitude Cerebellar tremor 6 8 Hz variable amplitude Parkinsonian tremors 4 8 Hz variable amplitude Physiological tremor 10 12 Hz low amplitude Wilson s disease Treatment Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder. ref name urlMedlinePlus ... more details
Athymhormic syndrome , or psychic akinesia , is a rare neurology neurological syndrome characterized by extreme passivity, apathy , blunted affect, and a profound generalized loss of self motivation and conscious thought. For example, a patient with this syndrome might sustain severe burns on contact with a hot stove, due to lacking the will to move away despite experiencing severe pain. The existence of such symptoms in patients after damage to certain structures in the brain has been used to support a physical model of motivation in human beings, wherein the Ventral tegmental area limbic loop of the basal ganglia is the initiator of directed action and thought. ref name Habib 2004 cite journal last1 Habib first1 M. year 2004 title Athymhormia and Disorders of Motivation in Basal Ganglia Disease http www.neuro.psychiatryonline.org cgi content abstract 16 4 509 journal The Journal of Neuropshychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. volume 16 pages 509 524 issue 4 ref The word Athymhormia Athymhormic is derived from the Greek language Greek Lang gr Thumos , which means mood or affect, and Lang gr Horme , which means impulse, drive, or appetite. First described by French people French neurologist Dominique Laplane in 1982 as PAP syndrome Lang fr perte d auto activation psychique , or loss of psychic autoactivation , the syndrome is believed to be due to damage to areas of the basal ganglia or frontal cortex , specifically the striatum and globus pallidus , responsible for motivation and executive functions. ref name Cummings 2000 cite book last1 Bogousslavsky first1 J. last2 Cummings first2 J.L. year 2000 title Behavior and Mood Disorders in Focal Brain Lesions. http books.google.com books?id sBOUbCYrq9AC&printsec frontcover&source gbs v2 summary r&cad 0 v onepage&q &f false publisher Cambridge University Press. ref It may occur without any preexisting psychiatry psychiatric condition. Symptoms It is characterized by an absence of voluntary motion without any apparent motor ... more details
Multiple issues one source November 2011 refimprove November 2011 original research November 2011 Muteness or mutism is an inability to speak caused by a speech disorder . The term originates from the Latin language Latin word mutus , meaning silent . Causes Those who are physically mute may have problems with the parts of the human anatomy human body required for human speech the throat , vocal cords , lungs , mouth , or tongue , etc. . Being mute is often associated with deafness as people who have been unable to hear from birth may not be able to articulate words correctly see Deaf mute . A person can be born mute, or become mute later in life as a result of injury or disease. Trauma or injury to the Broca s Area of the brain can cause muteness. Variations Selective mutism is a disorder related to social anxiety in which people are unable to speak in specific anxiety producing situations but speak fluently in more comfortable situations. Hearing mutism is an obsolete term used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century for specific language impairment . ref http books.google.com books?id BYiMgQytRU8C&pg PA6&lpg PA6&dq 22hearing mutism 22&source web&ots W2ypNqM5Zm&sig abMOBzrb9WReh8MYU9lkVie9UnM&hl en Page 6 in cite book author Leonard, Laurence B. title Children with specific language impairment publisher The MIT Press location Cambridge, Mass year 1998 pages isbn 0 262 62136 3 oclc doi accessdate ref Akinetic mutism is inability to speak mutism and move akinesia . It is the result of severe frontal lobe injury in which the pattern of inhibitory control is one of increasing passivity and gradually decreasing speech and motion. Coping with mutism Some mute patients have adapted with their disability by using machines that vibrate their vocal cords, allowing them to speak. Others learn sign language in order to communicate. The computer age also facilitates communication, both with smart phones and the internet. See also Dysarthria Aphasia Autism Aphonia Sp ... more details
Infobox disease Name Parkinson plus syndrome Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj article eMedicineTopic 1154074 MeshID Parkinson plus syndromes , also known as disorders of multiple system degeneration , are a group of neurodegenerative ref name pmid19029129 cite journal author Bensimon G, Ludolph A, Agid Y, Vidailhet M, Payan C, Leigh PN title Riluzole treatment, survival and diagnostic criteria in Parkinson plus disorders the NNIPPS study journal Brain volume 132 issue Pt 1 pages 156 71 year 2009 month January pmid 19029129 pmc 2638696 doi 10.1093 brain awn291 url http brain.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 19029129 ref diseases featuring the classical features of Parkinson s disease tremor , rigidity neurology rigidity , akinesia bradykinesia , postural instability with additional features that distinguish them from simple idiopathic Parkinson s disease. Some consider Alzheimer s disease to be in this group. ref Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd edition, ISBN 0 7216 9652 X ref The atypical parkinsonian or Parkinson Plus syndromes are often difficult to differentiate from Parkinson s disease and each other. They include multiple system atrophy MSA , progressive supranuclear palsy PSP , and corticobasal degeneration CBGD . Dementia with Lewy bodies DLB , may or may not be part of the PD spectrum, but it is increasingly recognized as the second most common type of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer s disease. These disorders are currently lumped into two groups, the lewy neurites synucleinopathies and the tauopathies . ref cite journal author Mark, M. H. title Lumping and splitting the Parkinson Plus syndromes dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, and cortical basal ganglionic degeneration. journal Neurologic Clinics volume 19 issue 3 pages 607 27 year 2001 pmid 11532646 ref Additional Parkinson plus syndromes include Pick s disease and olivopontocerebellar atrop ... more details
drugbox verifiedrevid 437723330 IUPAC name E 1 1R,2R,3S 3 3,4 dichlorophenyl 8 methyl 8 azabicyclo 3.2.1 octane 2 carbaldehyde O methyloxime image Brasofensine.svg CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 7888898 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 1YP2S94RVH InChI 1 C16H20Cl2N2O c1 20 11 4 6 16 20 13 9 19 21 2 12 8 11 10 3 5 14 17 15 18 7 10 h3,5,7,9,11 13,16H,4,6,8H2,1 2H3 b19 9 t11 ,12 ,13 ,16 m0 s1 InChIKey NRLIFEGHTNUYFL QJDHNRDABN StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C16H20Cl2N2O c1 20 11 4 6 16 20 13 9 19 21 2 12 8 11 10 3 5 14 17 15 18 7 10 h3,5,7,9,11 13,16H,4,6,8H2,1 2H3 b19 9 t11 ,12 ,13 ,16 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey NRLIFEGHTNUYFL QJDHNRDASA N CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 171655 91 7 ATC prefix none ATC suffix PubChem 9614919 C 16 H 20 Cl 2 N 2 O 1 molecular weight 327.249 g mol smiles Clc1ccc cc1Cl C H 3C C H 2N C C H CC2 C H 3 C N OC melting point melting high bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion pregnancy AU pregnancy US pregnancy category legal AU legal CA legal UK Class A legal US legal status routes of administration Brasofensine NS 2214, Bristol Myers Squibb BMS 204756 is a phenyltropane that had been under development for the treatment of Parkinson s Disease Parkinson s and Alzheimer s disease . Phase II trials were conducted in 1996 and brasofensine was shown to be both effective and well tolerated at a dose of 4 mg, ref name Frackiewicz2002 Cite pmid 11847938 ref however development was stopped after in vivo cis anti isomerization of the 2 methyloxime group was reported. ref name Runyon2006 Cite pmid 17017960 ref In animal models of Parkinson s disease, brasofensine was effective in stimulating LMA and reversing akinesia . ref name Pearce2002 Cite pmid 12360536 ref The isomerization of brasofensine is not between the alpha and beta positions on the 2 position of the tropane ring ... more details
patterns were classified by Shimizu et al. as takotsubo type for apical akinesia and basal hyperkinesia, reverse takotsubo for basal akinesia and apical hyperkinesia, mid ventricular type for mid ventricular ... more details
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