unreferenced date June 2009 see discussion Image Mitosis flourescent.jpg thumb right 300px A lung cell of a newt during early anaphase of jesus mitosis. The cell is staining biology stained with fluorescent dye s. Deleted image removed Image Anaphase flourescent.jpg thumb right 300px New lung cell during late anaphase. Chromosomes are in blue, the spindle in green. Image Anaphase IF.jpg thumb right 300px A cell during anaphase. Anaphase , from the ancient Greek up and stage , is the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosome s move to opposite poles of the cell. Anaphase accounts for approximately 1 of the cell cycle s duration. It begins with the regulated triggering of the metaphase to anaphase transition. Metaphase ends with the destruction of cyclin, which is required for the function of metaphase cyclin dependent kinases M Cdks . Anaphase is initiated with the cleavage of securin , a protein that inhibits the protease known as separase . Separase then cleaves cohesin , a protein responsible for holding sister chromatids together. Basically, in anaphase, the chromosomes split and migrate to opposite poles of the cell. While the chromosomes are drawn to each side of the cell, the non kineticore spindle fibers push against each other, in a ratcheting action, that stretches the cell into an oval. Once Anaphase is complete, the cell moves into telophase . See also Meiosis Anaphase I Anaphase I Meiosis Meiosis II Anaphase II Cdc20 External links http www.macroevolution.net anaphase.html Anaphase at http www.macroevolution.net anaphase.html Online Biology Dictionary commonscat Cell cycle Category Mitosis cs Anaf ze de Mitose Anaphase es Anafase fa fr Anaphase io Anafazo ht Anafaz nl Anafase pl Anafaza pt An fase ro Anafaz sr Anafaza tl Anapase tr Anafaz ru ... more details
orphan date January 2010 Anaphase lag describes a delayed movement during anaphase , where one homologous chromosome in meiosis or one chromatid in mitosis fails to connect to the spindle apparatus, or is tardily drawn to its pole and fails to be included in the reforming nucleus. Instead, the chromosome forms a micronucleus in the cytoplasm and is lost from the cell ref Gardner and Sutherland. Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic Counseling 3rd Ed. NY Oxford Press, 2004, pg. 34 ref . The lagging chromosome is not incorporated into the nucleus of one of the daughter cells, resulting in one normal daughter cell and one with monosomy ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid hmg.section.196 ref . Anaphase lag is one cause of aneuploidy . Anaphase lag can also cause a rescue of the daughter cell if the cell was originally trisomy ref Gardner and Sutherland. Chromosome Abnormalities and Genetic Counseling 3rd Ed. NY Oxford Press, 2004, pg. 34 ref . References Reflist added above categories infobox footers by script assisted edit DEFAULTSORT Anaphase Lag Category Mitosis Category Cytogenetics Category Chromosomal abnormalities biology stub ... more details
Anaphase Promoting Complex , also called cyclosome APC C , is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome . The APC C is a large complex of 11 13 subunit protein s, including a cullin Apc2 and RING Apc11 subunit much like SCF complex SCF . Other parts of the APC C still have unknown functions, but are highly conserved. ref name Morgan cite book author Morgan, David O. title The Cell Cycle Principles of Control publisher New Science Press location ... is to trigger the transition from metaphase to anaphase by tagging specific proteins for degradation ... free to move to opposite poles for anaphase. The APC C also targets the mitotic cyclin s for degradation ... total. ref name Barford cite journal last Barford first David title Structural insights into anaphase ... Barford title Doc1 mediates the activity of the anaphase promoting complex by contributing to substrate ... binding ability. ref name Passmore Metaphase to Anaphase Transition As metaphase begins, the spindle ... is degraded and sister chromatids are prepared to move to their respective poles for anaphase. ref ... the key to the correct timing of anaphase initiation. In animal cells the spindle checkpoint ... to APC C. APC C is then free to attach to Cdc20 and usher the transition from metaphase to anaphase ..., Peters JM, Jackson PK title Emi1 is a mitotic regulator that interacts with Cdc20 and inhibits the anaphase .... Ban, and Peter K. Jackson title Plk1 Regulates Activation of the Anaphase Promoting Complex by Phosphorylating ... 10.1101 gad.13.16.2039 author Zachariae W, Nasmyth K title Whose end is destruction cell division and the anaphase ... span cite journal author Harper JW, Burton JL, Solomon MJ title The anaphase promoting complex it s not just ... 2179 span style color red Review span External links MeshName anaphase promoting complex Cell cycle Ligases DEFAULTSORT Anaphase Promoting Complex Category Mitosis Category Proteins cs Anaf zi podporuj c komplex de Anaphase promoting complex fr APC g ne vi Ph c h p x c ti n k sau ... more details
PMAT may refer to Plasma membrane monoamine transporter PMAT Four of the phases of Mitosis Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. disambig ... more details
of anaphase in budding yeast, plays a critical role in the APC and checkpoint pathway s ., ref cite ... of anaphase in budding yeast, plays a critical role in the APC and checkpoint pathway s journal J ... www.jcb.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 8601617 ref br Anaphase initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the APC dependent degradation of the anaphase inhibitor Pds1p., ref cite journal doi 10.1101 gad.10.24.3081 author Cohen Fix O, Peters JM, Kirschner MW, Koshland D title Anaphase initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is controlled by the APC dependent degradation of the anaphase ... regulates loss of sister chromatid cohesion at the metaphase to anaphase transition in yeast. ref cite ... to anaphase transition in yeast journal Cell volume 93 issue 6 pages 1067 76 year 1998 month ... involved in control of the metaphase anaphase transition and anaphase onset. Following bi orientation ... separation in anaphase . ref name morgan cite book author Morgan, David O authorlink editor others ... the two sister chromatids. Separase is vital for onset of anaphase. This securin separase complex is maintained ... securin to form functional separase as anaphase occurs in yeast with a securin deletion mutation. ref name morgan br br br Role of Securin in the onset of Anaphase Basic mechanism File securin phosphorylation ... the anaphase switch journal Nature volume 454 issue 7202 pages 353 7 year 2008 month July pmid 18552837 pmc 2636747 doi 10.1038 nature07050 ref To initiate the onset of anaphase, securin is dephosphorylated by Cdc14 and other phosphatases. Dephosphorylated securin is recognized by the Anaphase Promoting ... 3 Network diagram with feedback loops to generate switch like activation of anaphase It is thought ... in sudden, coordinated anaphase. This likely involves a network with several feedback loops, including ... early anaphase journal Cell volume 108 issue 2 pages 207 20 year 2002 month January pmid 11832211 ... quick, coordinated chromosomal segregation in anaphase. This means that strong inactivation of separase ... more details
CDH1 may refer to Huntsville Deerhurst Resort Airport CDH1 gene classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily APC C activator protein CDH1 Cell cycle regulated activator of the anaphase promoting complex cyclosome APC C Letter NumberCombDisambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
File Anaphase IF.jpg thumb center Cell in anaphase the chromosomes having split and the kinetochore microtubules shrinking Cytotaxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with the relationships and classification of organisms using comparative studies of chromosomes. Description The number, structure, and behaviour of chromosomes is of great value in taxonomy , with chromosome number being the most widely used and quoted character. Chromosome numbers are usually determined at mitosis and quoted as the diploid number 2n , unless dealing with a polyploid series in which case the base number or number of chromosomes in the genome of the original haploid is quoted. Another useful taxonomic character is the position of the centromere . Meiotic behaviour may show the heterozygosity of inversions. This may be constant for a taxon, offering further taxonomic evidence. Cytological data is regarded as having more significance than other taxonomic evidence. Category Genetics ... more details
cohesion at the metaphase to anaphase transition in yeast journal Cell volume 93 issue 6 pages 1067 ... cite journal author Uhlmann F, Lottspeich F, Nasmyth K title Sister chromatid separation at anaphase ... anaphase and their timely separation during anaphase are critical for cell division and chromosome ... by the cohesin complex until the beginning of anaphase, at which point the mitotic spindle pulls ... Scc1 RAD21 , allowing sister chromatids to separate at the onset of anaphase during mitosis . ref ... loops to generate switch like activation of anaphase. ref name holt cite journal author Holt LJ, Krutchinsky AN, Morgan DO title Positive feedback sharpens the anaphase switch journal Nature volume ..., yeast does not appear to require securin to form functional separase because anaphase occurs in yeast even with a securin deletion. ref name morgan On the signal for anaphase, securin is ubiquitinated and hydrolysed, releasing separase for dephosphorylation by the anaphase promoting complex APC ... initiates the activation of Cdc14 in early anaphase ref name pmid11832211 cite journal author Stegmeier ... in a network that controls Cdc14 localization during early anaphase journal Cell volume 108 issue ... anaphase a more switch like behavior. ref name holt File Complete network.jpg thumb center upright ... switch like activation of anaphase References Reflist Further reading refbegin cite journal ... title An ESP1 PDS1 complex regulates loss of sister chromatid cohesion at the metaphase to anaphase ... yeast separin Esp1 in anaphase spindle elongation evidence that proper spindle association ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Secondary constriction is seen at the chromosome in addition to primary constriction centromere . Chromosome can bend only at the site of primary constriction during Anaphase . Secondary constrictions are useful in identifying a chromosome from a set. There are either 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 secondary constriction sites in a cell at anaphase . Some parts of these constrictions indicates sites of nucleolus formation and so they are called Nucleolar Organizing Region . Anaphase is part of cell division The formations of nucleolus takes place around the NOR region. The secondary constriction also contains the genes for rRNA synthesis 18 S, 5.8 S, 28 S NOR occurs in SAT satellite chromosome chromosomes 13,14,15,21,22 External links http www.metla.fi iufro iufro95abs d2pap60.htm Karyomorphological Studies of Species in Taxodiaceae METLA http www.nature.com hdy journal v86 n5 full 6887680a.html Physical locations of 5S and 18S 25S rDNA in Asian and American diploid Hordeum species with the I genome Heredity http www.nature.com hdy journal v89 n1 full 6800081a.html Evolutionary aspects of the ZZ ZW sex chromosome system in the Characidae fish, genus Triportheus. A monophyletic state and NOR location on the W chromosome Heredity http www.nature.com hdy journal v94 n5 full 6800648a.html Evolutionary implications of permanent odd polyploidy in the stable sexual, pentaploid of Rosa canina L Heredity http jcs.biologists.org cgi reprint 103 4 919.pdf Molecular characterization of the secondary constriction region qh of human chromosome 9 with pericentric inversion Journal of Cell Science DEFAULTSORT Secondary Constriction Category Mitosis DNA De oxiribo neuclic acid ... more details
PBB geneid 51433 Anaphase promoting complex subunit 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC5 gene . ref name pmid9469815 cite journal author Yu H, Peters JM, King RW, Page AM, Hieter P, Kirschner MW title Identification of a cullin homology region in a subunit of the anaphase promoting complex journal Science volume 279 issue 5354 pages 1219 22 year 1998 month March pmid 9469815 pmc doi 10.1126 science.279.5354.1219 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ANAPC5 anaphase promoting complex subunit 5 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 51433 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The anaphase promoting complex APC consists of at least 8 protein subunits, including APC5, CDC27 APC3 MIM 116946 , CDC16 APC6 MIM 603461 , and CDC23 APC8 MIM 603462 . supplied by OMIM ref name entrez Interactions ANAPC5 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with ANAPC1 , ref name pmid12956947 cite ..., Eisenhaber Frank, Peters Jan Michael year 2003 month September title TPR subunits of the anaphase ... 2004 month May. title The Apc5 Subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex Cyclosome Interacts with Poly ... H2 finger protein APC11 and the E2 enzyme UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase ... APC10 subunit of the yeast and the human anaphase promoting complex journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 274 ... C, Peters BH, Kramer ER, et al. title Expression of the CDH1 associated form of the anaphase ... UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal Proc. Natl ... of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1 journal Curr. Biol ... journal author Kraft C, Herzog F, Gieffers C, et al. title Mitotic regulation of the human anaphase ... Levine N, Pinchasi D, Pereman I, et al. title The Apc5 Subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex ... more details
PBB geneid 29945 Anaphase promoting complex subunit 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC4 gene . ref name pmid6180011 cite journal author Tekolf WA, Biddison WE, Aster RD, Shaw S title Two subgroups of HLA Bw44 defined by cell mediated lympholysis that differ in Bw44 expression on platelets and in patterns of genetic linkage disequilibrium journal J Immunol volume 129 issue 4 pages 1474 8 year 1982 month October pmid 6180011 pmc doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ANAPC4 anaphase promoting complex subunit 4 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 29945 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text A large protein complex, termed the anaphase promoting complex APC , or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase anaphase transition by ubiquitinating its specific substrates such as mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitor, which are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome. Biochemical studies have shown that the vertebrate APC contains eight subunits. The composition of the APC is highly conserved ... 2003 month September title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator ... to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal PNAS Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... Identification of a cullin homology region in a subunit of the anaphase promoting complex. journal ... APC10 subunit of the yeast and the human anaphase promoting complex. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... Gieffers C, Peters BH, Kramer ER, et al. title Expression of the CDH1 associated form of the anaphase ... UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex. journal Proc ... subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1. journal ... anaphase promoting complex by phosphorylation. journal EMBO J. volume 22 issue 24 pages 6598 609 year ... more details
to anaphase transition journal Cell volume 81 issue 2 pages 261 8 year 1995 month Jun pmid ... Sebastian, Eisenhaber Frank, Peters Jan Michael year 2003 month Sep. title TPR subunits of the anaphase ... repeat containing subunits of the anaphase promoting complex journal J. Biol. Chem. volume ... Checkpoint Protein Mad2 with the Cyclosome Anaphase promoting Complex, and is Involved in Regulating Anaphase Onset and Late Mitotic Events journal J. Cell Biol. volume 141 issue 6 pages 1393 406 ... to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal PNAS Proc. Natl. Acad ... of the anaphase promoting complex journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 272 issue 51 pages 32011 8 year 1998 ... Identification of a cullin homology region in a subunit of the anaphase promoting complex journal ... of the Spindle Checkpoint Protein Mad2 with the Cyclosome Anaphase promoting Complex, and is Involved in Regulating Anaphase Onset and Late Mitotic Events journal J. Cell Biol. volume 141 issue 6 ... and the human anaphase promoting complex journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 274 issue 20 pages 14500 ..., Kramer ER, et al. title Expression of the CDH1 associated form of the anaphase promoting complex in postmitotic ... to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... subunit of the anaphase promoting complex journal Gene volume 262 issue 1 2 pages 51 9 year ... Smad3 recruits the anaphase promoting complex for ubiquitination and degradation of SnoN journal ..., Couzon F, et al. title Alterations of anaphase promoting complex genes in human colon cancer cells ... cite journal author Vodermaier HC, Gieffers C, Maurer Stroh S, et al. title TPR subunits of the anaphase ... Kraft C, Herzog F, Gieffers C, et al. title Mitotic regulation of the human anaphase promoting complex ... more details
An aster is a cell biology cellular structure shaped like a star polygon star , formed around each centrosome during mitosis in an animal cell. ref Campell Biology , p.221 ref Astral rays, composed of microtubules , radiate from the centrosphere and look like a cloud. During mitosis, there are four stages of cell division Prophase , Metaphase , Anaphase , and Telophase . During prophase, two aster covered centrosomes migrate to opposite sides of the Cell nucleus nucleus in preparation of mitotic spindle formation. During metaphase, the astral rays connect to the lined up chromosomes at their centromere . Afterwards, during anaphase, the astral rays pull the chromosomes apart into its individual chromatids and pull them towards the centrosomes, located at opposite ends of the cell. This allows the cell to divide properly with each daughter cell containing full replicas of chromosomes. In some cells, the positions of the asters also determine the site of cell divisions. Notes reflist 2 References Citation last Campbell first Neil A, author link Neil Campbell scientist last2 Reece first2 Jane B. author2 link Jane Reece title Biology place San Francisco, CA publisher Benjamin Cummings year 2005 edition 7th isbn 0805371710 See also Astral microtubules Mitosis cell biology stub Category Cell biology Category Cell cycle Category Mitosis ... more details
PBB geneid 64682 Anaphase promoting complex subunit 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC1 gene . ref name pmid11179667 cite journal author Jorgensen PM, Graslund S, Betz R, Stahl S, Larsson C, Hoog C title Characterisation of the human APC1, the largest subunit of the anaphase promoting complex journal Gene volume 262 issue 1 2 pages 51 9 year 2001 month February pmid 11179667 pmc doi 10.1016 S0378 1119 00 00511 4 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ANAPC1 anaphase promoting complex subunit 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 64682 accessdate ref ANAPC1 is one of at least ten subunits of the anaphase promoting complex APC , which functions at the metaphase to anaphase transition of the cell cycle and is regulated by spindle checkpoint proteins. The APC is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets cell cycle regulatory proteins for degradation by the proteasome, thereby allowing progression through the cell cycle. supplied by OMIM ref name entrez Interactions ANAPC1 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with ANAPC5 , ref name pmid12956947 cite journal doi 10.1016 S0960 9822 03 00581 5 last Vodermaier first Hartmut C authorlink coauthors Gieffers Christian, Maurer Stroh Sebastian, Eisenhaber Frank, Peters Jan Michael year 2003 month September title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1 journal Curr. Biol. volume 13 issue 17 pages 1459 68 ... APC10 subunit of the yeast and the human anaphase promoting complex. journal J. Biol. Chem ... author Gieffers C, Peters BH, Kramer ER, et al. title Expression of the CDH1 associated form of the anaphase ... enzyme UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex. journal ... cite journal author Vodermaier HC, Gieffers C, Maurer Stroh S, et al. title TPR subunits of the anaphase ... author Kraft C, Herzog F, Gieffers C, et al. title Mitotic regulation of the human anaphase promoting ... more details
PBB geneid 51434 Anaphase promoting complex subunit 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC7 gene . ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ANAPC7 anaphase promoting complex subunit 7 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 51434 accessdate ref Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Function This gene encodes a tetratricopeptide repeat containing component of the anaphase promoting complex cyclosome APC C , a large E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls cell cycle progression by targeting a number of cell cycle regulators such as B type cyclin s for 26S proteasome mediated degradation through ubiquitination . The encoded protein is required for proper protein ubiquitination function of APC C and for the interaction of APC C with certain transcription coactivator genetics coactivators . ref name entrez Interactions ANAPC7 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with ANAPC1 , ref name pmid12956947 cite journal author Vodermaier HC, Gieffers C, Maurer Stroh S, Eisenhaber F, Peters JM title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1 journal Curr. Biol. volume 13 issue 17 pages 1459 68 year 2003 month September pmid 12956947 ... to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ..., et al. title Identification of a cullin homology region in a subunit of the anaphase promoting complex ... of the DOC1 APC10 subunit of the yeast and the human anaphase promoting complex journal J. Biol ... of the anaphase promoting complex in postmitotic neurons journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume ... and the E2 enzyme UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal .... title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1 ... of the anaphase promoting complex APC 7 in invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast and its clinicopathologic ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Dicentric chromosome is an aberrant chromosome having two centromere s. Dicentric chromosomes form when two chromosome segments from different chromosomes or from the two chromatids of a single one , each with a centromere, fuse end to end, with loss of their acentric fragments. Dicentrics, despite their two centromeres, may be mitotically stable if one of the two centromeres is inactivated, or if the two centromeres always coordinate their movement to one or the other pole during anaphase. Such chromosomes are formally called pseudodicentric. The most common pseudodicentrics involve the sex chromosomes or the acrocentric chromosomes Robertsonian translocation . Evaluation of centromere function by Fluorescent in situ hybridization FISH combined with immunofluorescence analysis of centromere and kinetochore proteins is a specialized procedure in some clinical cytogenetics laboratories. DEFAULTSORT Dicentric Chromosome Category Chromosomes Genetics stub ... more details
PBB geneid 29882 Anaphase promoting complex subunit 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC2 gene . ref name pmid11739784 cite journal author Tang Z, Li B, Bharadwaj R, Zhu H, Ozkan E, Hakala K, Deisenhofer J, Yu H title APC2 Cullin protein and APC11 RING protein comprise the minimal ubiquitin ligase module of the anaphase promoting complex journal Mol Biol Cell volume 12 issue 12 pages 3839 51 year 2001 month December pmid 11739784 pmc 60759 doi ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ANAPC2 anaphase promoting complex subunit 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 29882 accessdate ref A large protein complex, termed the anaphase promoting complex APC , or the cyclosome, promotes metaphase anaphase transition by ubiquitinating its specific substrates such as mitotic cyclins and anaphase inhibitor, which are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome . Biochemical studies have shown that the vertebrate APC contains eight subunits. The composition of the APC is highly conserved in organisms from yeast to humans. The product ... Michael year 2003 month September title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding ... protein and APC11 RING protein comprise the minimal ubiquitin ligase module of the anaphase promoting ... Yu H, Peters JM, King RW, et al. title Identification of a cullin homology region in a subunit of the anaphase ..., et al. title Characterization of the DOC1 APC10 subunit of the yeast and the human anaphase promoting ... of the CDH1 associated form of the anaphase promoting complex in postmitotic neurons. journal Proc ... substrates of the anaphase promoting complex. journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume ... Vodermaier HC, Gieffers C, Maurer Stroh S, et al. title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex ... O, F l p K, et al. title The Arabidopsis anaphase promoting complex or cyclosome molecular and genetic ... C, et al. title Mitotic regulation of the human anaphase promoting complex by phosphorylation. journal ... more details
orphan date December 2008 PBB geneid 10393 Anaphase promoting complex subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC10 gene . ref name pmid10318877 cite journal author Grossberger R, Gieffers C, Zachariae W, Podtelejnikov AV, Schleiffer A, Nasmyth K, Mann M, Peters JM title Characterization of the DOC1 APC10 subunit of the yeast and the human anaphase promoting complex journal J Biol Chem volume 274 issue 20 pages 14500 7 year 1999 month Jun pmid 10318877 pmc doi 10.1074 jbc.274.20.14500 ref ref name pmid11230166 cite journal author Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, Gassenhuber J, Glassl S, Ansorge W, Bocher M, Blocker H, Bauersachs S, Blum H, Lauber J, Dusterhoft A, Beyer A, Kohrer K, Strack N, Mewes HW, Ottenwalder B, Obermaier B, Tampe J, Heubner D, Wambutt R, Korn B, Klein M, Poustka A title Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs journal Genome Res volume 11 issue 3 pages 422 35 year 2001 month Mar pmid 11230166 pmc 311072 doi 10.1101 gr.GR1547R ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ANAPC10 anaphase promoting complex subunit 10 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 10393 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary ... subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1 journal Curr ... and the E2 enzyme UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex ... as a subunit of anaphase promoting complex. journal Oncogene volume 18 issue 37 pages 5131 7 year 1999 ... H2 finger protein APC11 and the E2 enzyme UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase ... HC, Jacob U, et al. title Crystal structure of the APC10 DOC1 subunit of the human anaphase promoting ... subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator protein CDH1. journal Curr ... more details
nuc 2. This protein is a component of anaphase promoting complex APC , which is composed of eight protein ... month September title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate binding to the activator ... of the anaphase promoting complex journal PNAS Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 97 issue ..., Elroy Stein Orna year 2004 month May. title The Apc5 Subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex ... anaphase promoting complex by proteins of the CDC20 Fizzy family journal Curr. Biol. volume 8 issue ... Mad2 with the Cyclosome Anaphase promoting Complex, and is Involved in Regulating Anaphase Onset ... interacts with CDC16 and CDC27, two tetratricopeptide repeat containing subunits of the anaphase promoting ... and mitotic spindle and is essential for the metaphase to anaphase transition journal Cell volume ... subunits of the anaphase promoting complex journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 272 issue 51 pages ... RW, et al. title Identification of a cullin homology region in a subunit of the anaphase promoting ... of the yeast and the human anaphase promoting complex journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 274 issue ... C, Peters BH, Kramer ER, et al. title Expression of the CDH1 associated form of the anaphase promoting ... to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal Proc. Natl. Acad ..., Vodermaier HC, Jacob U, et al. title Crystal structure of the APC10 DOC1 subunit of the human anaphase ... the anaphase promoting complex for ubiquitination and degradation of SnoN journal Genes Dev. volume ... Topper LM, Campbell MS, Tugendreich S, et al. title The dephosphorylated form of the anaphase promoting ... more details
Image Chromosome.svg thumb Chromosome Chromosomal components br BR 1 Chromatid BR 2 Centromere BR 3 Short arm BR 4 Long arm A chromatid is one of the two copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome , which are joined at their centromere s, for the process of cell division mitosis or meiosis . They are normally identical homozygous but may have slight differences in the case of mutations, in which case they are Zygosity heterozygous . They are called sister chromatids so long as they are joined by the centromeres. When they separate during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 2 of meiosis , the strands are called daughter chromosomes. In other words, a chromatid is one half of two normally identical copies of a replicated chromosome . ref http biology.about.com library glossary bldefchromatid.htm Chromatid A Cell Biology Definition Bot generated title ref The two copies may have slight differences due to mutations. A chromatid is simply a copied chromosome which is paired with a normally identical chromosome at the centromere. It should not be confused with the ploidy of an organism, which is the number of Homologous chromosome homologous versions of a chromosome. Dyad A bivalent is a pair of sister chromatids. This occurs in prophase I of meiosis . After DNA replication , the two sister chromatids align side by side and appear to have an undivided centromere , in contrast to mitosis , in which each chromatid appears to have its own separate centromere. The term bivalent can also be used to describe protein morphology. ref http dictionary.reference.com browse dyad dyad 4 dictionary results ref References references Chromo wiktionary chromatid Category Chromosomes Category Molecular genetics Category Cell biology Category Mitosis ca Crom tide cs Chromatida da Kromatid de Chromatid es Crom tida eu Kromatida fa fr Chromatide gl Crom tida ko it Cromatidio he kk ku Kromat d nl Chromatide ja oc Cromatida pl Chromatyda pt Cromat dio ru ... more details
orphan date December 2008 PBB geneid 51529 Anaphase promoting complex subunit 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANAPC11 gene . ref name pmid10922056 cite journal author Gmachl M, Gieffers C, Podtelejnikov AV, Mann M, Peters JM title The RING H2 finger protein APC11 and the E2 enzyme UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A volume 97 issue 16 pages 8973 8 year 2000 month Sep pmid 10922056 pmc 16806 doi 10.1073 pnas.97.16.8973 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene ANAPC11 APC11 anaphase promoting complex subunit 11 homolog yeast url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 51529 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text Interactions ANAPC11 has been shown to Protein protein interaction interact with ANAPC2 ref name pmid11739784 cite journal last Tang first Z authorlink coauthors Li B, Bharadwaj R, Zhu H, Ozkan E, Hakala K, Deisenhofer J, Yu H year 2001 month Dec. title APC2 Cullin protein and APC11 RING protein comprise the minimal ubiquitin ligase module of the anaphase promoting complex journal Mol. Biol. Cell volume 12 issue 12 pages 3839 51 publisher location United States issn 1059 1524 pmid 11739784 bibcode oclc id url language format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote pmc 60759 ref ref name pmid10230407 cite journal doi 10.1016 S1097 2765 00 80482 7 last Ohta first T authorlink coauthors Michel J J, Schottelius ... UBC4 are sufficient to ubiquitinate substrates of the anaphase promoting complex journal PNAS Proc ... Jan Michael year 2003 month Sep. title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex mediate ... HC, Gieffers C, Maurer Stroh S, et al. title TPR subunits of the anaphase promoting complex ... module of the anaphase promoting complex. journal Mol. Biol. Cell volume 12 issue 12 pages 3839 ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol HORMA Name HORMA domain image PDB 1go4 EBI.jpg width caption crystal structure of mad1 mad2 reveals a conserved mad2 binding motif in mad1 and cdc20. Pfam PF02301 Pfam clan InterPro IPR003511 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1duj TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the HORMA domain named after the Ho p1p, R ev7p and MA D2 Protein proteins is a protein domain that has been suggested to recognise chromatin states resulting from DNA adducts , Double stranded DNA double stranded breaks or non attachment to the mitotic spindle spindle and act as an adaptor that recruits other protein s. Hop1 is a meiosis specific protein, Rev7 is required for DNA damage induced mutagenesis , and MAD2 is a spindle checkpoint protein which prevents progression of the cell cycle upon detection of a defect in mitotic spindle integrity. ref name pmid9223296 cite journal author He X, Patterson TE, Sazer S title The Schizosaccharomyces pombe spindle checkpoint protein mad2p blocks anaphase and genetically interacts with the anaphase promoting complex. journal Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A year 1997 volume 94 issue 15 pages 7965 70 pmid 9223296 doi pmc 21538 url ref ref name pmid9757827 cite journal author Aravind L, Koonin EV title The HORMA domain a common structural denominator in mitotic checkpoints, chromosome synapsis and DNA repair. journal Trends Biochem Sci year 1998 volume 23 issue 8 pages 284 6 pmid 9757827 doi pmc url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez eutils elink.fcgi?dbfrom pubmed&tool sumsearch.org cite&retmode ref&cmd prlinks&id 9757827 ref Examples Humans proteins containing this domain include HORMAD1 , HORMAD2 , MAD2L1 , MAD2L2 References reflist InterPro content IPR003511 Category Protein domains ... more details
Metaphase , from the ancient Greek adjacent and stage , is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryote eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed & highly coiled chromosome s, carrying DNA sequence genetic information , align in the middle of the cell biology cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells. Metaphase accounts for approximately 4 of the cell cycle s duration. Preceded by events in prometaphase and followed by anaphase , microtubule s formed in prophase have already found and attached themselves to kinetochore s in metaphase. In Metaphase, the centromere s of the chromosomes convene themselves on the metaphase plate or equatorial plate , an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two centrosome poles. This even alignment is due to the counterbalance of the pulling powers generated by the opposing kinetochores, analogous to a tug of war between equally strong people, ending with the destruction of cyclin . In certain types of cells, chromosomes do not line up at the metaphase plate and instead move back and forth between the poles randomly, only roughly lining up along the middleline. Early events of metaphase can coincide with the later events of prometaphase, as chromosomes with connected kinetochores will start the events of metaphase individually before other chromosomes with unconnected kinetochores that are still lingering in the events of prometaphase. One of the cell cycle checkpoint s occurs during prometaphase and metaphase. Only after all chromosomes have become aligned at the metaphase plate , when every kinetochore is properly attached to a bundle of microtubules, does the cell enter anaphase. It is thought that unattached or improperly attached kinetochores generate a signal to prevent premature progression to anaphase, even if most of the kinetochores have been attached and most of the chromosomes have been aligned. Such a signal creates the mitotic spindle checkpoint . This would be accomplished by regulation of the ... more details
about parapsychology parapsychological uses such as Psionics psionic abilities Psychokinesis fiction al uses, such as pyrokinesis List of comic book superpowers Unreferenced date August 2009 wiktionary kinesis kinesis , from Greek language Greek , movement, motion , is a Affix suffix that denotes movement. The word Kinesis itself similarly indicates movement, particularly in biology. Cytokinesis The step of cell division following telophase of mitosis , when the cytoplasm is divided into two of roughly equal proportion to the two new daughter cell biology cells . This ensures there will be enough organelle s for each of the new cells. wiktionary diakinesis Diakinesis The last stage of prophase , in which the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, spindle fibers form, and the chromosome s shorten in preparation for anaphase . Interkinesis A pause between two phases of meiosis . Karyokinesis Refers specifically to the division and replication of the cell nucleus nucleus . Photokinesis A movement made in response to enabled by the presence of light See also Phototaxis DEFAULTSORT Kinesis Category Greek suffixes vocab stub lang stub de kinese es Quinesis Medicina uk ... more details
to execute a block in the metaphase to anaphase transition in response to the microtubule ... url issn ref Metaphase to anaphase transition File MCC on.png thumb right alt MCCon In response ... 16636141 pmc 2063805 doi 10.1083 jcb.200601172 url issn ref Progression from metaphase to anaphase ... mechanism that prevents sister chromatid separation and transition into anaphase is called the spindle ... SAC delays anaphase until all sister chromatid pairs have become bipolarly attached. Once microtubules ... has been achieved, the SAC stopping mechanisms are removed. Entrance into anaphase is mediated by APCCdc20 ... origyear pages quote isbn 0 87893 508 8 oclc doi url accessdate ref Without Cdc20, the anaphase promoting complex APC cannot become activated and anaphase is not triggered. Mad2 was shown to inhibit ... Y, Gorbea C, Mahaffey D, Rechsteiner M, Benezra R title MAD2 associates with the cyclosome anaphase ... amplify the anaphase wait signal by stimulating further conversion of cytosolic Open Mad2 and free Cdc20 ... the metaphase to anaphase transition. ref name kim cite journal author Nasmyth K title How do so ... more details
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