distinguish alteration wiktionary alternationAlternation may refer to Alternation card game Alternation linguistics , a variation in the phonological form of a morpheme Diathesis alternationAlternation complexity , a resource in computational complexity theory R N alternation, see Rhotacism AlterNation, a show on NE1 FM Alternation geometry , a geometric operation for deriving polytopes from other polytopes. disambig de Alternanz nds Alternanz pl Alternacja sk Altern cia ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 In linguistics the term diathesis alternation or verb alternation ref Levin, B. 1993 English Verb Classes and Alternations A Preliminary Investigation, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL ref refers to the fact that verbs can be used in different subcategorization frame s where they slightly change their semantic meaning. It is a hard problem for theoretical linguistics how to encode constraints on the diathesis alternation of a specific verb to a lexicon . It is also claimed that the manner in which verbs undergo diathesis alternation can be used to identify the semantic class they belong to e.g. in a machine learning task. Examples Fred ate the pizza vs. Fred ate Mary broke the window vs. The window broke Mary presented the flowers to John vs. Mary presented John with the flowers References Reflist See also Voice grammar DEFAULTSORT Diathesis Alternation Category Syntax Syntax stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Spontaneous alternation is a behavioral test which tests spatial learning and memory . This maze task has been extensively used in many laboratories associated with cognition. Spontaneous alternation maze can have the shape of a Y, T, or sign. The radial arm maze is similar but is much more complicated and a harder task because of the many arms. The rat is placed in the middle of the maze and is allowed to move freely through each arm. The purpose of the test is for the rat or mouse to remember which maze arm was last visited and try to enter as many different arms as possible. The task is testing hippocampal memory and can be weakened by lesions to the hippocampus . The sequence of arm entries and total amount of arm entries are scored and a percentage is calculated. The cognition of the animal can be assessed based on the score where a lower score is considered cognitively impaired. A score of 44 is considered chance. Psychology 101 01 Spontaneous alternation is the tendency to choose a different option than one previously chosen. The T Maze uses rats to test this spontaneous alternation. It has been found that infants also use spontaneous alternation when choosing toys to play with. ref Rothbart,Mary. Development of Spontaneous Alternation in Infancy . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2007, p.351. ref References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist Dember W N. In Spontaneous Alternation Behavior. Richman C L, editor. New York Springer 1989 Category Memory tests cognitive psych stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Infobox Patience Game Name Alternation AltNames NamedVariants DeckNumber Double DeckType 52 card Family Fan Alternation is a Patience game Patience game which is played using two decks of playing card s. Its Glossary of solitaire tableau or playing area is similar to that of another solitaire game, Stonewall solitaire Stonewall . Rules Forty nine cards are set up into seven columns of seven cards each. In each column, the top card, the third and fifth cards from the top and the bottom card are face up. The second, fourth, and sixth cards from the top are face down. This results in an alternating OXOXOXO pattern. The object of the game is to release the Ace s as they become available, creating foundations, and to then build up each suit from the Ace. The top cards of each column are available for play, to be built up by suit on the foundations, or on each other down by alternating colors. A sequence or part of a sequence can be moved as a unit. When no more cards can be moved, the stock the remaining cards is dealt one card at a time. A card that cannot be built on the tableau or on the foundations is placed on the waste pile, the top card of which is available for play. The game is won when all cards are built onto the foundations. If this is not achieved, the game ends after the entire stock has run out. There is no redeal. DEFAULTSORT Alternation Card Game Card game stub ... more details
In linguistics , causative alternation is the phenomenon in which a verb has both a transitivity grammar transitive specifically causative and an intransitive verb intransitive meaning. A causatively alternating verb, such as open , has both a transitive meaning I opened the door and an intransitive meaning The door opened . Since in the transitive use of the verb, the subject grammar subject is causing the action denoted by the intransitive version, the transitive version is called causative . ling stub Category Verb types ... more details
IPA notice sound change In linguistics , an alternation is the phenomenon of a phoneme or morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonology phonological realization. Each of the various realizations is called an alternant . The variation may be conditioned by the phonological, morphology linguistics morphological , and or syntax syntactic environment in which the morpheme finds itself. Alternations provide linguists with data that allow them to determine the allophone s and allomorph s of a language s phonemes and morphemes and to develop analyses determining the distribution of those allophones and allomorphs. Phonologically conditioned alternation Seealso Allomorph An example of a phonologically conditioned alternation is the English language English plural marker commonly spelled s or es . ref cite book last Cohn first Abigail chapter Phonology pages 202 203 title The Handbook of Linguistics editor in Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees Miller eds. , year 2001 publisher Blackwell Publishers location Oxford isbn 0 631 20497 0 ref This morpheme is pronounced IPA s , IPA z , or IPA z , depending on the nature of the preceding sound. If the preceding sound is a sibilant consonant one of IPA s , z , , , t , or IPA d , the plural marker takes the form IPA z . Examples mass IPA m s , plural masses IPA m s z fez IPA f z , plural fezzes IPA f z z mesh IPA m , plural meshes IPA m z mirage IPA m r , plural mirages IPA m r z church IPA t rt , plural churches IPA t rt ... IPA r m z doll IPA d l , plural dolls IPA d l z toe IPA to , plural toes IPA to z Alternation related to meaning main Apophony Morphologically conditioned alternation An example of a morphologically conditioned alternation is found in French language French , where many adjective s have a consonant ... b , feminine bonne IPA b n good Syntactically conditioned alternation Syntactically conditioned ... a bike See also Apophony Sandhi Allophone References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Alternation Linguistics Category ... more details
Hatnote This article describes alternation of generations in plants for a similar phenomenon in animals see Heterogamy Image Alternation of generations simpler.svg thumb 360px Diagram showing the alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte bottom and a haploid gametophyte top Alternation of generations also known as alternation of phases or metagenesis is a term primarily used to describe ... alga e which have alternation of generations, the sporophyte and gametophyte are separate independent ... are produced, so neither is a haploid gametophyte. There is no alternation between diploid and haploid ... alternate. The term alternation of generations has also been applied to these cases. Citation needed ... . Definition The discussion of alternation of generations above treats the alternation ... p 403 ref The alternative term alternation of phases may then be more appropriate. ref name Stewart Rothwell 1993 Harvnb Stewart Rothwell 1993 ref Alternation of generations in plants Fundamental elements The diagram below shows the fundamental elements of the alternation of generations in plants ... 1974 , Harvnb Sporne 1974a and Harvnb Sporne 1974b . ref Image Alternation of generations.svg 360px right Alternation of generations Two single celled haploid gametes, each containing N unpaired ... in order to fuse with it. The alternation of generations in the life cycle is thus between a diploid ... possible variations on the fundamental elements of a life cycle which has alternation of generations .... As Bateman and Dimichele say ... the alternation of generations has become a terminological morass ... has equally dominant sporophytes and gametophytes, although some theories of the evolution of alternation ... the term alternation of generations is somewhat misleading s porophyte and gametophyte effectively function as a single organism . ref name Bateman 1994 403 Some authors have preferred the term alternation .... ref name Bateman 1994 350 1 A complex life cycle Image Alternation of generations complex.svg 500px ... more details
Dynkin diagram s are given as well. The omnitruncation actives all of the mirrors ringed . The alternation ... dimensions This alternation operation applies to higher dimensional polytopes and honeycombs as well ... 61480 8 pp. 154 156 8.6 Partial truncation, or alternation Norman Johnson mathematician Norman ... Snubification title Snubification External links GlossaryForHyperspace anchor Alternation title Alternation ... more details
counterparts. Other linguists regard the alternation between homorganic final consonants in pairs ... Some examples In the Cantonese syllabary, there are about 50 pairs of such characters that show alternation ... more details
The Bloc for Democracy and African Integration lang fr Bloc des alternances pour le renouveau, l int gration et la coop ration africaine is a political party in Mali . In the 1 July and 22 July 2007 Mali an parliamentary Malian parliamentary election, 2007 elections , the party won 2 out of 160 seats. The party is affiliated to the Alliance for Democracy and Progress Mali Alliance for Democracy and Progress , that supports president Amadou Toumani Tour . Malian political parties Category Political parties in Mali Mali party stub fr Bloc des alternances pour le renouveau, l int gration et la coop ration africaine ... more details
Yauna refers to variously a Tucanoan language spoken in Colombia Yauna language an alternation spelling of Yona Persian language Persian name of the Greeks , extended from the name Ionia, see names of the Greeks . disambig ... more details
Logarithmic Hierarchy is the complexity class of all computational problem s solvable in a Logarithmic growth logarithmic amount of computation time on an alternating Turing machine with a bounded number of alternation. It is a special case of hierarchy of Alternating Turing machine Bounded alternation bounded alternating Turing machine . It is equal to FO complexity FO and to FO complexity FO uniform AC0 ref N. Immerman Descriptive complexity 1999 Springer , page 85. ref . The math i math th level of the Logarithmic Time Hierarchy is the set of languages recognised by alternating Turing machine in logtime with Random access Turing machine random access and math i 1 math alternation, beginning with existential state. LH is the union of all levels. References Reflist ComplexityClasses Category Complexity classes Comp sci theory stub ... more details
the same year and died in 1887. Works Kruszewski s major work was in the theory of Alternation ... the fact that each alternation is influenced by two important factors. The first factor involves the changes ... that belong to this category are governed by four rules The cause of the alternation is determinate The alternation is general The alternation has no exceptions Alternations occur among sounds that do ... important conditions under which the alternations take place The cause of the alternation may be absent The alternation may have exceptions Alternations occur among sounds that differ markedly in phonetic ... On Sound Alternation 1881 and Outline of Linguistic Science 1883 Koerner, E.F.K., ed. , John Benjamins ... more details
TOCright S2P may refer to Biochemistry Membrane bound transcription factor peptidase, site 2 , an enzyme Computing Touchstone File S2P File Format , a Touchstone File format for 2 port S parameters S2P complexity nowrap S su p P b 2 , a complexity class expressing symmetric alternation UK Pensions State Second Pension Letter NumberCombDisambig ... more details
A ta m lah lang ar is a type of instrumental piece in Arabic music . Often played by a Takht music takht ensemble, the tahmilah features the alternation between solo instruments and the full ensemble. See also Concerto grosso Category Arabic music Category Musical forms music stub ... more details
wiktionary alteration In music, alteration is the use of a neighboring pitch in the chromatic scale in place of its diatonic neighbor. Alteration may also refer to in tailor ing, changing an existing garment in geology, the changing of minerals and rock fabrics chemically by processes similar to hydrothermal circulation The Alteration , 1976 alternate history novel by Kingsley Amis Alteration album Alteration album , by Altera Enigma See also Alter disambiguation Alternation disambiguation Change disambiguation Personalization Modification disambiguation dab ... more details
Uniform tiles db Reg tiling stat table Uinfin In geometry , an apeirogonal prism or infinite prism is the arithmetic limit of the family of Prism geometry prisms it can be considered an infinite polyhedron or a tiling of the plane. Thorold Gosset called it a 2 dimensional semi check , like a single row of a checkerboard . If the sides are Square geometry square s, it is a uniform tiling . In general, it can have two sets of alternating congruent rectangle s. Related tilings An Alternation geometry alternation operation can create an apeirogonal antiprism composed of three triangles and one apeirogon at each vertex. Image Infinite antiprism.png 320px References Thorold Gosset T. Gosset On the Regular and Semi Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions , Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900 cite book author Branko Gr nbaum Gr nbaum, Branko G.C. Shephard Shephard, G. C. title Tilings and Patterns publisher W. H. Freeman and Company year 1987 id ISBN 0 7167 1193 1 Category Prismatoid polyhedra geometry stub ... more details
Uniform tiles db Reg tiling stat table Uainfin In geometry , an apeirogonal antiprism or infinite antiprism is the arithmetic limit of the family of antiprism s it can be considered an infinite polyhedron or a tiling of the plane. If the sides are equilateral triangle s, it is a uniform tiling . In general, it can have two sets of alternating congruent isosceles triangle s, surrounded by two half planes. Related tilings It can be constructed by an Alternation geometry alternation operation applied to an apeirogonal prism Image Infinite prism tiling.png 320px References Thorold Gosset T. Gosset On the Regular and Semi Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions , Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900 cite book author Branko Gr nbaum Gr nbaum, Branko G.C. Shephard Shephard, G. C. title Tilings and Patterns publisher W. H. Freeman and Company year 1987 id ISBN 0 7167 1193 1 Category Prismatoid polyhedra geometry stub ... more details
The Landen Group is a lithostratigraphy lithostratigraphic unit a group stratigraphy group of stratum rock strata in the Belgium Belgian subsurface . The group consists of two formation stratigraphy formations of Thanetian late Paleocene to Ypresian early Eocene age. The Landen Group is named after the town of Landen in Flemish Brabant . Subdivision The Landen Group is subdivided into two formations The Hannut Formation , an alternation of marine ocean marine clay s, sand s and limestone s The Tienen Formation , a lagoon al continent al alternation of clay, sand and lignite . This formation is known for its fossils. Both formations can be found in the subsurface of all northern Belgium. They outcrop crop out in the Hainaut province province of Hainaut . Stratigraphy The Landen Group is stratigraphically on top of the Bertaimont Formation or Heers Formation marine marl s, sands and clays of Selandian to Thanetian age . In the Belgian lithostratigraphy, the Landen Group is overlain by the Ieper Group , marine clays and sands of Ypresian age. The Landen Group shares its name with the Landen Formation in the lithostratigraphy of the Netherlands . However, this Dutch formation contains not only the equivalents of the Belgian Landen Group but also strata that correlation correlate with the Belgian Opglabbeek Formation and Heers Formation. aut Laga, P. Louwye, S. & Geets, S. eds. 2001 Paleogene and Neogene lithostratigraphic units Belgium , Geologica Belgica 4 1 2 , p. 135 152. Category Lithostratigraphy of Belgium Category Eocene Category Paleocene geologic formation stub nl Landen Groep ... more details
technical date January 2012 Unreferenced date December 2009 Wikify date December 2009 Burst phase is the first ten cycles of colour burst in the porch of the synchronising pulse in the PAL Phase Alternation Line broadcast television systems format. The frequency of this burst is 4.43361875 MHz, it is precise to half a cycle and is used as the reference frequency to synchronise the local oscillators of the colour decoder in a PAL television receiver. This colour burst is sometimes called the Swinging Burst , as it swings 45 degrees line by line hence the expression Phase alternating line . This swing is used to set the centre frequency of the colour reference oscillator in the decoder as mentioned above . The actual swing of the burst phase is used to identify a PAL and NON PAL line and produces what is known as the IDENT signal. DEFAULTSORT Burst Phase Category Television technology ... more details
Image Liverwort prothallus.jpg thumb right Liverwort Prothallus A prothallium , or prothallus from Latin pro forwards and Greek language Greek thallos twig is usually the gametophyte stage in the life of a fern or other pteridophyte , i.e. a spore bearing plant with vascular tissue . Occasionally the term is also used to describe the young gametophyte of a Marchantiophyta liverwort or Sphagnum peat moss as well. The prothallium develops from a Germination germinating spore . It is a short lived and inconspicuous heart shaped structure typically 2 5 millimeters wide, with a number of rhizoid s root like hairs growing underneath, and the sex organs archegonium female and antheridium male . Appearance varies quite a lot between species. Some are green and conduct photosynthesis while others are colorless and nourish themselves underground as saprotrophs . Image Dixonia prothallus.jpg thumb right 250px Prothallus of the tree fern Dicksonia antarctica note new moss plants for scale Alternation of generations Pteridophyte Spore bearing plants , like all plants, go through a life cycle of alternation of generations . The fully grown sporophyte , what the layman refers to as the fern , produces genetically unique spore s in the sori by meiosis . The haploid spores fall from the sporophyte and germinate by mitosis , given the right conditions, into the gametophyte stage, the prothallus. The prothallus then develops independently for several weeks it grows sex organs and produces ovum ova and sperm flagellated sperm . After rainfall, the sperm are able to swim to the ova for fertilization to form a diploid sporophyte cell. This cell divides by mitosis and grows out of the gametophyte into a new fern, which will produce new spores that will grow into new prothallia etc., thus completing the life cycle of the organism . Advantages of alternation of generations There are two important evolutionary advantages to the alternation of generations plant life cycle. Firstly, by ... more details
ablaut In linguistics , apophony also known as ablaut , gradation , alternation , internal modification , stem modification , stem alternation , replacive morphology , stem mutation , internal inflection etc. is the alternation of sounds within a word that indicates grammar grammatical information ... g u oo u se g u ee u se The vowel alternation between i and a indicates a difference between present ... . The particular function of a given alternation will depend on the language. Vowel apophony ... f2f2f2 Singular Plural gloss vowel alternation IPA dom IPA dum field fields IPA o u IPA kat IPA k t frame frames IPA a cite Bauer 2003 35 cite The vowel alternation may involve more than just a change ... border 1px solid ccc line height 1.2em style background f2f2f2 colspan 2 tone alternation y ... Main Consonant mutation Consonant alternation is commonly known as consonant mutation or consonant gradation . Bemba language Bemba indicates causative verbs through alternation of the stem final consonant. Here the alternation involves spirantization and palatalization border 1 cellpadding 5 style ... In Indo European studies Indo European linguistics, ablaut is the vowel alternation that produces ... the alternation in the Proto Indo European language of the vowel e with the vowel o or with no vowel ... text align center style background f2f2f2 Imperative Preterite Past br Participle vowel alternation ... linguistics, umlaut is the vowel alternation that produces such related words as f oo t and f ee t or str ... background f2f2f2 Imperative Preterite br Past Participle vowel alternation br u i u ng br u ou ... languages, as it indicates where and how a specific vowel alternation originates. It is also ... conditioned e.g. the alternation appears in the plural or past tense, but not the singular or present ... vowel alternation generally which is unpredictable phonologically and umlaut to refer to any ... be avoided by using alternative terms apophony , gradation , alternation , internal modification for ablaut ... more details
The bowed instrument musical technique known as bariolage involves quick alternation between a static note and changing notes, that form a melody either above or below the static note. This technique is common to Baroque violin music, where the static note is usually an string instrument open string note. Bariolage with the open string creates a highly resonant sound. In the following example, from a violin sonata by George Frideric Handel Handel , ref The Schirmer edition identifies the sonata, in F major, as 12th of the 15 Sonate ad Camera . The quotation comes from the second movement. ref the second measure music measure is to be played with bariolage. The repeated A is played on the open A string, alternating with Fs and Es fingered on the adjacent D string. The notes on the D string E and F natural would be fingered as normal first finger and low second , but the fingerings given above the second measure would be 2040 1040 2040 1040 , indicating the switch bariolage from open A string to the stopped 4th finger on the D string, also playing the note A. File Bariolage.jpg 500px center Another well known example of bariolage is in Bach s Preludio to the E major Sonatas and partitas for solo violin Partita No. 3 for solo violin, where three strings are involved in the maneuver one open string and two fingered notes . Unison bariolage Bariolage can also mean a repeated alternation between the same note on different strings, usually an open string and the same note fingered on the adjacent lower string. Joseph Haydn used this effect in the minuet of his Symphony No. 28 Haydn Symphony No. 28 , in the finale of the Symphony No. 45 Haydn Farewell Symphony, No. 45 , and throughout the finale of his List of string quartets by Joseph Haydn String Quartet Op. 50, No. 6 . It is the unison bariolage passages that give this quartet its nickname The Frog . Notes references Category String performance techniques string instrument stub bar Bariolage bg de Bariolage es Bariolage ... more details
Image Diminished scales on Db, D, and Eb.PNG thumb right 300px 1 2 distance models on E music flat , D, and D music flat . Also known as octatonic scales. Image Ode to Napoleon hexachord.png thumb right 300px Ode to Napoleon hexachord ref Yale School of Music 1959 . Journal of Music Theory, Volumes 3 4 , p.300. ref in set music prime form ref name Toorn Van den Toorn, Pieter C. 1996 . Music, Politics, and the Academy , p.128 29. ISBN 0 520 20116 7. ref audio Ode to Napoleon hexachord.mid Play . It is also Ern Lendva s 1 3 Model scale and one of Milton Babbitt s six all combinatorial hexachord source sets . ref name Toorn In music a distance model is the alternation of two different Interval music intervals to create a non diatonic musical mode such as the 1 3 distance model, the alternation of semitone s and minor third s C E music flat E G A music flat B C. This scale is also an example of polymodal chromaticism as it includes both the Tonic music tonic and Dominant music dominant as well as two of the most typical degrees from both major and minor E and B, E music flat and A music flat , respectively K rp ti 1975 p.132 . ref K rp ti, J nos 1975 . Bart k s String Quartets , p.132. Translated by Fred MacNicol. Budapest Corvina Press. Cited in Wilson 1992. ref ref Wilson, Paul 1992 . The Music of B la Bart k , p. 8 9. ISBN 0 300 05111 5. ref The most common distance model is the 1 2, also known as the octatonic scale set type 8 28 , followed by 1 3 and 1 5, also known as set type 4 9, which is a subset of the 1 2 model. ref Wilson 1992 , p. 25 26. ref See also Generated collection Source reflist Category Music theory music theory stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name New vogue children Type Album Artist Schwarz Stein Cover Caption Released June 30, 2003 Recorded Genre Industrial music Industrial , Electronic body music EBM Length 35 32 Label Midi Nette Producer Schwarz Stein , Mana musician Mana Reviews Last album This album New vogue children br 2003 Next album Artificial Hallucination br 2004 New vogue children is the first album by Japanese band Schwarz Stein , released in 2003. The first print of the album came with a limited poster and a special Message CD with a spoken message from the band. Track listing the alternation of generations conception music Hora 0 46 Release me music Hora, lyrics Kaya 3 46 Rise to Heaven music Hora, lyrics Kaya 4 20 Queen of Decadence music Hora, lyrics Kaya 4 07 transient music Hora, lyrics Kaya 4 54 Bio Genesis music and lyrics Hora 3 45 fester love music and lyrics Hora 4 42 Succubus music Hora, lyrics Kaya 3 37 New vogue children music Hora, lyrics Kaya 4 32 the alternation of generations increase music Hora 1 03 Personnel Kaya Japanese musician Kaya Vocalist Vocals , Lyricist lyrics Hora Keyboardist Keyboards , vocals, and Programming music programming Category 2003 albums no New vogue children ... more details
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