too technical date April 2011 In linguistics , Semelfactive is a class of aktionsart verb aspects that reflect the temporal flow of the denoted event, lexically incorporated into the verb s root itself rather than grammatically expressed by inflections or auxiliary verbs , first posited by Bernard Comrie ref Bernard Comrie, 1976. Aspect . Cambridge University Press. ref in addition to Activity, Accomplishment, Achievement, and State. The event represented by a semalfactive verb is punctual instantaneous, momentive , perfective treated as a unitary whole with no explicit internal temporal structure , and Telicity telic having a boundary out of which the activity cannot be said to have taken place or continue . Semalfactive verbs include blink , sneeze , and knock . References reflist Further reading Carlota Smith, 1991. The parameter of aspect . Kluwer. Category Verb types ... more details
Disputed date November 2008 The lexical aspect or aktionsart IPA de ak tsi o ns a t , plural aktionsarten IPA ak tsi o ns a tn of a verb is a part of the way in which that verb is structured in relation to time . Any event, state, process, or action which a verb expresses collectively, any eventuality may also be said to have the same lexical aspect. Lexical aspect is distinguished from grammatical aspect lexical aspect is an inherent property of a semantic eventuality, whereas grammatical aspect is a property of a syntactic or morphological realization. Lexical aspect is invariant, while grammatical aspect can be changed according to the whims of the speaker. For example, eat an apple differs from sit in that there is a natural endpoint or conclusion to eating an apple. There is a time at which the eating is finished, completed, or all done. By contrast, sitting can merely stop unless we add more details, it makes no sense to say that someone finished sitting. This is a distinction of lexical aspect between the two verbs. Verbs that have natural endpoints are called Telicity telic from Ancient Greek telos , end those without are called atelic. Categories Zeno Vendler 1957 classified verbs into four categories those that express activity , accomplishment , achievement and state . Activities and accomplishments are distinguished from achievements and states in that the former allow the use of continuous and progressive aspects . Activities and accomplishments are distinguished from each other by boundedness activities do not have a terminal point a point before which the activity cannot be said to have taken place, and after which the activity cannot continue for example John drew a circle whereas accomplishments do. Of achievements and states, achievements are instantaneous ... aspects DEFAULTSORT Lexical Aspect Category Grammar de Aktionsart fr Aspect lexical it Azione linguistica pl Rodzaj czynno ci sv Aktionsart uk ... more details
refimprove date December 2009 Coverb is a term in theoretical linguistics most often applied in languages with serial verb construction , but also for complex predicate s consisting of two verb s with one of them being an auxiliary verb contributing different kinds of information like linguistic modality modality , direction or aktionsart . It fulfills a similar function as adposition s would in many Indo European languages like Dutch language Dutch or Russian language Russian . Coverbs exist in a number of east and south east Asian languages e.g. Chinese language Chinese , as well as west African languages e.g. Yoruba language Yoruba . Coverbs are differentiated from converb s, which are non finite verb forms used to express Subordination linguistics subordination . Chinese Ruby notice In Chinese linguistics, the coverb is a part of speech that includes words that are lexically verbs, but are generally used to convey the meaning of prepositions. The term preverb is also sometimes used to refer to coverbs however, that term has its own separate meaning as well. Whether prepositions exist in Chinese is sometimes considered an open question. The role of prepositions in Chinese is fulfilled by localizers appearing as postposition s, and by coverbs. ref Cite web url http www rohan.sdsu.edu dept chinese aspect wordorder.html title Word order is important in Chinese publisher Department of Linguistics and Oriental Languages, San Diego State University accessdate 2009 12 21 ref For this reason, coverbs are often referred to as prepositions because they appear before the noun phrase they modify. In Chinese, both prepositions and coverbs are referred to as pinyin ji c . However, unlike prepositions, coverbs can sometimes stand alone as main verbs. The use of coverbs is part of the serial verb construction , which is a basic feature of Chinese grammar . For instance ruby zh p w ruby zh p b ng ruby zh p n ruby zh p zh o ruby zh p t ruby zh p . br litera ... more details
2008 pages 6 ref Grammatical aspect is distinguished from lexical aspect or aktionsart , which ... hours . Lexical aspect is sometimes called Aktionsart , especially by German language German ... Moderative It shone Attenuative aspect Attenuative It glimmered See also Aktionsart Ancient Greek ... Carlson Bache, C. 1982 . Aspect and Aktionsart Towards a semantic distinction. Journal of Linguistics ... Associates. Kortmann, B. 1991 . The Triad Tense Aspect Aktionsart . Belgian Journal of Linguistics ... . Aspect and Aktionsart. In E. K. Brown Ed. , Encyclopedia of language and linguistics Vol. 1, pp ... more details
in languages in which the Aktionsart of the verb is not a heavily governing factor in determining ... non durational Aktionsart of content verbs. align left Durational progressive continuous Aspects ... more details
are required by the grammar, but derivational expressions of Aktionsart are common. Verbs do not change ... see below , and the Slavic aspectual system survives in two aktionsart affixes, perfective aspect ... and showed me that ... . Various prepositions may also be used as aktionsart prefixes, such as el ... more details
of affixes with Aspect grammar aspect ual meanings with the semantic aktionsart of different ... on the verbal aktionsart . ref name Trondhjem 2009 p. 174 Piitaq arpap poq Peter runs ref name ... Greenlandic has several purely derivational devices of expressing meaning related to aspect and aktionsart ... 287. The dividing line between aktionsart, aspect and still other functions not fitting into these categories ... more details
B Tense C Mood D Aspect 1 E Aspect 2 F Aspect 3 G Aktionsart Lexical Aspect Stem Suffixes I Possessed ... 1 and position 2 preverb . grammatical aspect Aspect 1 and the lexical aspect Aktionsart are also ... more details
This article deals with the grammar of the Udmurt language . Pronouns Udmurt pronoun s are inflected much in the same way that their referent nouns are. However, personal pronouns are only inflected in the grammatical cases and cannot be inflected in the locative cases. Personal pronouns Somewhat like in English, Udmurt personal pronoun s are used to refer to human beings only. However, the third person singular can be referred to it . Udmurt personal pronouns only inflect in the grammatical cases and the approximative case. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table class wikitable border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 colspan 2 style background cfcfcf Personal pronouns style background dfdfdf Udmurt English colspan 2 style background efefef Singular I you she or he or it colspan 2 style background efefef Plural we you they Reflexive pronouns Udmurt reflexive pronouns only inflect in the grammatical cases and the approximative case. The nominative case of reflexive pronouns are listed in the following table class wikitable border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 colspan 2 style background cfcfcf Reflexive pronouns style background dfdfdf Udmurt English colspan 2 style background efefef Singular me myself you yourself she herself he himself it itself colspan 2 style background efefef Plural we ourselves you yourselves they themselves Interrogative pronouns Udmurt interrogative pronouns inflect in all cases. However, the inanimate interrogative pronouns what in the locative cases have the base form . The nominative case of interrogative pronouns are listed in the following table class wikitable border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 colspan 2 style background cfcfcf Interrogative pronouns nominative case style background dfdfdf Udmurt English colspan 2 style background efefef Singular what who colspan 2 style background efefef Plural what who The following ... more details
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