center center An allomone is any chemical substance produced and released by an individual of one species that affects the behaviour of a member of another species to the benefit of the originator but not the receiver. ref name ELS Cite document contribution Chemical Ecology author Grasswitz, T.R. and G.R. Jones title Encyclopedia of Life Sciences date 2002 publisher John Wiley & Sons, Ltd doi 10.1038 npg.els.0001716 ref Production of allomones is a common form of defence, particularly by plant species against insect herbivores . Many insects have developed ways to defend against these plant defenses against herbivory plant defenses in an evolutionary arms race . One method of adapting to allomones is to develop a positive reaction to them the allomone then becomes a kairomone . Others alter the allomones to form pheromone s or other hormone s, and yet others adopt them into their own defensive strategies, for example by regurgitating them when attacked by an insectivorous insect. A third class of allelochemical chemical used in interspecific communication , synomone s, benefit both the sender and receiver. ref name ELS blockquote Allomone was proposed by Brown and Eisner Brown, 1968 to denote those substances which convey an advantage upon the emitter. Because Brown and Eisner did not specify whether or not the receiver would benefit, the original definition of allomone includes both substances that benefit the receiver and the emitter, and substances that only benefit the emitter. An example of the first relationship would be a mutualistic relationship, and the latter would be a repellent secretion. ref Cite book last Weldon first Paul J. authorlink coauthors title Journal of Chemical Ecology publisher date location pages 719 url http www.springerlink.com content r24208963253r7g6 doi 10.1007 BF00987681 id isbn ref blockquote Examples Antibiotic s Disrupt growth and development ... stub ca Al leloqu mic de Allomon fr Allomone lt Alomonas pl Allomony pt Alom nio uk ... more details
silkworm to attract mates . Allomone An allomone is any chemical substance produced and released ..., particularly by plant species against insect herbivores. Allomone was proposed by Brown and Eisner ... more details
Taxobox name Alcon Blue image Glaucopsyche alcon 01 xndr .jpg image width status EN status system iucn3.1 regnum Animal ia divisio Rhopalocera phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Lycaenidae genus Phengaris species P. alcon binomial Phengaris alcon binomial authority synonyms Glaucopsyche alcon br Maculinea alcon small Michael Denis Denis & Ignaz Schifferm ller Schifferm ller , 1775 small italic title Image Klokjesgentiaan met afgezette eitjes van gentiaanblauwtje.jpg thumb left Alcon Blue eggs on Marsh Gentian Phengaris alcon , more commonly known as Alcon Blue or Alcon Large Blue , is a butterfly of the Lycaenidae family and is found in Europe and Northern Asia . ref name IUCN IUCN2006 assessors Gimenez Dixon year 1996 id 12658 title Maculinea alcon downloaded 08 May 2006 ref It can be seen flying in mid to late summer. Like some other species of Lycaenidae, its larva caterpillar stage depends on support by certain ant s it is therefore known as a myrmecophile . The butterfly lays its eggs onto the Marsh Gentian Gentiana pneumonanthe in the region of the Alps they are sometimes also found on the related Willow Gentian Gentiana asclepiadea . ref Bellmann, Heiko 2003 Der neue Kosmos Schmetterlingsf hrer. ISBN 3 440 09330 1. de icon ref The caterpillars monophagy eat no other plants . Alcon larvae leave the food plant when they have grown sufficiently 4th instar and wait on the ground below to be discovered by ants. The larvae emit surface chemicals allomone s that closely match those of ant larvae, causing the ants to carry the Alcon larvae into their nests and place them in their brood chambers, where they are fed by worker ants and where they devour ant larvae. ref http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 7171196.stm Caterpillars con ants with smell , BBC News, 4 January 2008 ref When the Alcon larva is fully developed it pupates. Once the adult hatches it must run the gauntlet of escaping. The ants recognise the butterfly to be an intruder, ... more details
A kairomone is a semiochemical , emitted by an organism, which mediates interspecific interaction s in a way that benefits an individual of another species which receives it, without benefiting the emitter. ref name ELS Cite document contribution Chemical Ecology author Grasswitz, T.R. and G.R. Jones title Encyclopedia of Life Sciences date 2002 publisher John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi 10.1038 npg.els.0001716 postscript Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it or change its value to . for the cite to end in a . , as necessary. inconsistent citations ref This eavesdropping is often disadvantageous to the producer though other benefits of producing the substance may outweigh this cost, hence its persistence over evolutionary time . The kairomone improves the biological fitness fitness of the recipient and in this respect differs from an allomone which is the opposite it benefits the producer and harms the receiver and a synomone which benefits both parties . The term is mostly used in the field of entomology the study of insects . Two main ecological cues are provided by kairomones they generally either indicate a food source for the receiver, or the presence of a predator , the latter of which is less common or at least less studied. ref name ELS Predators use them to find prey File Meat eater ants feeding on honey02.jpg thumb An alarm pheromone of the meat eater ant pictured is exploited by a predator An example of this can be found in the Ponderosa Pine tree Pinus ponderosa , which produces a terpene called myrcene when it is damaged by the Western pine beetle . Instead of deterring the insect, it acts synergistically with Pheromone Aggregation aggregation pheromone s which in turn act to lure more beetles to the tree. Citation needed date April 2010 Specialist predatory beetles find bark beetle s their prey using the pheromones the bark beetles produce. In this case the chemical substance produced is both a pheromone communication between bark beetles and a kairomone ... more details
Orphan date June 2011 Trail pheromones are semiochemical s secreted from the body of an individual to impact the behavior of another individual receiving it. Trail pheromones often serve as a multi purpose chemical secretion in which, it leads members of its own species towards a food source, while representing a territorial mark in the form of an allomone to organisms outside of their species. ref name M. Pavan 1959 E.O. Wilson and M. Pavan. 1959. Source and Specificity of chemical releasers of social behavior in the dolichoderine ants. Psyche 65 41 51 ref Specifically, trail pheromones are often incorporated with secretions of more than one exocrine gland to produce a higher degree of specificity. . ref name E.O. Wilson 1962 E.O. Wilson. 1962. Chemical communication amoung workers of the fire ant Solenopsis saevissima Fr. Smith . 3. The experimental induction of social responses. Anim. Behav. 10 159 164. ref Considered one of the primary chemical signaling methods in which many social insects depend on, trail pheromone deposition can be considered one of the main facets to explain the success of social insect communication today. Background In 1962, Harvard professor E.O. Wilson Dr. Edward O. Wilson published one of the first concrete studies constructing the groundwork for the notion of trail pheromones. ref name E.O. Wilson 1962 Claiming an odor trail is deposited by the sting apparatus of the hymenopteran Solenopsis saevissima which results a pathway from the colony to a food source, this study later on encouraged further investigation of how this chemical is laid, how it affects communication between species within and outside of its own, the evolution of the semiochemical , etc. File Fire ants02.jpg thumb alt Alt text Fire Ant s are an example of a social insect species whom depend on trail pheromones to obtain food for their colony. Mechanism The pheromone is synthesized in the same region as venom, or other primary hormonal departments within the organism. ... more details
range in inducing the pollinator mating behavior, the orchid s pheromone mimic, or allomone, has been ... et al. 2009 . ref name Dressler The allomone produced by an orchid is specific to its pollinator, of which it usually only has one Ayasse et al. 2007 Gogler et al. 2009, Schluter et al. 2009 . The allomone ... more details
taxobox image Desmodium discolor flowers.jpg image caption Flowers of Desmodium discolor regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Fabales familia Fabaceae subfamilia Faboideae tribus Desmodieae subtribus Desmodiinae genus Desmodium genus authority Nicaise Auguste Desvaux Desv. subdivision ranks Species subdivision Many, see text synonyms Catenaria small Benth. small br Desmofischera small Holthuis small br Dollinera small Endl. small br Hanslia small Schindl. small br Hegnera small Schindl. small br Holtzea small Schindl. small br Hylodesmum small H. Ohashi & R. R. Mill small br Meibomia small Heist. ex Fabr. small br Monarthrocarpus small Merr. small br Murtonia small Craib small br Nephromeria small Benth. Schindl. small br Nicolsonia small DC. small br Ohwia small H. Ohashi small br Ougeinia small Benth. small br Papilionopsis small Steenis small br Podocarpium small Benth. Y. C. Yang & P. H. Huang small Desmodium is a genus in the flowering plant family biology family Fabaceae , sometimes called tick trefoil , tick clover or beggar lice . There are dozens of species and the delimitation of the genus has shifted much over time. These are mostly inconspicuous legume s few have bright or large flowers. Though some can become sizeable plants, most are herb s or small shrub s. Their fruit are loment s, meaning each seed is dispersed individually enclosed in its segment. This makes them tenacious plants and some species are considered weed s in places. They do have a variety of uses though, which are not readily apparent from their modest looks. Uses Image Starr 030405 0017 Desmodium intortum.jpg thumb left Desmodium intortum Image Starr 020803 0111 Desmodium triflorum.jpg thumb left Desmodium triflorum Several Desmodium species contain potent secondary metabolites . They are used aggressively in agriculture as part of the push pull technology . Tick trefoils produce extremely high amounts of antixenotic allomone ... more details
allomone s , ref name phero cite web url http www.pherobase.net database compbygen genus comp ... to release their unpalatable Allomone defensive chemicals . ref name dzerefos et al footer align left ... more details
for the Breed 77 album Insects album pp move indef Automatic taxobox name Insect fossil range fossilrange 396 0 small Early Devonian ref name EngelGrim but see text Recent small image Insect collage.png image width 300px image caption Clockwise from top left dancefly Empis livida , long nosed weevil Rhinotia hemistictus , mole cricket Gryllotalpa brachyptera , German wasp Vespula germanica , emperor gum moth Opodiphthera eucalypti , assassin bug Harpactorinae taxon Insecta authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 10th edition of Systema Naturae 1758 subdivision ranks Subclasses and orders display children 2 Insects from Latin Lang la insectum , a calque of Ancient Greek Greek Lang el lang el ntomon , cut into sections are a Class biology class of living creatures within the arthropod s that have a chitin ous exoskeleton , a three part body head , Thorax insect anatomy thorax , and abdomen , three pairs of jointed Arthropod leg leg s, compound eye s, and two antenna biology antennae . They are among the most diverse groups of animal s on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. ref name Chapman cite book author Chapman, A. D. year 2006 title Numbers of living species in Australia and the World pages 60pp publisher Canberra Australian Biological Resources Study isbn 978 0 642 56850 2 url http www.deh.gov.au biodiversity abrs publications other species numbers index.html ref ref cite web url http www.globalchange.umich.edu globalchange2 current lectures biodiversity biodiversity.html title Threats to Global Diversity last Wilson first E.O. accessdate 2009 05 17 ref The number of Extant taxon extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, ref name Chapman ref cite journal author Vojtech Novotny, Yves Basset, Scott E. Miller, George D. Weiblen, Birgitta Bremer, Lukas Cizek & Pavel Drozd year 2002 title Low host specificity of herbivorous insects in a tropical forest journal ... more details
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