Unreferenced date July 2011 A specific devise is a devise of a certain piece of real estate to a certain person or persons. It is like a specific legacy , but is limited by the word devise to real estate. Furthermore, the testator intends for that very particular item and only that item to satisfy the devise. For example, a specific devise would be My 1959 Gold Rolex. Category Wills and trusts law stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In finance , a specific risk is a risk that affects a very small number of assets. This is sometimes referred to as unsystematic risk . In a balanced portfolio of assets there d be a spread between general market risk and risks specific to individual components of that portfolio. Determination of the extent of exposure to individual risks is made using models such as Treynor Black model Treynor Black in which the optimal share of a security is inversely proportional to the square of its specific risk. An example would be news that is specific to either one stock or a group of companies, such as the loss of a patent or a major natural disaster affecting the company s operation. Unlike systematic risk or market risk , specific risk can be diversified away.In fact, most unsystematic risk is removed by holding a portfolio of about twenty five to thirty securities. DEFAULTSORT Specific Risk Category Financial risk Finance stub de Unsystematisches Risiko fr Risque sp cifique ... more details
Image Maximal evenness seconds.png thumb The major scale is maximal evenness maximally even . For example, for every generic interval of a second there are only two possible specific intervals 1 semitone a minor second or 2 semitones a major second . In diatonic set theory a specific interval is the shortest possible clockwise distance between pitch class es on the chromatic circle interval class , in other words the number of half step s between note music notes . The largest specific interval music interval is one less than the number of chromatic pitches. In twelve tone equal temperament the largest specific interval is 11. Johnson 2003, p.26 Myhill s property is the quality of musical scales or collections with exactly two specific intervals for every generic interval . In other words, each generic interval can be made from one of two possible different specific intervals. Source Johnson, Timothy 2003 . Foundations of Diatonic Theory A Mathematically Based Approach to Music Fundamentals . Key College Publishing. ISBN 1 930190 80 8. Category Diatonic set theory Category Intervals music theory stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 A specific finding pertains to a type of verdict rendered in a jury trial . A judge may direct questions at the jury to be answered as part of its deliberations. These questions are meant to guide the jury through the facts of the case or the elements of each claim that must be proven. The answers returned by the jury, the specific findings, are then used to resolve the case as a matter of law. For example, in a civil tort , if the jury makes the specific finding that a defendant s actions did not proximately cause the plaintiff s injury, the defendant may as a matter of law be held not liable to the plaintiff. Jury Category Criminal procedure DEFAULTSORT Specific Finding US law stub ... more details
cleanup date April 2012 In thermodynamics , the specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the substance s volume to its mass. It is the reciprocal of density and is an intrinsic property of matter math v frac V m rho 1 math See also Volume thermodynamics Category Thermodynamics It is commonly applied to these cases. Specific volume is a property of materials, defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of a particular substance. The standard unit is the meter cubed per kilogram m 3 kg or m 3 kg 1 . Sometimes specific volume is expressed in terms of the number of cubic centimeters occupied by one gram of a substance. In this case, the unit is the centimeter cubed per gram cm 3 g or cm 3 g 1 . To convert m 3 kg to cm 3 g, multiply by 1000 conversely, multiply by 0.001. Specific volume is inversely proportional to density . If the density of a substance doubles, its specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, is cut in half. If the density drops to 1 10 its former value, the specific volume, as expressed in the same base units, increases by a factor of 10. Imagine a variable volume, airtight chamber containing a certain number of atoms of oxygen gas. Consider the following four examples If the chamber is made smaller without allowing gas in or out, the density increases and the specific volume decreases If the chamber expands without letting gas in or out, the density decreases and the specific volume increases If the size of the chamber remains constant and new atoms of gas are injected, the density increases and the specific volume decreases If the size of the chamber remains constant and some atoms are removed, the density decreases and the specific volume increases ... more details
Specific granules are secretory Vesicle biology vesicles found exclusively in cells of the immune system called granulocyte s. They are also known as secondary granules . It is sometimes described as applying specifically to neutrophils, ref name urlDefinition specific granule from Online Medical Dictionary cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?specific granule title Definition specific granule from Online Medical Dictionary format work accessdate ref , and sometimes the term is applied to other types of cells. ref name pmid7334549 cite journal author Okuda M, Takenaka T, Kawabori S, Ogami Y title Ultrastructural study of the specific granule of the human eosinophil journal J. Submicrosc. Cytol. volume 13 issue 3 pages 465 71 year 1981 month July pmid 7334549 doi url ref These granule s store a mixture of cytotoxic molecules, including many enzyme s and antimicrobial peptide s, that are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the granulocyte by an immune stimulus. Specific granules are also known as secondary granules . ref name GreerWintrobe2008 cite book author1 John P. Greer author2 Maxwell Myer Wintrobe title Wintrobe s clinical hematology url http books.google.com books?id 68enzUD7BVgC&pg PA173 accessdate 10 November 2010 date 1 December 2008 publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins isbn 9780781765077 pages 173 ref Contents Examples of cytotoxic molecule stored by specific granules in different granulocytes include Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase , lactoferrin , lysozyme , myeloperoxidase , NADPH oxidase Eosinophil cathepsin , major basic protein Basophil heparin , histamine not directly cytotoxic Clinical significance A specific granule deficiency can be associated with CEBPE . ref OMIM 245480 SPECIFIC GRANULE DEFICIENCY SGD ref References reflist External links http nic.sav.sk logos books scientific node16.html Neutrophil granules at sav.sk Granule contents DEFAULTSORT Specific Granule Category Organelles Category Immunology ... more details
Specific performance is an order of a court which requires a party to perform a specific act, usually ... or real property. While specific performance can be in the form of any type of forced action, it is usually ... of a prohibitory injunction but there are mandatory injunctions which have a similar effect to specific performance. Under the common law , specific performance was not a remedy, with the rights ... of specific performance as damages often could not adequately compensate someone for the inability to own a particular piece of real property , land being regarded as unique. Specific performance ..., it may also be ensured through the threat of proceedings for contempt of court . Orders of specific performance are granted when damages are not an adequate remedy, and in some specific cases such as land ... circumstances Contract law There are certain circumstances where an order of specific performance would not be granted. Such circumstances include Specific performance would cause severe hardship to the defendant The contract was unconscionable The claimant has misbehaved unclean hands Specific performance ... in lieu of specific performance or an injunction . Such damages will normally be assessed on the same ... have been had the contract been carried out. Examples In practice, specific performance is most often ..., the limits of specific performance in other contexts are narrow. Moreover, performance that is based .... Traditionally, equity would only grant specific performance with respect to contracts involving ... allows a court to order specific performance where the goods are unique or in other proper circumstances ... of Specific Performance is an equitable relief which is usually remedial or protective in nature ... speaking world specific performance is considered to be the basic right. Money damages are a kind of substitute specific performance. Indeed, it has been proposed that substitute specific performance ... U.S. 207 1905 no specific performance on employment contracts Beswick v Beswick Tamplin v James ... more details
Distinguish specific gravity The specific weight also known as the unit weight is the weight per unit volume of a material. The symbol of specific weight is the Greek letter Gamma . A commonly used value is the specific weight of water on Earth at 5 C which is 62.43 Pound force lbf ft sup 3 sup or 9807 ... for Engineering and Surveying. ISBN 1932613005 ref The terms specific gravity , and less often specific ... math gamma math is the specific weight of the material weight per unit volume , typically N m sup 3 ... s sup 2 sup Changes of specific weight Unlike density, specific weight is not wikt absolute absolute ... influence upon the value of specific gravity is the temperature of the material. Pressure ... In fluid mechanics , specific weight represents the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of a fluid ... 3 sup . Specific weight can be used as a characteristic List of materials properties property of a fluid. ref name fluids Soil mechanics Specific weight is used as a property of soil often used to solve Earthworks engineering earthwork problems. In soil mechanics, specific weight may refer to Moist ... Gs is the specific gravity of the solid e is the void ratio Dry unit weight , which is the unit weight ... math gamma w math is the unit weight of water w is the moisture content of the material Gs is the specific ... content of the material Gs is the specific gravity of the solid e is the void ratio ref name soils .... ref Mechanical engineering Specific weight can be used in mechanical engineering to determine the weight ... limits regarding deformation engineering deformation . Specific weight of water class wikitable style text align center Temperature F Specific weight lb ft sup 3 sup 32 62.42 40 62.43 50 62.41 60 62.37 ... 60.80 180 60.58 190 60.36 200 60.12 212 59.83 colspan 2 align center style font size 80 Specific ... class wikitable style text align center Temperature C Specific weight kN m sup 3 sup 0 9.805 5 9.807 ... 100 9.399 colspan 2 align center style font size 80 Specific weight of water at standard sea level ... more details
Specific appetite , also known as specific hunger is a drive to eat foods with specific flavors or other ... range. Specific appetite is one such mechanism. Specific appetite has been demonstrated in various ..., specific appetite is very difficult to study experimentally, as there are a number of factors that influence food choice. Very little is known about the specific mechanisms inducing specific appetite, and the genes encoding for specific appetites are mostly speculative. Very few specific ... identifiable tastes, and only two other specific appetites, for iron and calcium, have been identified ... Domestic fowl have demonstrated specific appetites for calcium, zinc, and phosphorus, thiamine, protein ... and Nutrition Research ref Learned specific appetites are not necessarily a result of an animal s ability ... with specific foods. An unlearned appetite suggests a physiological mechanism for detecting the absence ..., Unlearned specific appetite for protein. Physiology and Behavior, 1989 46 4 619 624 ref Rats also ... chicks show preferences for zinc rich feeds. ref Hughes, Dewar, A specific appetite for zinc in zinc depleted domestic fowls. British poultry Science, 1971 ref Indirect manipulation of specific appetite Specific appetite can be indirectly induced under experimental circumstances. In one study ..., and Fluharty. Arousal of a specific and persistent sodium appetite in the rat with continuous intracerebroventricular ... does not elicit specific appetite for sodium in the rat. Acta Physiol Acad Sci Hung, 1981 58 3 169 80 ref Nicotine implants in rats have been shown to induce a specific appetite for sucrose, even after removal of the implants. ref Jias and Ellison, Chronic nicotine induces a specific appetite for sucrose in rats. Pharmacology, biochemistry and behavior, 1990 35 2 489 491 ref Specific appetite in humans There is very little strong evidence for specific appetite in humans. However, it has been demonstrated ... Addison s disease is known to induce a specific craving for sodium, although other diseases ... more details
Specific impulse usually abbreviated I sub sp sub is a way to describe the efficiency of rocket engine ... what is specific impulse.html title What is specific impulse? publisher Qualitative Reasoning Group ... , then specific impulse has units of velocity . If it is given in terms of Earth weight such as kilopond s , then specific impulse has units of time. The conversion constant between the two versions of specific impulse is standard gravity g . ref name SINasa cite web url http www.grc.nasa.gov WWW K 12 airplane specimp.html title Specific impulse last Benson first Tom date 11 July 2008 publisher NASA accessdate 22 December 2009 ref The higher the specific impulse, the lower the propellant flow ... breathing jet engine that obtains extra thrust by accelerating air. Specific impulse and effective exhaust velocity are proportional. Specific impulse is a useful value to compare engines, much ... method with a higher specific impulse is more propellant efficient. ref name QRG1 Another number that measures the same thing, usually used for air breathing jet engines, is Thrust specific fuel consumption specific fuel consumption . Specific fuel consumption is inversely proportional to specific impulse ... in units of mass or weight. If mass is used, specific impulse is an impulse per unit mass, which dimensional analysis shows to be a unit of speed, and so specific impulses are often measured in meters ... instead, an impulse divided by a force weight turns out to be a unit of time, and so specific impulses ... the specific impulse, the less propellant is needed to produce a given thrust during a given time. In this regard a propellant is more efficient if the specific impulse is higher. This should not be confused with energy efficiency, which can even decrease as specific impulse increases, since propulsion systems that give high specific impulse require high energy to do so. ref http www.geoffreylandis.com laser ion pres.htp ref In addition it is important that thrust and specific impulse not be confused ... more details
Specific storage S sub s sub , storativity S , specific yield S sub y sub and specific capacity are material ... samples. Specific storage The specific storage is the amount of water that a portion of an aquifer ... remaining fully saturated. Mass specific storage is the mass of water that an aquifer releases from ... dh math where math S s m math is the mass specific storage L sup 1 sup math m a math is the mass of that portion ... from storage M and math dh math is the decline in hydraulic head L . Volumetric specific storage or volume specific storage is the volume of water that an aquifer releases from storage, per volume ... is the volumetric specific storage L sup 1 sup math V a math is the bulk volume of that portion of the aquifer ... sup 1 sup T sup 2 sup math dh math is the decline in hydraulic head L and math gamma w math is the specific ... specific storage is much more commonly encountered than mass specific storage . Consequently, the term specific storage generally refers to volumetric specific storage . In terms of measurable physical properties, specific storage can be expressed as math S s gamma w beta p n cdot beta w math where math gamma w math is the specific weight of water newton unit N m sup 3 sup or ML sup 2 sup ..., or math S frac dV w dh frac 1 A math Storativity is the vertically integrated specific ... aquifer is approximately equal to the specific yield, math S y math , since the release from specific storage, math S s math is typically orders of magnitude less. Specific yield class wikitable align right Values of specific yield, from Johnson 1967 rowspan 2 Material colspan 3 Specific ... Specific yield , also known as the drainable porosity, is a ratio, less than or equal to the effective ..., math S s math , is relatively small and usually has an insignificant contribution. Specific ... to the grains of sand and clay in the formation. Also, the value of specific yield may not be fully ... Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 604 p. Johnson, A.I. 1967. Specific yield compilation of specific ... more details
for specific energy in the sense of energy per unit volume energy density Specific energy is defined as the energy per unit mass . Common metric units are Joule J Kilogram kg . It is an intensive property . Contrast this with energy , which is an extensive property . There are two main types of specific energy potential energy and specific kinetic energy . Others are the gray unit gray and sievert , measures for the absorption of radiation. The concept of specific energy applies to a particular or theoretical way of extracting useful energy from the material considered that is usually implied by context. Thermodynamic properties related to specific energy include specific internal energy , specific enthalpy , specific Gibbs free energy , and specific Helmholtz free energy , all of which use units of energy per mass such as J kg. These intensive properties are each symbolized by using the lower case letter of the symbol for the corresponding extensive property, which is symbolized by a capital letter . For example, the extensive thermodynamic property enthalpy is symbolized by H specific enthalpy is symbolized by h . If a defined chemical compound is used which has a definite molar mass , such intensive thermodynamic properties can be expressed on a per Mole unit mole basis instead of a per mass basis. Such quantities can be described as molar quantities for example, molar enthalpy ... Specific energy, rather than simply energy, is often used in astrodynamics , because gravity changes the kinetic and potential specific energies of a vehicle in obvious ways that are independent of the mass ... g is in m s sup 2 sup and h is in m . Heat energies per unit mass are specific heat capacity times temperature difference, and Latent heat specific melting heat , and Standard enthalpy change of vaporization specific heat of vaporization See also Energy density Specific power Heating value Specific ... Specific Energy Category Energy in physics Category Thermodynamics thermodynamics stub da Specifik ... more details
refimprove date August 2009 Infobox disease Name Specific phobia ICD10 ICD10 F 40 2 f 40 ICD9 ICD9 300.29 A specific phobia is a generic term for any kind of anxiety disorder that amounts to an unreasonable or irrational fear related to exposure to specific objects or situations. As a result, the affected persons tend to actively avoid direct contact with the objects or situations and, in severe cases, any mention or depiction of them. The fear or anxiety may be triggered both by the presence and the anticipation of the specific object or situation. A person who encounters that of which they are phobic will often show signs of fear or express discomfort. In some cases it can result in a panic attack . In most cases of adults, this kind of phobia is consciously recognized by the person still, anxiety and avoidance are difficult to control and may significantly impair person s functioning and even physical health. Epidemiology Specific phobias have a one year prevalence of 4.4 in the USA . ref cite journal author Narrow year 2002 title Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States journal Archives of General Psychiatry volume 59 pages 115 123 pmid 11825131 doi 10.1001 archpsyc.59.2.115 last2 Rae first2 DS last3 Robins first3 LN last4 Regier first4 DA issue 2 display authors 1 ref The usual age of onset is childhood to adolescence. Women are twice as likely to suffer from specific phobias as men. ref cite book title Crash Course Psychiatry last Cameron first Alasdair year 2004 publisher Elsevier Ltd isbn 0 7234 3340 8 Please check ISBN reason Check digit 8 does not correspond to calculated figure. ref Categories of specific phobias According to the fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders phobias can be classified ... Reflist External links http www.minddisorders.com Py Z Specific phobias.html Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders Specific phobias Mental and behavioral disorders selected neurotic DEFAULTSORT Specific ... more details
Specific speed N sub s sub is a quasi Dimensionless quantity non dimensional number used to classify ... be called the ideal reference device specific performance. This resulting unitless ratio may ..., instead of its reference speed of 1 unit. Specific speed is used in engineering design where it is thought ... flow rate and head. Once the desired specific speed is known, basic dimensions of the unit s components can be easily calculated. Several mathematical definitions of specific speed all of them actually ideal device specific have been created for different devices and applications. Pump specific speed Low specific speed radial flow impellers develop hydraulic head principally through centrifugal force . Pumps of higher specific speeds develop head partly by centrifugal force and partly by axial force. An axial flow or propeller pump with a specific speed of 10,000 or greater generates its ... whereas axial flow impellers are high flow low head designs. Centrifugal pump impellers have specific ... flow at 2000 8000 and axial flow pump s at 7000 20,000. Values of specific speed less than 500 are associated with positive displacement pump s. As the specific speed increases, the ratio of the impeller ... flow impeller. math N s frac n sqrt Q gH 3 4 math where math N s math is specific speed unitless math ... is acceleration due to gravity m s Note that the units used affect the specific speed value and consistent units should be used for comparisons. Pump specific speed can be calculated using British gallons ... suction specific speed The net suction specific speed is mainly used to see if there will be problems ... web url http www.mcnallyinstitute.com 09 html 09 12.html title Specific speed accessdate 2007 07 13 ... cpf 0008.html title NPSH and Suction Specific Speed Goulds Pumps ITT Corporation accessdate 2007 07 13 author publisher ITT Corporation ref . The net suction specific speed of a pump will define the range ... 3 Suction Specific Speed NSS accessdate 2007 07 13 author publisher Pumping Machinery ref . The higher ... more details
Distinguish specific weight This page is about the measurement using water as a reference. For a general use of specific gravity, see relative density . See Intensive and extensive properties intensive property for the property implied by specific . Specific gravity is the ratio of the density mass of a unit .... Apparent specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a volume of the substance to the weight of an equal ... for both sample and reference vary from industry to industry. In British brewing practice the specific ..., p. 881 ref Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information ... syrups, juices, honeys, brewers wort , must etc. and acids. Details Specific gravity, as it is the ratio of densities, is a dimensionless quantity . Specific gravity varies with temperature reference .... Substances with a specific gravity of 1 are neutrally buoyant in water, those with SG greater ... of the substance under study. It is in industry where specific gravity finds wide application, often for historical reasons. True specific gravity, can be expressed mathematically as math SG true ... rho mathrm H 2 mathrm O math is the density of water. The apparent specific gravity is simply ... of water, both measured in air. It can be shown that true specific gravity can be computed ... weather patterns but as specific gravity usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions ... are usually neglected at least where apparent specific gravity is being measured. For true in vacuo specific gravity calculations air pressure must be considered see below . Temperatures are specified ... 20 C 4 C value for water of 0.9982343. As the principal use of specific gravity measurements in industry ... form of specific gravity. For example, in the brewing industry, the Plato scale Plato table ... it is derived from the original Plato table is for apparent specific gravity measurements at 20 C 20 ... are based on reference and sample temperatures of 60F and are thus 15.56 C 15.56 C . Given the specific ... more details
Multiple issues wikify June 2011 orphan June 2011 no footnotes May 2011 In information theory , specific information is the generic name given to family of state dependent measures that in expectation converge to the mutual information . There are currently three known varieties of specific information usually denoted math I V math , math I S math , and math I ssi math . The specific information between a random variable math X math and a state math Y y math is written as, math I X Y y math . References cite journal pages 325 40 doi 10.1088 0954 898X 10 4 303 title How to measure the information gained from one symbol year 1999 last1 Deweese first1 Michael last2 Meister first2 Markus journal Network Computation in Neural Systems volume 10 issue 4 pmid 10695762 cite journal pages 177 87 doi 10.1088 0954 898X 14 2 301 title How much information is associated with a particular stimulus? year 2003 last1 Butts first1 Daniel journal Network Computation in Neural Systems volume 14 issue 2 pmid 12790180 Category Information theory ... more details
About specific activity radioactivity the use in biochemistry Enzyme assay Specific activity In nuclear sciences and technologies, activity is the SI quantity related to the phenomenon of natural and artificial radioactivity. The SI unit of activity is becquerel, Bq, while that of specific activity is Bq kg. The old unit of activity was curie , Ci, while that of specific activity was Ci g. For its use in radiochemistry , see radioactivity . One can use the experimentally measured specific activity to calculate the half life of an element. Starting from the definition of the half life T sub 1 2 sub with, N sub 0 sub , atoms of an element, the number of atoms, N , remaining after time, t , is giving by math N N 0 left frac 1 2 right t over T 1 2 math Take the natural log of both sides math ln N ln N 0 left frac t T 1 2 right ln left frac 1 2 right math Take the derivative with respect to time, t math frac 1 N frac dN dt frac ln left frac 1 2 right T 1 2 math Multiply both sides by N math frac dN dt frac N ln left frac 1 2 right T 1 2 math Which is math frac dN dt frac 0.693 ,N T 1 2 math dN dt represents the decay rate of atoms. The negative sign shows that the rate is negative, so the number of atoms is decreasing with time as you would expect. Rearranging terms math T 1 2 frac 0.693 ,N frac dN dt math Example determine the half life of Rb 87 Suppose you have a gram of rubidium 87 and with your Geiger counter, you get a count rate which, after taking solid angle effects into account, is consistent with a decay rate of 3200 decays per second this would correspond to a specific activity of 3.2 10 sup 6 sup Bq kg . The atomic weight is of the rubidium is 87, so one gram is one 87th of a mole, or N 6.9 10 sup 21 sup atoms. Plugging in the numbers math T 1 2 frac 0.693 6.9 times 10 21 3200 text sec 1 1.5 times 10 18 text sec or 47 million years math Category Units of radioactivity ca Activitat d una subst ncia radioactiva fr Activit massique ja ... more details
has a very large specific rotation or a sample is very concentrated, the actual rotation of the sample ... of very small or very large angles, one can also use the variation of specific rotation with wavelength .... The variation of specific rotation with wavelength is the basis of optical rotary dispersion ... preferred. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Specific Rotation Category Chemical properties et ... more details
Specific detectivity , or D , for a photodetector is a figure of merit used to characterize performance, equal to the reciprocal of noise equivalent power NEP , normalized per unit area and bandwidth. Specific detectivity is given by math D frac sqrt A sqrt B NEP math , where math A math is the area of the photosensitive region of the detector and math B math is the bandwidth in Hz. Its common units are math cm cdot sqrt Hz W math , also called the Jones in honor of R. Clark Jones who defined this magnitude. ref R. C. Jones, Quantum efficiency of photoconductors, Proc. IRIS 2 , 9 1957 ref ref R. C. Jones, Proposal of the detectivity D for detectors limited by radiation noise, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50 , 1058 1960 , doi 10.1364 JOSA.50.001058 ref Given that noise equivalent power can be expressed as a function of the responsivity math mathfrak R math in units of math A W math or math V W math and the noise spectral density math S n math in units of math A Hz 1 2 math or math V Hz 1 2 math as math NEP frac S n mathfrak R math , it s common to see the specific detectivity expressed as math D frac mathfrak R cdot sqrt A S n math . The unit Jones is now commonly used with the D figure of merit. It is often useful to express the specific detectivity in terms of relative noise levels present in the device. A common expression is given below. math D frac q lambda eta hc left frac 4kT R 0 A 2q 2 eta Phi b right 1 2 math With q as the electronic charge, math lambda math is the wavelength of interest, h is planck s constant, c is the speed of light, k is Boltzmann s Constant, T is the temperature of the detector, R0A is the Zero Bias dynamic resistance area product often measured experimentally, but also expressable in noise level assumptions , math eta math is the quantum efficiency of the device, and math Phi b math is the total flux of the source often a blackbody in Photons sec cm References and footnotes div class references small style moz column count 1 column count 1 references ... more details
for the stiffness to weight ratio specific modulus The specific strength is a material s Strength of materials strength force per unit area at failure divided by its density . It is also known as the strength to weight ratio or strength weight ratio . In fiber or textile applications, tenacity is the usual measure of specific strength. The SI unit for specific strength is N m sup 2 sup kg m sup 3 sup or more commonly N m kg. Another way to describe specific strength is breaking length , also known as self support length the maximum length of a vertical column of the material assuming a fixed cross section that could suspend its own weight when supported only at the top. For this measurement, the definition of weight is the force of gravity at the Earth s surface applying to the entire length of the material, not diminishing with height. This usage is more common with certain specialty fiber or textile applications. The materials with the highest specific strengths are typically fibers such as carbon fiber , glass fiber and various polymers, and these are frequently used to make composite material s e.g. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer carbon fiber epoxy . These materials and others ... class wikitable sortable style text align right style margin 1em auto 1em auto Specific tensile strength of various materials Material Strength br megapascal MPa Density br density g cm Specific Strength ... fiber specific strength ref align right align left Steel alloy Specify date May 2011 2,000 7.86 254 ... of specific strength expands to kg m s sup 2 sup m kg or m s sup 2 sup , a specific strength can also ... ship is only feasible if built of a material whose square root of specific strength is at least the speed at which the spinning shell moves. math sqrt tfrac E rho ge v math See also Specific modulus Space ... interactive charts spec spec NS6Chart.html Specific stiffness Specific strength chart, University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering DEFAULTSORT Specific Strength Category Engineering ratios Category ... more details
Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weight ratio or specific stiffness . High specific modulus materials find wide application in aerospace applications where minimum structural weight is required. The dimensional analysis yields units of distance squared per time squared. The utility of specific modulus is to find materials which will produce structures with minimum weight, when the primary design limitation is deflection or physical deformation, rather than load at breaking this is also known as a stiffness driven structure. Many common structures are stiffness driven over much of their use, such as airplane wings, bridges, masts, and bicycle frames. To emphasize the point, consider the issue of choosing a material for building an airplane. Aluminum seems obvious because it is lighter than steel, but steel is stronger than aluminum, so one could imagine using thinner steel components to save weight without sacrificing tensile strength. The problem with this idea is that there would ... seen in helicopter rotor blades, suspension bridge connections, and wing spar joins. Specific modulus is not to be confused with specific strength , a term that compares strength to density. Applications Specific stiffness in tension The use of specific stiffness in tension applications is straightforward ... s modulus divided by density . Specific stiffness in buckling and bending Specific stiffness can ... specific stiffness for various materials class wikitable sortable border 1 style text align center Approximate specific stiffness for various materials. No attempt is made to correct for materials ... Approximate specific stiffness for various species of wood ref http www.csudh.edu oliver chemdata ... nigra Nts 5.03081 Nts 0.408 Nts 12.3304 Nts 30.2216 Nts 74.0726 See also Specific strength References references DEFAULTSORT Specific Modulus Category Materials science ar zh ... more details
Refimprove date June 2009 infobox website name Earth Human STR Allele Frequencies Database logo Image ehstrafd logo.png screenshot caption location country Romania url http www.ehstrafd.org EHSTRAFD.org alexa commercial type Population Genetics Project language English registration Optional owner author Stanciu Florin launch date 1 January 2009 current status Active revenue slogan The Earth Human STR Allele Frequencies Database ref EHSTRAFD Earth Human STR Allele Frequencies Database. c2009 cited on 14 Jun 2009 R1 . Available from http www.ehstrafd.org ref is a scientific project based on a dynamic web interface and a relational database management system. Its main purpose is the management of STR populational data reported from all over the world, providing highly specialized population genetics tools and also an overview of world population genetic structure at global scale. At the bottom of EHSTRAFD approach stays peer review journals standardization trend in publishing populational data ref Patrick Lincoln, Angel Carracedo. Publication of population data of human polymorphisms. Forensic Sci Int. 2000 110 1 3 5. ref and most important, the allele frequencies gradient distribution over vast geographical areas ref Yates GB. Gradient Correlation Theory. c1996 citat la 16 Mai 2009 . Disponibila de la http www.autismtheory.org GradientCorrelation.htm ref ref Serre D, P bo S. Evidence for gradients of human genetic diversity within and among continents. Genome Res. 2004 14 9 1679 85. ref ref Roewer L, Croucher PJ, Willuweit S, Lu TT, Kayser M, Lessig R, de Knijff P, Jobling MA, Tyler Smith C, Krawczak M. Signature of recent historical events in the European Y chromosomal STR haplotype distribution. Hum Genet. 2005 116 4 279 91 ref . Database Tools Modules Allele Frequency Global Tracking AFGT allows searching for allele frequency distribution at global and regional level. STR Loci are available in AFGT if there are reported in at least ten EHSTRAFD populations. The AFGT ... more details
Specific fuel consumption may refer to Brake specific fuel consumption , fuel efficiency within a shaft reciprocating engine Thrust specific fuel consumption , fuel efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust output disambiguation ... more details
orphan date February 2010 Submerged specific gravity is a dimensionless measure of an object s buoyancy when immersed in a fluid . It can be expressed in terms of the equation math text SSG frac rho o rho f rho f math where math text SSG math stands for submerged specific gravity , math rho o math is the density of the object, and math rho f math is the density of the fluid. Submerged specific gravity is equal to the specific gravity given by the ratio of the weight of the object to the weight of the fluid minus one. That is, the object and fluid have the same density when the specific gravity equals one and the submerged specific gravity equals zero. This fact highlights the utility of the usage of submerged specific gravity in probems involving buoyancy and force balances on submerged objects the object will naturally rise when its submerged specific gravity is negative, and sink when its submerged specific gravity is positive. Because of this characteristic and its dimensionless nature, submerged specific gravity is ubiquitous in equations of sediment transport . DEFAULTSORT Submerged Specific Gravity Category Geology Geology stub physics stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2008 Infobox disease Name Specific developmental disorder ICD10 ICD10 F 80 f 80 ICD10 F 83 f 80 ICD9 ICD9 307 , ICD9 315 Specific developmental disorders categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination. ICD 10 taxonomy The tenth revision of the ICD International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems ICD 10 has four categories of specific developmental disorder specific developmental disorders of speech and language, specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills, specific developmental disorder of motor function, and mixed specific developmental disorder. DSM IV TR taxonomy The text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM IV TR categorizes specific developmental disorders as communication disorders, learning disorders, and motor skills disorders. They are all Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence, which also includes pervasive developmental disorder s i.e., the autism spectrum , Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder attention deficit and Conduct disorder disruptive behavior disorders , feeding and eating disorder s, tic disorder s, elimination disorders, and other disorders like selective ... class wikitable ICD 10 DSM Specific developmental disorders of speech and language Specific speech ... Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills SDDSS Dyslexia Specific reading disorder F81.0 Specific spelling disorder F81.1 Dyscalculia Specific disorder of arithmetical skills F81.2 Mixed disorder ... Specified 315.9 Specific developmental disorder of motor function Dyspraxia Specific developmental disorder ... Mixed specific developmental disorder Mixed specific developmental disorder F83 Mixed development ... childhood Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders DEFAULTSORT Specific Developmental Disorder Category Specific developmental disorders Category Special education Category Psychiatric diagnosis ... more details
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