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Encyclopedia results for Alpha particle X ray spectrometer

Alpha particle X ray spectrometer





Encyclopedia results for Alpha particle X ray spectrometer

  1. Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer

    web servers. Image MER APXS PIA05113.jpg thumb right 200px Alpha particle X ray Spectrometer APXS Courtesy NASA JPL Caltech Image Back of Sojourner and its Alpha Proton X Ray Spectrometer.gif thumb right 200px APXS at the back of the Mars Pathfinder Sojourner rover An Alpha Particle X Ray Spectrometer APXS or Alpha Proton X Ray Spectrometer for the Mars Pathfinder Pathfinder mission is a device that analyses the chemical element composition of a sample from the scattered alpha particle s, emitted protons for Pathfinder only , and fluorescent X ray s after the sample is irradiated with alpha particles and X rays from radioactive sources. ref cite journal title The Alpha Scattering Technique ... journal title The new Athena alpha particle X ray spectrometer for the Mars Exploration Rovers author ... web url http athena.cornell.edu pdf tb apxs.pdf title Alpha Particle X Ray Spectrometer APXS 2 pages ... DEFAULTSORT Alpha Particle X Ray Spectrometer Category Mars Pathfinder Category Spectroscopy Category ... Mars 96 , ref cite journal title An Alpha Proton X Ray Spectrometer for Mars 96 and Mars Pathfinder ... was replaced by a second alpha particle sensor. X ray The alpha particles are also able to eject ... Particle X Ray Spectrometer ja X ... such as APS without X ray spectrometer or APXS have been flown Surveyor program Surveyor 5 ... title Determination of the chemical composition of Martian soil and rocks The alpha proton X ray ... Particle Induced X ray Emission and is relatively easy to detect and has its best sensitivity and resolution ... Composition of the Mars Moon Phobos The Alpha X Experiment on the Phobos Mission author Hovestadt ... Several forms of radiation are used in APXS. They include alpha particles , protons , and X rays . Alpha particles, protons, and X rays are emitted during the radioactive decay of unstable atoms. A common source of alpha particles is curium 244. It emits particles with an energy of 5.8 MeV . X ...   more details



  1. Particle-induced X-ray emission

    Particle induced X ray emission or proton induced X ray emission PIXE is a technique used in the determining of the Chemical element element al make up of a material or sample. When a material is exposed to an ion beam, atomic interactions occur that give off EM radiation of wavelength s in the x ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum specific to an element. PIXE is a powerful yet non destructive elemental analysis technique now used routinely by geologists, archaeologists, art conservators and others to help answer questions of provenance, dating and Authenticity in art authenticity . The technique was first proposed in 1970 by Sven Johansson of Lund University, Sweden, and developed over the next few years with his colleagues Roland Akselsson and Thomas B Johansson. ref http wwwold.eat.lth.se ... on Particle Induced X ray Emission, Portoroz, Slovenia, 2004 ref the front end to gupix. ref cite ... in a wide range of samples. A related technique, particle induced gamma ray emission PIGE can ... X ray emission spectrum. Rutherford backscattering spectrum. Proton transmission spectrum. X ray emission Quantum theory states that orbiting electrons of an atom must occupy discrete energy ... and measure these X rays. Only elements heavier than fluorine can be detected. The lower detection limit for a PIXE beam is given by the ability of the X rays to pass through the window between the chamber and the X ray detector. The upper limit is given by the ionisation cross section, the probability ... allow for the correction of X ray photon loss within the sample. Proton transmission The transmission ... ref The advantage of microPIXE is that given a protein of known sequence, The X ray emission from ... drop down to replace inner shell vacancies, however only certain transitions are allowed. X rays ... physics Category Experimental particle physics Category Nuclear physics Category Particle ... nl PIXE pt PIXE ro Emisia de raze X indus de particule ...   more details



  1. Alpha particle

    3 rather than helium 4 Cosmic ray s List of alpha emitting materials Nuclear physics Particle physics ...Infobox Particle bgcolour name Alpha particle image Image Alpha Decay.svg center 250px caption Alpha ... 29 e 27 ul kg ref name NIST cite web title CODATA Value Alpha particle mass url http physics.nist.gov ... in other ways and given the same name. The alpha particle can be written as chem He 2 , chem 4 2 ... Darling first David date title Alpha particle url http www.daviddarling.info encyclopedia A alphapart.html ... radiation ionizing form of particle radiation , and when resulting from radioactive alpha decay have ..., this is also true of high energy helium nuclei produced by particle accelerators. When alpha particle .... When an atom emits an alpha particle in alpha decay, the atom s mass number decreases by four due to the loss of the four nucleon s in the alpha particle. The atomic number of the atom goes down by exactly ... of the charged particles most probably 90 probability being an alpha particle. Such alpha particles ... helium nuclei sometimes referred to as alpha particles make up about 10 to 12 of cosmic ray s. The mechanisms of cosmic ray production continue to be debated. Energy and absorption The energy of the alpha ..., ingested, or injected, as with the use of Thorotrast for high quality X ray images prior to the 1950s ... thumb left An alpha particle is deflected by a magnetic field In the years 1899 and 1900 ... particle s mass to its charge, which led him to the hypothesis that alpha particles were ... screen, which emits a flash of light upon an alpha particle collision. Rutherford hypothesized ... right Energy loss Bragg curve in air for typical alpha particle emitted through radioactive decay ... This was the first discovered nuclear reaction . Anti alpha particle In 2011 members of the international ... May first T. C. last2 Woods first2 M. H. year 1979 title Alpha particle induced soft errors in dynamic ... 0 External links Commons Alpha particle Category Helium Category Radiation Alpha Category Radioactivity ...   more details



  1. Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

    align top Period 91 minutes The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer , also designated AMS 02 , is a particle ... align center Image AMS 02 Logo.png 230px Alpha magnetic spectrometer colspan 2 style text align center Image Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02.jpg 250px style vertical align top Organization AMS Collaboration ... Moskowitz, Clara ref ref name UT http www.universetoday.com tag alpha magnetic spectrometer Final ... Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer arrives at launch site ref The launch of OV 105 flight STS 134 carrying ... www.ams02.org 2010 04 ams nasa meeting results ref History The alpha magnetic spectrometer was proposed ... Arefiev first9 A. title The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer AMS on the International Space Station Part ... of the Superconducting Magnet for the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer work IEEE Transactions ... by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Project Office at NASA s Johnson Space Center in Houston ... title Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 AMS 02 publisher NASA date 21 August 2009 accessdate 3 September ... of strangelet searches and Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer when will we stop searching? work J. Phys ... Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer http www.ams02.org AMS Collaboration Homepage http ams.cern.ch AMS ... Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer AMS 02 61514694953 Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer image collection AMS 02 ... Category Particle physics Category Cosmic ray experiments Category Components of the International ... matter search ar bg ca Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer cs Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer de Alpha Magnet Spektrometer es Espectr metro Magn tico Alpha fr Spectrom tre magn tique Alpha id Spektrometer Magnetik Alfa it Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer kk lv Alfa magn tiskais spektrometrs li Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer hu Alfa m gneses spektrom ter nl Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ja pl Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer pt Espect metro Magn tico Alpha ru fi Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer vi M y o ph t Alpha zh ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray spectrometer

    eV to few hundred keV , generally termed X ray s, overlaps somewhat with the low end of the nuclear gamma ray range 10 MeV to 10 keV so that the terminology used to distinguish X rays from gamma rays ... source s, both galactic and extra galactic. The Hard X ray Low Energy Gamma ray experiment ... Spectrometer Experiment on CGRO , the C1 germanium Ge gamma ray instrument on HEAO 3 , and the Ge gamma ray spectrometer SPI on the ESA INTEGRAL mission are examples of cosmic spectrometers, while ... The Lunar Prospector Gamma Ray Spectrometer author D. J. Lawrence, W. C. Feldman, B. L. Barraclough ... surface, the Mars experiment used a gamma ray spectrometer and two neutron detectors. GRS ... of energy in the form of gamma rays. The gamma ray spectrometer looks at these signatures, or energies ... water, is likely on the Moon. The gamma ray spectrometer used on the Odyssey spacecraft consists of four ... Spectrometer Image Grs draw.jpg right 150px The Gamma Ray Spectrometer weighs 30.5 kilograms 67.2  .... ref cite journal title The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite author W.V. Boynton ... technology grs.html NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Gamma Ray Spectrometer page http grs.lpl.arizona.edu ... A16 Orbital gamma.html Apollo 16 Gamma Ray Spectrometer http near.jhuapl.edu instruments NEAR ... Ray Spectrometer Category Spectrometers ms Spektrometer Sinar Gamma no Gammastr lingsspektrometer uk ... Spectrum.JPG thumb right 250 px Spectrum of sup 60 sup Co, peaks at 1.17 and 1.33 MeV A Gamma Ray Spectrometer , or GRS , is an instrument for measuring the distribution or spectrum see Gamma spectroscopy ... photon . Gamma ray s are electromagnetic radiation at the short wavelength , or high frequency , end ... and analysis of gamma ray spectra for scientific and technical use is called gamma spectroscopy , and gamma ray spectrometers are the instruments which observe and collect such data. Because the energy ... that they are typically observed by counting individual photons. Gamma ray spectroscopy Atomic atomic ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray Spectrometer

    Image Grs draw.jpg thumb right 200px 2001 Mars Odyssey instruments File Grsradiation med.jpg thumb right 200px How GRS collects data from surface Gamma Ray Spectrometer GRS is a gamma ray spectrometer on the 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft, a space probe orbiting the planet Mars since 2001. Part of the United States NASA s Mars Surveyor Program, it returns geological data about Mars surface such as identifying elements and the location of water. It is managed by the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona in the United States. GRS specfications The Gamma Ray Spectrometer weighs 30.5 kilograms 67.2  lb and uses 32 watts of power. Along with its cooler, the it measures 468 by 534 by 604  mm 18.4 by 21.0 by 23.8 in . The detector is a photodiode made of a 1.2  kg germanium crystal, reverse biased to about 3 kilovolts, mounted at the end of a six meter boom to minimize interferences from the gamma radiation produced by the spacecraft itself. Its spatial resolution is about 300  km. ref cite journal title The Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite author W.V. Boynton, W.C. Feldman, I.G. Mitrofanov, L.G. Evans, R.C. Reedy, S.W. Squyres, R. Starr, J.I. Trombka, C. d Uston, J.R. Arnold, P.A.J. Englert, A.E. Metzger, H. W nke, J. Br ckner, D.M. Drake, C. Shinohara, C. Fellows, D.K. Hamara, K. Harshman, K. Kerry, C. Turner, M. Ward1, H. Barthe, K.R. Fuller, S.A. Storms, G.W. Thornton, J.L. Longmire, M.L. Litvak, A.K. Ton chev journal Space Science Reviews volume 110 issue 1 2 doi 10.1023 B SPAC.0000021007.76126.15 year 2004 accessdate 2007 04 22 pages 37 bibcode 2004SSRv..110...37B ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov database MasterCatalog?sc 2001 014A&ex 2 The neutron spectrometer is 173 by 144 by 314  mm 6.8 by 5.7 by 12.4 in . The high energy neutron detector measures 303 by 248 by 242  mm 11.9 by 9.8 by 9.5 in . The instrument s central electronics box is 281 by 243 by 234  mm 11.1 by 9.6 by 9.2 in . References reflist E ...   more details



  1. Alpha-particle spectroscopy

    per alpha decay Physics stub BranchesofSpectroscopy DEFAULTSORT Alpha Particle Spectroscopy Category ...Unreferenced date December 2006 One method for testing for and measuring many alpha emitter s is to use alpha particle spectroscopy . For methods for gamma ray s and beta particles, please see gamma spectroscopy and liquid scintillation counting respectively. Experimental methods Counting using a source in a metal disk It is common to place a drop of the test solution on a metal disk which is then dried out to give a uniform coating on the disk. This is then used as the test sample. If the thickness of the layer formed on the disk is too thick then the lines of the spectrum are broadened to lower energies. This is because some of the energy of the alpha particle s is lost during their movement through the layer of active material. Liquid scintillation An alternative method is to use internal liquid scintillation counting , where the sample is mixed with a scintillation cocktail. When the light emissions are then counted, some machines will record the amount of light energy per radioactive decay event. Due to the imperfections of the liquid scintillation method such as a failure for all the photon s to be detected, cloudy or coloured samples can be difficult to count and the fact that random quenching can reduce the number of photon s generated per radioactive decay, it is possible to get a broadening of the alpha spectra obtained through liquid scintillation. It is likely that these liquid scintillation spectra will be subject to a Gaussian broadening , rather than the distortion exhibited when the layer of an active material on a disk is too thick. Alpha spectra From left to right ... alpha line indicates that the Atomic nucleus nucleus has the ability to be in different discrete energy ... against alpha energy for four isotope s, note that the line width is narrow and the fine details can be seen Image Alpha5spec.png thumb 400px center Intensity against alpha energy for four isotopes ...   more details



  1. X-ray

    , which is generated by particle accelerator s. Its unique features are X ray outputs many orders ... other uses X ray disambiguation distinguish X wave File Electromagnetic Spectrum.png thumb X rays are part ... Ultraviolet UV rays and longer than gamma ray s. In many languages, X radiation is called R ntgen ... 0674833392. ref Correct spelling of X ray s in the English language includes the variants x ray s and X ray s . ref OED X ray ref XRAY is used as the NATO phonetic alphabet phonetic pronunciation for the letter ... of objects in Diagnosis medical diagnostic radiography and X ray crystallography crystallography . As a result, the term X ray is metonomy metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image ... radiation emitted by X ray tube s had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted ... 1961 location USA page 2850 ref However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum X ray sources ... 2003 page 58 url http books.google.com ?id b519e10OPT0C&pg PA58&dq gamma x ray isbn 0124366031 ref ... due to dental X rays seems to vary significantly. Depending on the source, a typical dental X ray of a human ... x ray safety.htm X Ray Safety . Dentalgentlecare.com 2008 02 06 . Retrieved on 2011 05 05. ref 40 ... . Solarstorms.org. Retrieved on 2011 05 05. ref ref http www.powerattunements.com x ray.html X Ray ... class wikitable style float right margin left 1em X ray K series spectral line wavelengths nm for some ... Mo 0.63229 0.62099 0.70930 0.71359 File First medical X ray by Wilhelm R ntgen of his wife Anna Bertha ... medical X ray, of his wife s hand, taken on 22 December 1895 and presented to Ludwig Zehnder of the Physik ... of X ray radiation. In 2006 in the United States the environment outer space and the earth and medical ... Since The Early 1980s , Science Daily, March 5, 2009 ref X rays can be generated by an X ray tube ... ?id x6ThiifBPcsC&dq radiography kilovolt x ray machine isbn 044307027X ref In medical X ray ... of the produced X ray photon is limited by the energy of the incident electron, which is equal to the voltage ...   more details



  1. Spectrometer

    . Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma ray s and X ray s into the far infrared . If the instrument is designed to measure ... . Mass spectrometer main Mass spectrometer See also List of light sources Photometry ... spectrometer Monochromator Monochromator Czerny Turner monochromator Czerny Turner monochromator Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer Prism optics Prism References Reflist Bibliography J. F. James and R ... my nl Spectrometer ja no Spektrometer pt Espectr metro ru sk Spektrometer ...   more details



  1. X-ray spectroscopy

    beam excites X rays there are two main techniques for analysis of spectrum of characteristic X ray radiation Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy and Wavelength dispersive X ray spectroscopy . Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy EDS In an energy dispersive X ray spectrometer semiconductor detector ... X ray spectroscopy WDS In a wavelength dispersive X ray spectrometer the single crystal diffracts ...unreferenced date September 2008 Condensed matter experiments X ray spectroscopy is a gathering name for several Spectroscopy spectroscopic techniques for characterization of materials by using x ray excitation. Characteristic X ray Spectroscopy When an electron from the inner shell of an atom is lost ... is emitted as an X ray photon of characteristic for the element wavelength there could be several ... , or a beam of X rays see X ray fluorescence , or XRF . These methods enable elements from the entire .... WDS is widely used in microprobe s where X ray microanalysis is the main task and in XRF. X ray emission spectroscopy William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg , who were the 1915 Nobel Prize Winners, were the original pioneers in developing X ray emission spectroscopy . He measured the X ray wavelengths of many elements to high precision, using high energy electrons as excitation ... of the re emerging beam reflects an internal excitation of the atomic system, an X ray analogue to the well known Raman spectroscopy that is widely used in the optical region. In the X ray region there is sufficient ... soft X ray region below about 1 k Electronvolt eV , crystal field excitations give rise to the energy loss. The photon in photon out process may be thought of as a scattering event. When the x ray ... enhanced by many orders of magnitude. This type of X ray emission spectroscopy is often referred to as resonant inelastic X ray scattering RIXS . Due to the wide separation of orbital energies of the core ... There exist several efficient designs for analyzing an X ray emission spectrum in the ultra soft X ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy satellites

    the TESIS telescope spectrometer FIAN with SphinX soft X ray spectrophotometer. The Italian Space ... 13 SXI images since December 2006. Although the ASTRO E Suzaku X ray spectrometer the first micro calorimeter in space failed on August 8, 2005 after launch on July 10, 2005, the X ray Imaging Spectrometer XIS and Hard X ray Detector HXD are still functioning. Past X ray observatory satellites Past observatories include SMART 1 , which contained an X ray telescope for mapping lunar X ray fluorescence , ROSAT , the Einstein Observatory the first fully imaging X ray telescope , the Advanced Satellite ... Iris was mainly intended to study X ray and particle emissions from the Sun, however, it is credited ... X ray astronomy experiments had been added. There was a scintillation spectrometer sensitive ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . X ray astronomy satellites study X ray emissions from celestial objects. Satellites, which can detect and transmit data about the X ray emissions are deployed as part of branch of space science known as X ray astronomy . Satellites ... on satellites are able to observe the full range of the Dispersion optics X ray spectrum . Unlike ... instance, the Vela satellite Vela 5B satellite, the X ray detector remained functional for over ten years. Active X ray observatory satellites Satellites in use today include the XMM Newton XMM ... 15 60 keV . Both were launched by the European Space Agency . NASA has launched the Rossi X ray Timing .... One of the instruments on Swift is the http www.swift.psu.edu xrt Swift X Ray Telescope ... taken on August 13, 2009 at 14 04 58 UTC. The GOES 14 spacecraft carries on board a Solar X ray Imager ... X ray Imager url http www.swpc.noaa.gov sxi index.html ref It was launched into orbit on June 27, 2009 ... AGILE has on board the Super AGILE 15 45 keV hard X ray detector. It was launched on April 23, 2007 ... url http www.astronautix.com chrono 20072.htm ref A soft X ray solar imaging telescope is on board ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy detector

    by an incoming particle, such as an X ray photon, absorb its energy and scintillate, i.e. reemit ... Collimator rotational modulation collimators . X ray spectrometer OSO 8 had on board a Graphite Crystal X ray Spectrometer, with energy range of 2 8 keV, FOV 3 . The Granat Granat ART S ART S X ... NASA2007 The X ray spectrometer aboard ISEE 3 was designed to study both solar flares and cosmic gamma ... to 8 nm, over which Earth s atmosphere is Opacity optics opaque . X ray astronomy detectors are instruments that detect X rays for use in the study of X ray astronomy . X ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X ray emission from celestial objects. X radiation ... altitude by balloon s, sounding rocket s, and satellite s. X ray astronomy is part of space science . X ray astronomy detectors have been designed and configured primarily for energy and occasionally ... and Hubble Space Telescope Hubble optical image of Saturn right . Saturn s X ray spectrum is similar ... 5 page 1852 doi 10.1063 1.323938 title 0.1 10 keV X ray induced electron emissions from solids Models ... by X ray tube s had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive atomic nucleus nuclei ... continuous spectrum X ray sources such as linear accelerator s and longer wavelength gamma ray ... outer space all the way to the Earth s surface they would have been detected and medical X ray machines ... of air. To detect X rays from the sky, X ray detectors must be flown above most of the Earth s atmosphere ... voltage . All X ray proportional counters consist of a windowed gas cell. ref name PropCount cite ... the two chambers. ref name Hoff cite journal author Hoff HA title Exosat the new extrasolar X ray ... about.html title Granat publisher NASA accessdate 2007 12 05 ref X ray monitor System Monitoring Monitoring ... for displaying X ray output from an X ray generating source so as to be aware of the state of the source is referred to as an X ray monitor in space applications. On Apollo 15 in orbit above the Moon ...   more details



  1. Liver X receptor alpha

    PBB geneid 10062 Liver X receptor alpha LXR alpha is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded ... 10062 accessdate ref Interactions Liver X receptor alpha has been shown to Protein protein ... partner interacts with the liver X receptor alpha and represses its transcriptional activity ... of mRNAs of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and liver X receptor alpha in humans no alteration ... receptor alpha and liver X receptor alpha. journal Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. volume 146 issue ..., et al. title Induction of human liver X receptor alpha gene expression via an autoregulatory loop mechanism ... for nuclear liver X receptors alpha and beta. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 277 issue 35 pages 31900 ... S0006 291X 02 00390 X cite journal author Gbaguidi GF, Agellon LB title The atypical interaction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha with liver X receptor alpha antagonizes the stimulatory ... with the liver X receptor alpha and represses its transcriptional activity. journal Mol. Endocrinol ... receptor LXR alpha interacts with the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor and inhibits peroxisome ... miRNA hsa miR 613. ref http mend.endojournals.org content 25 4 584.abstract ref Function The liver X receptor s, LXR this protein and Liver X receptor beta LXR , form a subfamily of the nuclear receptor ... expressed. Ligand activated LXRs form obligate heterodimers with retinoid X receptor s RXRs and regulate ... K title Liver X receptors contribute to the protective immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... receptor LXR alpha. journal Cell volume 93 issue 5 pages 693 704 year 1998 pmid 9630215 doi 10.1016 ... oxysterol receptor LXR alpha. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 97 issue 22 pages 12097 ... S, Bocher V, et al. title PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma activators induce cholesterol removal from ... journal author Pawar A, Xu J, Jerks E, et al. title Fatty acid regulation of liver X receptors LXR and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha PPARalpha in HEK293 cells. journal J. Biol. Chem ...   more details



  1. Alpha (The X-Files)

    good article DISPLAYTITLE Alpha The X Files Infobox television episode Title Alpha Series The X Files Season 6 Episode 16 Image File Alpha x files.jpg 250px alt A dog with glowing red eyes barks menacingly ... 097594469X External links wikiquote The X Files TXF Season 6 wikia X Files The X Files Wiki Alpha ... as Peggy Adrienne Wilde as Nurse ref name plot Meisler, pp. 196 208 ref Prev Arcadia The X Files Arcadia Next Trevor The X Files Trevor Episode list The X Files season 6 List of season 6 episodes br List of The X Files episodes List of The X Files episodes Alpha is the sixteenth episode of the The X Files season 6 sixth season of the science fiction television series The X Files . It premiered on the Fox ... in The X Files Monster of the Week story, unconnected to the series wider Mythology of The X Files mythology . Alpha earned a Nielsen household rating of 10.1, being watched by 17.7 million ... Gillian Anderson who work on cases linked to the paranormal, called X File s. In this episode, Mulder .... Alpha was based on a single motif Scary dogs in the City written by Jeffrey Bell onto a notecard. The episode ..., Mulder receives a package from Berquist it is her I Want to Believe poster, The End The X Files ... thumb right Writing Alpha was based on a notecard, penned by first year writer Jeffrey Bell, that read .... ref name page1 After pitching the idea, it was later chosen as the sixteenth episode of The X Files ... ending to Alpha is included. In this version, Mulder receives Berquist s I Want to Believe poster ... now possesses the Wanshang Dhole s morphing abilities. ref name alt cite video date 1999 title Alpha Scene 76 Alternate Ending location The X Files season 6 The X Files The Complete Sixth Season medium DVD publisher Fox Broadcasting Company Fox Home Entertainment ref Broadcast Alpha first aired in the United States on March 28, 1999. ref name DVD cite DVD notes title The X Files The Complete Sixth Season titlelink The X Files season 6 titleyear 1998 1999 director Kim Manners , et al format booklet ...   more details



  1. Chandra X-ray Observatory

    Infobox Space Telescope name Chandra X ray Observatory image File Chandra X ray Observatory inside the Space Shuttle payload bay.jpg 250px caption Chandra X ray Observatory and Inertial Upper Stage sit ... NASA , Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory SAO , Chandra X ray Center CXC major contractors TRW , Northrop Grumman alt names Advanced X ray Astrophysics Facility AXAF nssdc id 1999 040B location orbit ... www.nasa.gov centers marshall news background facts cxoquick.html Chandra X ray Observatory Quick Facts ref br elapsed For year month day year 1999 month 07 day 23 deorbit date wavelength X ray 0.1 ... website http chandra.harvard.edu chandra.harvard.edu as of stats ref The Chandra X ray Observatory ... in Redondo Beach, California Redondo Beach , California . Chandra is sensitive to X ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X ray telescope, due primarily to the high angular resolution of the Chandra mirrors. Since the Earth s atmosphere absorbs the vast majority of X ray s, they are not detectable .... History In 1976 the Chandra X ray Observatory called AXAF at the time was proposed to NASA by Riccardo ... launched the first imaging X ray telescope, Einstein Observatory Einstein HEAO 2 , into orbit. Work ... after it launched. It is operated by the SAO at the Chandra X ray Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts ... at the Chandra X ray Center indicated that the observatory could last at least 15 years. ref http arxiv.org abs astro ph 0402275v1 The Development and Scientific Impact of The Chandra X Ray Observatory ref On 24 July 2008 the International X ray Observatory , a joint project between ESA , NASA and JAXA , was proposed as the next major X ray observatory but has now been cancelled. ref http constellation.gsfc.nasa.gov ... International X ray Observatory ref Challenges 1976 saw Dr. Giacconi and Dr. Tananbaum s proposal to NASA . The next year, NASA took the project, sending a 1.2 meter X ray observatory, into consideration ... lower left in false color as observed through the Chandra X Ray Observatory. File PSR B1509 58 full.jpg ...   more details



  1. X-ray filter

    An X ray filter is a device to block or filter out some or all wavelengths in the X ray spectrum. X ray filters are used to block low energy X rays during medical x ray imaging. Low energy X rays are more likely to be absorbed by the patient s soft tissues. This causes non stochasic radioactive effects, and does not contribute to image quality. X ray filters are used in X ray crystallography , where crystalline lattice spacings can be determined using Bragg diffraction . The filters allow only a single X ray wavelength to penetrate through to a target crystal, allowing the resulting scattering to determine the diffraction distance. Various elemental effects Results Using a Mo X Ray generator Zirconium Absorbs Bremsstrahlung & K Beta . br Iron Absorbs the entire spectra. br Molybdenum Absorbs Bremsstrahlung Leaving K Beta & K Alpha . br Aluminium Pinches Bremsstrahlung & Removes 3rd Generation peaks. br Silver Same as Aluminium, But to greater extent. br Indium Same as Iron, But to lesser extent. br Copper Same as Aluminium, Leaving only 1st Generation Peaks. Bremmstrahlung pinching is due to the atomic mass. The denser the atom, the higher the X Ray Absorption. Only the higher energy X Rays pass through the filter, appearing as if the bremmstrahlung continuum had been pinched. In this case, Mo appears to leave K Alpha and K Beta alone while absorbing the Bremsstrahlung. This is due to Mo absorbing all of the spectra s energy, but in doing so produces the same characteristic peaks as generated by the target. See also X ray crystallography X rays Bragg diffraction br br Category X rays Filter physics stub ...   more details



  1. X-ray astronomy

    Nebula. High resolution gamma ray and hard X ray spectrometer HIREGS Image Hiregs.jpg thumb 200px ... is called the High resolution gamma ray and hard X ray spectrometer HIREGS . ref name hiregs ... FR Jr, Maggio A, Micela G, Sciortino S title X ray emission on hybird stars ROSAT observations of alpha ... . X ray astronomy is an observational branch of astronomy which deals with the study of X ray observation ... , so instruments to detect X rays must be taken to high altitude by Balloons for X ray astronomy balloons , Sounding rocket X ray astronomy sounding rockets , and X ray astronomy satellites satellite s. X ray astronomy is part of space science . X ray generation X ray emission is expected from astronomical ... the 1940s, the discovery in 1962 of the first cosmic X ray source was a surprise. This source is called Scorpius X 1 Sco X 1 , the first X ray source found in the constellation Scorpius constellation Scorpius . The X ray emission of Scorpius X 1 is 10,000 times greater than its visual emission, whereas ... field of X ray astronomy, starting with Scorpius X 1, Riccardo Giacconi received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002. It is now known that such X ray sources as Sco X 1 are compact star s, such as neutron ... hole itself does not. The energy source for the X ray emission is gravity . Gas is heated by the fall in the strong gravitational field of these and other celestial objects. Many thousands of X ray sources ... Sounding rocket X ray astronomy A detector is placed in the nose cone section of a sounding rocket ... author Giacconi R title Nobel Lecture The dawn of x ray astronomy journal Rev Mod Phys year 2003 volume ... to see sources in the northern sky. X ray Quantum Calorimeter XQC project Image Black Brant ... s Goddard Space Flight Center known as the X ray Quantum Calorimeter XQC project. In astronomy ... density Local Bubble . To measure the spectrum of the diffuse X ray emission from the interstellar ... . Balloons main Balloons for X ray astronomy Balloon flights can carry instruments to altitudes of up ...   more details



  1. Retinoid X receptor alpha

    PBB geneid 6256 Retinoid X receptor alpha RXR alpha , also known as NR2B1 nuclear receptor subfamily ... Gene RXRA retinoid X receptor, alpha url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 6256 accessdate ref Interactions Retinoid X receptor alpha has been shown to Protein ... growth factor binding protein 3 and retinoid X receptor alpha regulate transcriptional signaling and apoptosis ... with retinoid X receptor alpha and enhances its transcription stimulating activity journal J ... with the liver X receptor alpha and represses its transcriptional activity journal Mol. Endocrinol ... WP1531 highlight Retinoid X receptor alpha See also Retinoid X receptor References Reflist colwidth ... and secondary structure of the retinoid X receptor alpha DNA binding domain. Evidence for the novel ... PDB Gallery geneid 6256 Transcription factors g2 DEFAULTSORT Retinoid X Receptor Alpha Category Intracellular ... 1990 month May pmid 2159111 doi 10.1038 345224a0 url ref Function Retinoid X receptor s RXRs and retinoic ... coactivator of the retinoid X receptor journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 273 issue 47 pages 30933 8 ... month June pmid 11439184 doi 10.1016 S0092 8674 01 00401 9 url issn ref Farnesoid X receptor FXR ... 10 pages 7191 202 year 1999 month October pmid 10490654 pmc 84712 doi url issn ref Liver X receptor ... that interact specifically with the retinoid X receptor two novel orphan receptors journal ... HJ, Lee YC, Choi YH, Cheong J title Hepatitis B virus X protein regulates transactivation activity ... journal author Lin B, Kolluri SK, Lin F, Liu W, Han YH, Cao X, Dawson MI, Reed JC, Zhang XK title ... 8674 04 00162 X url issn ref NFKBIB , ref name pmid9452433 Cite journal author Na SY, Kim HJ, Lee SK, Choi HS, Na DS, Lee MO, Chung M, Moore DD, Lee JW title IkappaBbeta interacts with the retinoid X ... complex of two nuclear hormone receptors, PPAR gamma and RXR alpha journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume ... J, Kumagai M, Hashizume K title Functional interaction between Oct 1 and retinoid X receptor journal ...   more details



  1. X-ray source

    X ray sources abound around us. an astronomical X ray source , see X ray astronomy X ray background an X ray tube , artificial X ray source synchrotron s, which produce X rays as synchrotron radiation cyclotron s, which produce X rays as cyclotron radiation X ray laser dab ...   more details



  1. History of X-ray astronomy

    non dispersive spectrometer to be used for X ray astronomy, here for energies up to 3 Electronvolt ... Astron was an X ray spectrometer, which consisted of a proportional counter sensitive to 2 25 keV ... 8, 1983. An X ray spectrometer, measuring 2 30 keV photons although 2 80 keV was possible , was on the pallet .... The Diffuse X ray Spectrometer DXS STS 54 package was flown as an attached payload in January ...File Saturn comp.jpg thumb 280px Chandra X ray Observatory Chandra s image of Saturn left and Hubble Space Telescope Hubble optical image of Saturn right . Saturn s X ray spectrum is similar to that of X rays from the Sun . 14 April 2003 History of X ray astronomy begins in the 1920s with interest in short ... able to detect ultraviolet solar ultraviolet radiation occurred in 1946. X ray solar ... doi accessdate 2011 09 13 ref In 1965 the Goddard Space Flight Center program in X ray astronomy ... goddard The first rocket flight to successfully detect a cosmic source of Astronomical object X ray ... X ray wavelengths reveal information about the bodies sources that emit them. ref name Keller 1920s .... ref name nrspcr Herbert Friedman began X ray solar studies in 1949 and soon reported that the energy of the solar X ray spectrum ... is adequate to account for all of E layer ionization. Thus one ... included the inference of an X ray corona by optical methods and, in 1949, more direct evidence by detecting X ray photons. ref name Gudel cite journal author G del M pages 74 and 75 Introduction title X ray astronomy of stellar coronae journal Astron Astrophys Rev. year 2004 volume 12 issue 2 3 pages ... for the first 50 years. X ray astronomy became possible only with the capability to use rockets ... ray astronomy. In addition, the ability to focus X rays has developed enormously allowing the production ... s atmosphere were needed. The first rocket flight to successfully detect a cosmic source of X ray ... . This rocket flight used a small X ray detector , which found a very bright source they named Scorpius ...   more details



  1. X-ray star

    X ray star may refer to X ray binary X ray burster X ray pulsar See also X ray astronomy disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ...   more details



  1. X-ray generator

    of detectors, turning the detector to a crude two band spectrometer. Advances in X ray technology ...Refimprove date July 2008 Image X ray table.JPG thumb 250px A Radiology room table. The X ray housing is turned by 90 for a chest radiography on the wall bucky. An X ray generator is a device used to generate X rays. These devices are commonly used by radiographer s to acquire an x ray image of the inside ... microbiology sterilization or fluorescence . Mechanism The heart of an X ray generator is the X ray tube . Like any vacuum tube , the X ray tube contains a cathode , which directs a stream of electrons into a vacuum, and an anode , which collects the electrons. The anode in an X ray tube is made of tungsten ... is emitted as X ray s, with the remaining 99 released as heat. A cooling system is necessary to cool the anode many X ray generators use water or oil recirculating systems. ref name ntd http www.ndt ... X rays while experimenting with vacuum tubes. On January 18, 1896 an X ray machine was formally displayed by H.L. Smith . One of the first X ray photographs was made of the hand of R ntgen s wife. The image displayed both her wedding ring and bones. In the 1940s and 1950s, X ray machines were used ... of X ray radiation were properly considered, they finally fell out of use. Shoe fitting use of the device ... to attract customers, rather than a fitting aid. Overview An X ray imaging system consists of an X ray source or generator X ray tube , an image detection system which can be either a film analog technology or a digital capture system, and a picture archiving and communication system PACS . X ray sources ... X ray Generator for use in Non Destructive Testing and Security. File Portable x ray device.jpg 200px thumb XR150 Portable pulsed X ray Battery Powered X ray Generator used in Security. X ray photons ... beam is converted to heat, but around 1 of the energy is converted into X ray photons ... radiation Physics 20of 20X RAY 20Production.html title Physics of X RAY Production Dead Link ref ...   more details



  1. X-ray crystallography

    carb cite journal author Bragg WL year 1914 title The analysis of crystals by the X ray spectrometer ...File Zeolite ZSM 5 3D vdW.png thumb X ray crystallography can locate every atom in a zeolite , an aluminosilicate with many important applications, such as water purification . X ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atom s within a crystal , in which a beam of X ray s strikes ... molecules X ray crystallography has been fundamental in the development of many scientific ... vitamins, drugs, proteins and nucleic acids such as DNA . X ray crystallography is still the chief ... similar by other experiment s. X ray crystal structure s can also account for unusual electronics ... against diseases . In an X ray diffraction measurement, a crystal is mounted on a goniometer ... in their internal makeup. X ray crystallography is related to several other methods for determining ... be obtained, various other X ray methods can be applied to obtain less detailed information such methods include fiber diffraction , powder diffraction and small angle X ray scattering SAXS . If the material ... structure. For all above mentioned X ray diffraction methods, the scattering is elastic scattering elastic the scattered X rays have the same wavelength as the incoming X ray. By contrast, inelastic X ray scattering methods are useful in studying excitations of the sample, rather than the distribution ... isbn 3321000210 ref File Snowflake8.png thumb left As shown by X ray crystallography, the hexagonal ... N V title E. S. Fedorov journal 50 Years of X Ray Diffraction, ed. Paul Ewald Springer year 1962 ... proposed several crystal structures in the 1880s that were validated later by X ray crystallography .... File 3D model hydrogen bonds in water.svg thumb X ray crystallography shows the arrangement of water ... 1923PhRv...21..483C ref Therefore, these particle like properties of X rays, such as their ionization ... of X ray diffraction in 1912 ref name L1912 confirmed for most scientists that X rays were a form of electromagnetic ...   more details



  1. International X-ray Observatory

    , David W. Robinson, IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2009 ref The X ray Grating Spectrometer will be located ...Infobox Space Telescope name International X ray Observatory background subheadings background colour ... length deorbit date wavelength X ray mass style diameter area convert 3 m2 sqft focal length ... The International X ray Observatory IXO was a planned X ray telescope from about 2008 to 2011 by NASA ... X ray Observatory IXO NASA ref ref name Announcing IXO ESA http sci.esa.int science e www object index.cfm?fobjectid 43185 Announcing the International X ray Observatory IXO ESA ref ref name ... The International X ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 Program Prioritization ... with IXO X ray observations are crucial for understanding the structure and evolution of the stars , galaxies , and the Universe as a whole. X ray images reveal hot spots in the Universe regions where ... explosions, and intense Gravitation gravitational forces . X ray sources in the sky are also associated ... IXO Science Performance Requirements ref IXO will explore X ray Astronomy X ray Universe and address ... for the study of the Redshift high z Universe and for high precision spectroscopy of bright X ray sources ... The International X ray Observatory Activity submission in response to the Astro2010 ... large X ray mirror with up to 3 square meters of collecting area and 5 arcsec angular resolution , which ... 3.pdf Mechanical Overview of the International X Ray Observatory, David W. Robinson, IEEE Aerospace Conference, p.3, 2009 ref Optics File XRayBeamsCutaway.jpg thumb left IXO cutaway view. X ray beams ..., and polarimetry data on cosmic X ray astronomy Sources X ray sources . A key feature of the IXO X ray optics mirror design is a single mirror assembly Flight Mirror Assembly, FMA , which is optimized ... press.pdf Design Concept for the International X Ray Observatory Flight Mirror Assembly, Ryan S. McClelland ... , X rays cannot be focused at normal incidence, since the X ray beams would be absorbed in the mirror ...   more details



  1. X-Ray Specs

    X Ray Specs can mean X Ray Specs novelty , a type of novelty eyewear X Ray Specs comic strip X Ray Specs comic strip , a UK comic strip X Ray Specs , a song by the band Sweet band Sweet X Ray Spex , a UK punk band disambiguation ...   more details




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