Allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape , ref cite book first Christopher ... ref Allometry is a well known study, particularly in statistical shape analysis for its theoretical ... law Power law functions principal component analysis . Allometry often studies shape differences in terms .... Its size changes with age but the shapes are similar. Studies of ontogenetic allometry often use lizards ... 3826408 ref In addition to studies that focus on growth, allometry also examines shape variation among individuals of a given age and sex , which is referred to as static allometry. Comparisons of species are used to examine interspecific or evolutionary allometry see also Phylogenetic comparative ... cite journal author Emerson SB title Allometry and Jumping in Frogs Helping the Twain to Meet journal ... overbuilt when small or by changing proportions during growth, called allometry. Isometric scaling ... Schmidt Nielsen harvnb Schmidt Nielsen 1984 ref Allometry is often expressed in terms of a scaling ... property was found to scale to mass to the 0.9 power, then this would be called negative allometry , as the values ... to show positive allometry . One example of positive allometry occurs among species of monitor ... jstor 1565513 ref Determining if a system is scaling with allometry To determine whether isometry or allometry is present, an expected relationship between variables needs to be determined to compare ... for detecting allometry because scaling variables are comparisons to other things. Saying that mass ... results, but often they do not. If the expected slope is outside the confidence intervals then there is allometry ... value. It would scale with positive allometry. If the expected slope is 3 and in reality in a certain .... Overall metabolic rate in animals is generally accepted to show negative allometry, scaling to mass ... to data, with applications to allometry journal Journal of Theoretical Biology volume 138 issue 2 pages ... theory and the metabolic theory of ecology . However, such ideas have been less successful. Allometry ... more details
Rensch s rule is an allometric law concerning the relationship between the extent of sexual size dimorphism SSD and which sex is larger. Across species within a lineage, size dimorphism will increase with increasing body size when the male is the larger sex, and decrease with increasing average body size when the female is the larger sex. Examples of phylogenetic lineages that appear to follow this rule include primates , pinnipeds , and artiodactyls . ref cite journal author Fairbairn, D.J. title Allometry for Sexual Size Dimorphism Pattern and Process in the Coevolution of Body Size in Males and Females journal Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. volume 28 issue 1 pages 659 687 year 1997 doi 10.1146 annurev.ecolsys.28.1.659 ref It was proposed by Bernhard Rensch in 1950. ref Rensch, B. 1950 . Die Abhangigkeit der relativen Sexualdifferenz von der Korpergrosse. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage 1 58 69. ref biology stub References reflist Category Biological rules ru ... more details
Midgley. Sage Publications Ltd. 2003. 1986. Allometry in Biology, Allometry in Systems Science .... 31st SGSR, v. 1, ed. Istvan Kiss, SGSR, 1988. New Field of Systems Allometry , in Cybernetics and Systems ..., J. Putinier, and J. Cramer 1990b What Empirical Testing of Hierarchies & Systems Allometry Says ... more details
978 0226586311 Plant Allometry The Scaling of Form and Process , 1994 ISBN 978 0226580814 ref name Klinkhamer cite journal last Klinkhamer first Peter G. L. date March 1995 title Plant allometry The scaling ... more details
This article was auto generated by User Polbot . Taxobox name Lamprologus callipterus image status LC status system IUCN3.1 regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Actinopterygii ordo Perciformes familia Cichlidae subfamilia Pseudocrenilabrinae tribus Lamprologini genus Lamprologus species L. callipterus binomial Lamprologus callipterus binomial authority George Albert Boulenger Boulenger , 1906 Verify source date August 2008 Jacques Pellegrin Pellegrin , 1929 ? synonyms Lamprologus callipterus is a species of fish in the Cichlidae family. It is found in Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Tanzania , and Zambia . Its natural habitat s are freshwater lake s and inland deltas. ref Ntakimazi, G. 2005. http www.iucnredlist.org search details.php 60549 all Lamprologus callipterus . http www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 4 August 2007. ref Physiology Its males are significantly larger than females, the reason being that males of the species collect empty snail shells for the females to breed in. Therefore, males have to be large and strong enough to transport shells, while females have to be small enough to fit in the shells. ref cite journal last Ota first Kazutaka coauthors Masanori Kohda and Tetsu Sato title Unusual allometry for sexual size dimorphism in a cichlid where males are extremely larger than females journal Journal of Biosciences date 04 year 2010 month October volume 35 doi 10.1007 s12038 010 0030 6 url http www.springerlink.com content b802u81204v05v81 about accessdate 4 March 2012 ref References Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 2007 629 642 Reflist Category Lamprologus Lamprologini stub ca Lamprologus callipterus es Lamprologus callipterus fr Lamprologus callipterus pt Lamprologus callipterus vi Lamprologus callipterus ... more details
File Treeheightmodel.JPG thumb 330px right Tree height model module of fr Field Map Field Map Inventory Analyst used to model missing tree heights. Dendrometry is the branch of botany that is concerned with the measurement of the various dimension s of tree s, such as their diameter , size, shape , age, overall volume , thickness of the bark , etc., as well as the statistics statistical properties of tree stands, including measures of central tendency and Biological dispersal dispersion of these quantities, wood density , or yearly growth , for instance. The most frequent measurements acquired in the field include the Diameter at Breast Height DBH the height of the tree the horizontal dimension of the Canopy biology canopy These key measurements are used to infer, through allometry allometric relations, other tree properties that may be of greater interest but are harder to measure directly, such as the quantity of commercial wood retrievable, or the amount of carbon sequestered in the plants. See also fr Field Map Field Map technology for dendrometric measurements References Grosenbaugh, L. R. 1980 Avoiding Dendrometry Bias When Trees Lean or Taper , Forest Science , Vol. 26 , No. 2, 203 215. Court Picon, M., C. Gadbin Henry, F. Guibal and M. Roux 2004 Dendrometry and morphometry of Pinus pinea L. in Lower Provence France adaptability and variability of provenances , Forest Ecology and Management , Vol. 194 , No. 1 3, 319 333. http www.eionet.europa.eu gemet concept?ns 1&cp 2070 Eionet GEMET Thesaurus Category Dendrology tree stub de Dendrometrie fr Dendrom trie it Dendrometria pl Dendrometria pt Dendrometria sv Skogsuppskattning tr Dendrometri ... more details
changes require several reserves, as is required for autotroph s. the allometry body size scaling ... dioxide , ammonia and imply rules for the covariation of parameter values across species allometry ..., also be written as function of the maximum body size. See also Allometry Comparative physiology ... more details
and ecology allometry phylogenetic comparative methods e.g., http mesquiteproject.org pdap ... et al 2011 exercise and obesity.pdf PDF See also Allometry Evolutionary physiology Experimental ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Pheidologeton diversus image GRF PheidologetonDiversus 01.jpg image caption P. diversus attacking a mealworm image width 250px regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Hymenoptera familia Formicidae subfamilia Myrmicinae tribus Solenopsidini genus Pheidologeton species P. diversus binomial Pheidologeton diversus binomial authority Thomas C. Jerdon Jerdon , 1851 synonyms Ocodoma diversa ref name jadg Pheidologeton diversus , common name East Indian harvesting ant , is a species of Pheidologeton marauder ant widely distributed throughout Asia . ref name jadg http ant.edb.miyakyo u.ac.jp E Taxo F41301.html Japanese Ant Database Group ref ref http www.myrmecos.net myrmicinae pheidologeton.html myrmecos.net Pheidologeton marauder ants ref ref name africa http antbase.org ants africa pheidologeton pheidologeton diversus pheidologeton diversus.htm The Ants of Africa Pheidologeton diversus Jerdon ref Description Image PheidologetonCastes.jpg 200px thumb left Allometry Allometric variation of the East Indian Harvesting Ant P. diversus is a Eusociality eusocial insect and individuals have continuous Allometry allometric variation in size and morphology biology morphology to facilitate Task allocation and partitioning of social insects task allocation and partitioning of work . Minor workers are between 1.3 and 2.5 mm in length, but major workers are much larger. Between the smallest minor and largest major workers there are many intermediate forms. The largest workers can have heads approximately 10 times larger than that of their smallest counterparts. The dry weight of a large major worker can be approximately 500 times heavier that of their smallest counterparts. These size related morphological differences correspond with their division of labor. For example, small, young, minor workers specialize in caring for the larva e but extend their activities as they grow older and increase in size. ref name jadg Minor workers have ye ... more details
taxobox image Aeschynomene americana.jpg status G5 status system TNC regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Fabales familia Fabaceae genus Aeschynomene species A. americana binomial Aeschynomene americana binomial authority Carl Linnaeus L. Aeschynomene americana is a species of flowering plant in the Fabaceae legume family known by many common names, including shyleaf , ref name usda http plants.usda.gov java profile?symbol AEAM Aeschynomene americana . USDA Plants Profile. ref forage aeschynomene , ref name thro Thro, A. M., et al. 1990 . http www.jstor.org discover 10.2307 3987074?uid 3739560&uid 2129&uid 2&uid 70&uid 4&uid 3739256&sid 56118173603 Weed potential of the forage legume Aeschynomene Aeschynomene americana in rice Oryza sativa and soybeans Glycine max . Weed Technology 4 2 284 90. ref American joint vetch United States and Australia , thornless mimosa Sri Lanka , bastard sensitive plant Jamaica , pega pega , pega ropa , antejuela , ronte , cujicillo , and dormilonga Latin America . ref name fao http www.fao.org ag AGP AGPC doc Gbase DATA Pf000001.htm Aeschynomene americana . FAO. ref It is native to Central America, parts of South America, the West Indies, and Florida. ref name fao This plant is an annual or perennial herb growing up to 2 meters tall. The leaves are up to 7 centimeters long and have several pairs of linear to oblong leaflets. The sensitive leaves fold up when touched. The inflorescence is a raceme of flowers each up to a centimeter long. The flowers range in color from white to pinkish, orange, or purplish. The fruit is a curved legume pod up to 4 centimeters long made up of several jointed units, each unit containing a seed. ref name fao This species is widely used as a green manure or pasture plant throughout the tropical world. ref name zhang Zhang, J. 1998 . http aob.oxfordjournals.org content 82 6 843.full.pdf Variation and allometry of seed weight in Aeschynomene american ... more details
are used for estimation of carbon sequestered in the plants through Tree allometry allometric relationships ... YouTube See also Deforestation Dendrometry Forest management REDD plus Silviculture Tree allometry ... more details
. title Horn and wing allometry and male dimorphism in giant rhinoceros beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeidae ... allometry and male dimorphism in giant rhinoceros beetles Coleoptera Scarabaeidae of tropical Asia and America ... more details
Multiple issues POV February 2012 sections February 2012 unreferenced December 2009 In drug development , pre clinical development is a stage of research that begins before clinical trial s testing in humans can begin, and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data is collected. The main goals of pre clinical studies also named preclinical studies and nonclinical studies are to determine a product s ultimate safety profile. Products may include new or iterated or like kind medical devices, drugs, gene therapy solutions, etc. Each class of product may undergo different types of preclinical research. For instance, drugs may undergo pharmacodynamics PD , pharmacokinetics PK , ADME , and toxicity testing through in vivo animal testing . This data allows researchers to Allometry allometrically estimate a safe starting dose of the drug for clinical trial s in humans. Medical devices that do not have drug attached will not undergo these additional tests and may go directly to GLP testing for safety of the device and its components. Some medical devices will also undergo biocompatibility testing which helps to show whether a component of the device or all components are sustainable in a living model. Most pre clinical studies must adhere to Good Laboratory Practice s GLP in International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH Guidelines to be acceptable for submission to regulatory agencies such as the Food & Drug Administration in the United States. Typically, both in vitro and in vivo tests will be performed. Studies of a drug s toxicity include which organs are targeted by that drug, as well as if there are any long term carcinogenic effects or toxic effects on mammalian reproduction . The information collected from these studies is vital so that safe human testing can begin. Typically, in drug development studies animal testing involves two species. The most commonly use ... more details
Age determination in dinosaur s is mainly used to determine the approximate age of a dinosaur when the animal died. History Early attempts to estimate the longevity of dinosaurs used Allometry allometric scaling principles. Ages were determined by dividing individual mass estimates by rates of growth for similar, extant taxon taxa . For very large individuals, growth rates were extrapolated to dinosaur proportions using regression analysis. The results of these investigations have been extremely variable as they depend on mass estimates and growth rates that are highly at odds with one another. For example, longevity estimates for the sauropod Hypselosaurus priscus range from a few decades to several hundred years. ref Case, T. J. 1978 . Speculations on the Population growth growth rate and reproduction of some dinosaurs. Paleobiology 4 , 320 328. ref Recently, however, it has been shown that most dinosaur bones have growth lines that are visible in thin sectioned material viewed under a polarized light source. ref Reid, R. E. H. 1990 . Zonal growth rings in dinosaurs. Mod. Geol. 15 , 19 48. ref Growth lines Two types of growth lines exist annulus zoology annuli , and lines of arrested growth LAGs . ref name FrancillionV1990 Francillion Viellot H., et al. , 1990 . Microstructure and mineralization of vertebrate skeletal tissues. In Skeletal Biomineralization Patterns, Processes, and Evolutionary Trends J. G. Carter, Ed. . Vol. 1, pp. 471 530. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. ref Histological examinations have revealed that annuli are composed of thin layers of avascular bone with parallel aligned bone fibers. The growth line annuli are found compressed between broad vascularized regions of bone with randomly oriented fibrillar patterns, known as zones. Lines of arrested growth, similar to annuli, are found between zones are avascular. They are, however, much thinner, and have relatively fewer bone fibers by volume. Studies on extant vertebrate s indicate that the va ... more details
Specific leaf area is defined as the ratio of leaf area to dry weight . ref cite journal url http aob.oxfordjournals.org cgi content abstract mci264v1 title Specific Leaf Area and Dry Matter Content Estimate Thickness in Laminar Leaves VILE et al., 10.1093 aob mci264 Annals of Botany doi 10.1093 aob mci264 publisher Aob.oxfordjournals.org date accessdate 2010 08 08 last1 Vile first1 D. journal Annals of Botany volume 96 issue 6 pages 1129 1136 pmid 16159941 last2 Garnier first2 E last3 Shipley first3 B last4 Laurent first4 G last5 Navas first5 ML last6 Roumet first6 C last7 Lavorel first7 S last8 D az first8 S last9 Hodgson first9 JG ref ref cite journal url http ejournal.sinica.edu.tw bbas content 2005 2 Bot462 05.html title Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content of plants growing in sand dunes publisher Ejournal.sinica.edu.tw date accessdate 2010 08 08 ref ref cite journal url http publications.cirad.fr une notice.php?dk 481838 title Varietal differences in specific leaf area a common physiological determinant of tillering ability and early growth vigor ? Publications des agents du Cirad publisher Publications.cirad.fr date accessdate 2010 08 08 ref Application Specific leaf area can be used to estimate the reproductive strategy of a particular plant based upon light and moisture humidity levels, among other factors. ref cite journal last Milla first R. coauthors Reich P. B. date 4 Apr 2008 title Environmental and developmental controls on specific leaf area are little modified by leaf allometry journal Functional Ecology volume 22 issue 4 pages 565 576 url http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 120121905 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 accessdate Nov 3 2009 doi 10.1111 j.1365 2435.2008.01406.x ref Specific leaf area SLA is one of the most widely accepted key leaf characteristics used during the study of leaf traits Wright et al. 2004 Hoffmann et al. 2005 Kraft et al. 2008 Freschet et al. 2011 . ref Freschet G.T., Dias A.T.C., Ackerly D.D., Aerts R., van Bode ... more details
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