Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image SADDLE PE.JPG Caption Example of a CTPA, demonstrating a saddle embolus. The white area above the center is the pulmonary artery, opacified by radiocontrast. Inside it, the grey matter is blood clot. The black areas on either side are the lungs, with around it the chest wall. ICD10 ICD9unlinked MeshID OPS301 OPS301 3 222 OtherCodes CT pulmonary angiogram CTPA is a medical diagnostic test that employs computed tomography to obtain an image of the pulmonary artery pulmonary arteries . Its main use is to diagnose pulmonary embolism PE . ref name Fedullo It is a preferred choice of imaging in the diagnosis of PE due to its minimally invasive nature for the patient, whose only requirement for the scan is an intravenous line. MDCT multi detector CT scanners give the optimum resolution and image quality for this test. Images are usually taken on a 0.625 mm slice thickness, although 2 mm is sufficient. A contrast of 50 100 mls is given to the patient at a rate of 4 ml s. The tracker locator is placed at the level of the pulmonary arteries, which sit roughly at the level of the carina. Images are acquired with the maximum intensity of radio opaque contrast in the pulmonary arteries. This is done using bolus tracking . CT machines are now so sophisticated that the test can be done with a patient visit of 5 minutes with an approximate scan time of only 5 seconds or less. A normal CTPA scan will show the contrast filling the pulmonary vessels, appearing as bright white. In ideal conditions, the aorta should be empty of contrast, to reduce any partial volume artifact that may result in a false positive. Any mass filling defects, such as an embolus, will appear dark in place of the contrast, filling blocking the space where blood should be flowing into the lungs. Diagnostic use main pulmonary embolism CTPA was introduced in the 1990s as an alternative to ventilation perfusion scan ning, which relies on radionuclide imaging of th ... more details
unsourced date December 2007 Image Sagital aaa.JPG thumb 200px right A Sagittal MPR of an AAA Image Volume rendered.jpg thumb 200px right Volume Rendered Carotid Angiogram Bolus tracking is a technique used in computed tomography imaging, to visualise vessels more clearly. A Bolus medicine bolus of radio opaque contrast media is Injection medicine injected into a patient via a peripheral intravenous cannula . Depending on the vessel being imaged, the volume of contrast is tracked using a region of interest at a certain level and then followed by the Computed tomography CT scanner once it reaches this level. Images are acquired at a rate as fast as the contrast moving through the blood vessels. Applications This method of imaging is used primarily to produce images of arteries, such as the aorta , pulmonary artery pulmonary artery, cerebral artery cerebral and carotid artery carotid arteries. The image shown illustrates this technique on a sagittal MPR multi planar reformat . The image is demonstrating the blood flow through an abdominal aortic aneurysm or AAA. The bright white on the image is the contrast. You can see the lumen of the aorta in which the contrast is contained, surrounded by a grey sack , which is the aneurysm . Images acquired from a bolus track, can be manipulated into a MIP maximum intensity projection or a Volume rendering volume rendered image . See also Computed tomography angiography CT pulmonary angiogram Endovascular surgery EVAR Category X ray computed tomography ru ... more details
Selective internal radiation therapy SIRT is a form of radiation therapy used to treat cancer . It is generally for selected patients with unresectable cancers, those that cannot be treated Surgical oncology surgically , especially Hepatocellular carcinoma hepatic cell carcinoma or metastasis to the liver . The treatment involves injecting tiny microspheres of Radiation radioactive material into the Artery arteries that supply the tumor . The microspheres themselves are made of glass or resin . The resin material tends to Embolism embolize more easily and thus can be used to stop blood supply to the tumors. Inside the microsphere is the isotope Isotopes of yttrium yttrium 90 , which has Beta particle beta emission with a half life of 2.6 days. Currently there are 2 types of microspheres TheraSphere and SIR Spheres , which differ in their radioactivity per sphere and embolic effect. SIR Spheres have more embolic effect and less activity per sphere. This makes them better for certain cancers such as neuroendocrine tumors , which are highly vascular. Before a patient can have the SIRT treatment, the patient must have a Angiogram hepatic angiogram , a technetium macroaggregated albumin scan a Radiopharmacology Technetium 99m radiopharmacological lung scan , and Computed tomography CT scan . The angiogram defines the arterial anatomy and helps the Interventional radiology interventional radiologist embolize certain arteries that might carry the microspheres away from the target location to the Gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal system or lung s. Technetium is used to measure lung shunting. Higher lung shunting means increased likelihood of the radioactive particles traveling to the lung and doing damage there. Patients exceeding 20 are usually excluded from this treatment because of the dangers of Pneumonitis radiation pneumonitis . CT measures the tumor size to help determine the correct Dosing dosage of microspheres. Most patients have Fatigue medical lethargy , A ... more details
unreferenced date May 2009 Punjab Institute of Cardiology PIC , located in Lahore , Pakistan , is a 292 bed tertiary care hospital providing nationwide comprehensive cardiology cardiac care services for the last 18 years. Its services include cardiac emergency, OPD, diagnostics, interventional and invasive cardiology and cardiac surgery . Fully equipped cardiac ambulatory services are also available round the clock. More than 160,000 patients are examined annually at OPD. More than 17,000 are admitted. PIC is the largest cardiac center in Pakistan with 24,000 echocardiograph s, 4000 nuclear medicine procedures, 12,000 angiogram s, 3500 angioplasties including 5000 stent s and more than 1700 cardiac surgeries a year. The only thing that the hospital is lacking are the good http www.medilol.com index.php general articles 121 deaths in punjab institute of cardiology.html pharmacists in PIC . Punjab Institute of Cardiology is also actively involved in research and postgraduate training in cardiology and cardiac surgery. It is the first ISO certified hospital in the government sector. External links http www.pic.gop.pk PUNJAB INSTITUTE of CARDIOLOGY, LAHORE http www.jcvd.org PUBLICATION OF JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES BY PIC coord missing Pakistan Category Hospitals in Lahore Category Heart disease organizations ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Cerebral angiography, arteria vertebralis sinister injection.JPG Caption Cerebral angiogram showing a Transverse plane transverse projection of the vertebral artery vertebro basilar artery basilar and posterior cerebral circulation. ICD10 ICD9 ICD9proc 88.41 MeshID D002533 OtherCodes Cerebral angiography is a form of angiography which provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain, thereby allowing detection of abnormalities such as arteriovenous malformation s and aneurysm s. It was pioneered in 1927 by the Portuguese physician Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon , who also helped develop thorotrast for use in the procedure. ref Tondreau, R. 1985 Egas Moniz 1874 1955. Radiographics, 5 6 994 997 ref Typically a catheter is inserted into a large artery such as the femoral artery and threaded through the circulatory system to the Common carotid artery carotid artery , where a contrast agent is injected. A series of radiograph s is taken as the contrast agent spreads through the brain s arterial system, then a second series as it reaches the venous system. For some applications Citation needed date December 2009 this method may yield better images than less invasive methods such as computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography . In addition, cerebral angiography allows certain treatments to be performed immediately, based on the its findings. If, for example, the images reveal an aneurysm , metal coils may be introduced through the catheter already in place and maneuvered to the site of aneurysm over time these coils encourage formation of connective tissue at the site, strengthening the vessel walls. In some jurisdictions, cerebral angiography is required to confirm brain death . Citation needed date December 2009 See also Angiography References Reflist Vascular procedures Neuro procedures DEFAULTSORT Cerebral Angiography Category Projectional radiography Category ... more details
Fatty streak , though composed of macrophage white blood cells, not fat, is the term generally given to the earliest stages of atheroma , as viewed at autopsy , looking at the inner surface of artery arteries , without magnification. The fatty streak is the first grossly visible lesion in the development of atherosclerosis . It appears as an irregular off white to yellow white discoloration near the luminal surface of the artery. The streaks are not actually fat but small collections of monocyte derived macrophage s located beneath the inner, endothelium endothelial layer of artery arteries . The fatty streak mainly consists of foamy appearing macrophage cells, sometimes with some additional T lymphocyte s, aggregated platelet s, localized smooth muscle cells, etc. Fatty streaks may be precursor of atheromas and not all fatty streaks are destined to become fibrous Atheromatous plaque plaques . The macrophage cells, under a microscope, have a foamy like appearance because of large collections of membrane bound vesicles within their cytoplasm. Since cholesterol within cells resides primarily within the cell membranes, the large accumulation of membranes results in an elevated local content of membrane bound cholesterol and other fats. En mass the foamy macrophages usually have an off white to yellow white color and were named because they were thought to look like streaks of fat against the otherwise quite red pink muscular tissue background forming the wall of artery arteries . Almost all children above the age of 10 years show evidence of fatty streaks, with coronary fatty streaks beginning to form in the adolescent years. ref name Robbins Kumar, Vinay Abbas, Abul K. Fausto, Nelson & Mitchell, Richard N. 2007 . Robbins Basic Pathology 8th ed. . Saunders Elsevier. pp. 348 351 ISBN 978 1 4160 2973 1 ref See also Atheroma Atherosclerosis Artery Heart Coronary circulation Coronary catheterization Angiogram Lipoprotein s Atheromatous plaque References Reflist Vascular di ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 VoluMedic TM by Media Studio Graz http www.mediastudio graz.com is a 3d volume rendering software based on LightWave 3d by NewTek plugin addon . It offers software volume rendering as well as hardware volume rendering for interactive previews of volumetric datasets. gallery Image Volumedic01.jpg VoluMedic software rendering of a CT angiogram in a patient with abdominal aortic aneurysm. gallery VoluMedic is capable of importing images or series of images as well as volume datasets in DICOM , RAW, Analyze imaging software Analyze and many other formats TIFF , TGA , JPEG , High dynamic range imaging HDRI , etc . These are then turned into volumetric objects using the companies own software volume renderer which integrates into LightWave 3d as a volumetric class plugin. This means that volumetric objects can be rendered together with polygon based geometry which is handled by LightWave s own renderer. VoluMedic s volumetric objects can receive lights from all of LightWave s light types and can cast raytraced shadows on geometry or receive shadows from geometry and from other volumetric objects. Self shadowing is also supported if VoluMedic is used with LightWave version 9.0 or later. Volumetric objects rendered with VoluMedics software renderer also appear in reflections. The software s intended uses are for medical visualization , material science, forensic animation and visual effects . Among others, VoluMedic is currently used by Zoic Studios for the visual effects of CSI Crime Scene Investigation . See also Volume rendering Medical imaging Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine Category 3D imaging ... more details
orphan date August 2008 Miles Galin is one of the inventors of the Intraocular lens intraocular eye lens es. citation needed date July 2010 One of his most famous patients was Patrick Ewing . citation needed date July 2010 Galin currently resides in New York with his wife, Glenda. citation needed date July 2010 Legal Trouble Dr. Galin pled guilty to submitting claims for services he never performed between 1987 and 2000, including retina l surgery, glaucoma treatments, and fluorescein angiogram s. ref http caselaw.findlaw.com us 9th circuit 1292554.html USA vs Galin ref Galin s total monetary gain from these fraudulent claims was approximately US 500,000. It is alleged that Galin used other doctor s identification numbers to bill for services after his medical license was revoked in 1997. ref http w3.health.state.ny.us opmc factions.nsf 0 9f969c60484e328385256a4a0047d103 FILE lc077998.pdf Letter of License Revoked ref ref http w3.health.state.ny.us opmc factions.nsf 0 9f969c60484e328385256a4a0047d103?OpenDocument License Revocation ref He faces a maximum of 5 years in prison and a US 250,000 fine for each of the two counts against him. References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Galin, Miles ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Galin, Miles Category Living people Category American physicians Category Physicians from New York Category American ophthalmologists Category Year of birth missing living people ... more details
as one of the pioneers in this field. Moniz performed the first cerebral angiogram in Lisbon in 1927 ... devices needed to remain inside the vascular lumen. Technique Depending on the type of angiogram ... more details
neurosurgeons will order a cerebral angiogram or magnetic resonance angiogram MRA . Since CCMs are low ... occult invisible . If a lesion is discernible via angiogram in the same location as in the MRI ... more details
imaging modalities, such as angiogram , computed tomography angiogram CTA or magnetic resonance imaging angiogram MRA may be useful. Each imaging modality has its advantages and disadvantages the investigation ... more details
1408872 ref An angiogram will often show an irregular outpouching beyond the takeoff of the left subclavian ... can be assessed by a CT angiogram or a direct angiogram, in which contrast is introduced into the aorta ... more details
. These may include tests such as the cerebral angiography carotid angiogram . This test is made by inserting ... angiography angiogram is basically the same procedure which is however utilized for detecting cardiovascular ... more details
Deleted image removed Image NguyenSiBinh.JPG right thumbnail 150px Dr. Nguyen Xuan Ngai with President George W. Bush Dr. Nguyen Xuan Ngai was born in South Vietnam . He is a Vietnamese American and serves as the Vice Chairman of the People s Action Party of Vietnam . Biography He had served in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ARVN as a young Medical Officer at Nguyen Van Hoc Hospital in Saigon . During the Fall of Saigon , he was a Medical Officer. He chose to remain and protect his patients at the hospital in Saigon instead of trying to move to the US like others. On April 30, 1975, he was imprisoned by the Communist Vietnamese government for three years and was released. He secretly left Vietnam and immigrated to the United States. In 2002, he was invited by the Vietnamese government Public Health Ministry, to teach Vietnamese doctors the techniques of angioplasty and angiogram s. Dr. Nguyen Xuan Ngai s work was praised within the medical field in Vietnam and was reported by media networks throughout Vietnam. This alarmed the Vietnamese Communist when news spread throughout the media that Dr. Nguyen Xuan Ngai was also involved with an opposition organization known as the People s Action Party of Vietnam . On March 1, 2002, Communist Police arrived at his hotel in Saigon and seized his passport, visa and airplane ticket. He was accused of having tried to overthrow the Vietnamese Communist government, a crime that can carry the death penalty. There was an outcry by the Vietnamese Community in the United States and after one week he was eventually released and allowed to return to the United States. External links http www.dndhd.org BaoChi E NXN Home1.jpg Dr. Ngai Nguyen, Vice Chair of the PAP being detained by Vietnamese authorities during a medical mission in Vietnam Mercury News http www.dndhd.org BaoChi E NXN Home2 1.jpg Dr. Ngai Nguyen after a week of being detained by Vietnamese authorities during a medical mission in VN pg. 1 http www.dndhd.org BaoChi E NX ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 This article is about a medical procedure . See also Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Converting Enzyme Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization Transarterial Chemoembolization TACE is a minimally invasive medical procedure to restrict a tumor s blood supply . TACE has been used extensively to delay the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma HCC , a type of liver cancer. With continuing TACE, the life expectancy life span for a patient with unresectable HCC could reasonably be extended for 1 2 years, although the exact benefit would depend heavily on the patient s medical condition see Child Pugh score . Procedure TACE is an interventional radiology procedure. The procedure involves gaining percutaneous access to the hepatic artery , usually by puncturing the common femoral artery in the right groin and passing a catheter through the abdominal aorta , through the celiac trunk and common hepatic artery, into the proper hepatic artery which supplies the liver . The interventional radiology interventional radiologist then performs an angiogram arteriogram to identify the branches of the hepatic artery supplying the tumor s and threads smaller catheters into these branches. This position is called a superselective position. This is done to maximize the amount of the chemotherapeutic dose that is directed to the tumor and minimise the amount of the chemotherapeutic agent that could damage the normal liver tissue. When a blood vessel supplying tumor has been selected, alternating aliquots of the chemotherapy dose and of embolic particles, or particles containing the chemotherapy agent, are injected through the catheter. The total chemotherapeutic dose may be given in one vessel s distribution, or it may be divided among several vessels supplying the tumor s . TACE derives its beneficial effect by two methods. Since most tumors are supplied by the hepatic artery, arterial embolization interrupts their blood supply and postpones growth until repl ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Cerebral Angiogram Lateral.jpg Caption Example of iodine based contrast in cerebral angiography ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D015901 OtherCodes Digital subtraction angiography DSA is a type of fluoroscopy technique used in interventional radiology to clearly visualize blood vessels in a bony or dense soft tissue environment. Images are produced using contrast medium by subtracting a pre contrast image or the mask from later images, once the contrast medium has been introduced into a structure. Hence the term digital subtraction angiography . Applications DSA is primarily used to image blood vessels. It is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of Arterial and venous occlusions, including carotid artery stenosis , pulmonary embolism s and acute limb ischaemia . Arterial stenosis, which is particularly useful for potential renal donors in detecting renal artery stenosis . Cerebral aneurysms and arterio venous malformation s AVM . DSA and Fluoroscopy In traditional angiography images are acquired by exposing an area of interest with time controlled x rays while injecting contrast medium into the blood vessels. The image obtained would also include all overlying structure besides the blood vessels in this area. This is useful for determining anatomical position and variations but unhelpful for visualising blood vessels accurately. In order to remove these distracting structures to see the vessels better, first a mask image is acquired. The mask image is simply an image of the same area before the contrast is administered. The radiological equipment used to capture this is usually an image intensifier , which will then keep producing images of the same area at a set rate 1 6 frames per second , taking all subsequent images away from the original mask image. The radiologist controls how much contrast media is injected and for how long. Smaller structures require less contrast to fill the vessel than others. Images produced appear with a very pale ... more details
Neurosyphilis is an infection of the brain or spinal cord caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum . It usually occurs in people who have had untreated syphilis for many years, usually about 10 20 years after first infection. ref name pubmedhealth http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmedhealth PMH0001722 Neurosyphilis at PubMed Health. Review Date 9 15 2010. Reviewed by David C. Dugdale, Jatin M. Vyas. Also reviewed by David Zieve ref Symptoms and signs Symptoms of neurosyphilis include ref name pubmedhealth Abnormal gait Blindness Confusion Dementia Depression Headache Incontinence Irritability Numbness in the toes, feet, or legs Poor concentration Seizures Neck stiffness Tremors Retardation Visual disturbances. There may be the sign of Argyll Robertson pupil s, which are bilateral small pupils that constrict when the patient focuses on a near object, but do not constrict when exposed to bright light. Muscle weakness Upon further diagnostic workup, the following signs may be present Abnormal reflexes Muscle atrophy Muscle contractions Diagnosis In addition to evaluation of any symptoms and signs, various blood test s can be done ref name pubmedhealth Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test VDRL Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption FTA ABS Rapid plasma reagin RPR Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay TPPA Also, it is important to test the cerebrospinal fluid for signs of syphilis. ref name pubmedhealth Additional tests to look for problems with the nervous system may include ref name pubmedhealth Cerebral angiogram Head X ray computed tomography CT scan Lumbar puncture spinal tap to acquire a sample for cerebrospinal fluid analysis MRI scan of the brain, brainstem, or spinal cord Treatment Penicillin is used to treat neurosyphilis. Two examples of penicillin therapies include ref name pubmedhealth Injection into a vein several times a day for 10 14 days. One daily intramuscular injection and oral administration oral probenecid 4 times a day, both for 10 ... more details
orphan date May 2010 Lawrence Yannuzzi is an American physician, ophthalmologist , and Eye surgery Vitreo retinal surgery vitreo retinal surgeon who is noted as an internationally recognized ref name lighthouse.org http www.lighthouse.org aboutus press press releases pr yannuzzi ref retinal specialist. Early career and family Yannuzzi graduated from Harvard College . He graduated from the Boston University School of Medicine where he received an Doctor of Medicine M.D. degree in 1964. He did a residency in ophthalmology at the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital from 1965 to 1968. He was board certified in ophthalmology in 1971. ref http www.aao.org find eyemd.cfm?V CUSTOMER 00007819&FUSEACTION PROFILE Find an Eye M.D Bot generated title ref He is married and has two sons and a daughter, who is a psychiatrist. ref http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res 940DEED91538F934A15752C1A96E948260 K. B. Freund Wed To Nina Yannuzzi New York Times Bot generated title ref Career He is a professor of clinical ophthalmology at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , vice chairman and director of The Retinal Research Center of the Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital, and founder and president of The Macula Foundation. ref name vrmny.com http www.vrmny.com about yannuzzi.html Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, MD Founder and Chairman of VRMNY Bot generated title ref Yannuzzi has published more than 300 scientific papers and 11 textbooks, with particular concentration in diseases of the macula such as diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration . ref http www.ophthalmopharma.com governance sab LYannuzzi.html OphthalmoPharma Bot generated title ref He is on the Board of Directors for Lighthouse International, a non profit organization that does work in vision rehabilitation services, education, research, prevention and advocacy. ref name lighthouse.org Yannuzzi is a pioneer in Angiogram angiography . ref http www.biospace.com news story.aspx?StoryID 19925020 ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 I 42 6 i 30 ICD9 ICD9 425.5 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 000174 eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 286 MeshID D002310 Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a disease in which the chronic long term abuse of alcohol leads to heart failure . ref name pmid12006456 cite journal author Piano MR title Alcoholic cardiomyopathy incidence, clinical characteristics, and pathophysiology journal Chest volume 121 issue 5 pages 1638 50 year 2002 month May pmid 12006456 doi 10.1378 chest.121.5.1638 url http www.chestjournal.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 12006456 ref Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a type of dilated cardiomyopathy . Due to the direct toxic effects of alcohol on heart muscle, the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently, leading to heart failure. It can affect other parts of the body if the heart failure is severe. It is most common in males between the ages of 35 50. Symptoms Symptoms presented by the occurrence of alcoholic cardiomyopathy are the result of the heart failing and usually occur after the disease has progressed to an advanced stage. Therefore the symptoms have a lot in common with other forms of cardiomyopathy . These symptoms can include http www.drugs.com enc alcoholic cardiomyopathy.html Ankle, feet, and leg swelling Overall swelling Loss of appetite Shortness of breath, especially with activity Breathing difficulty while lying down Fatigue, weakness, faintness Decreased alertness or concentration Cough containing mucus, or pink, frothy material Decreased urine output oliguria Need to urinate at night nocturia Palpitations Irregular or rapid pulse Diagnosis Abnormal heart sounds, murmurs, ECG abnormalities, and enlarged heart on chest x ray may lead to the diagnosis. Echocardiogram abnormalities and cardiac catheterization or angiogram to rule out coronary artery blockages, along with a history of alcohol abuse can confirm the diagnosis. Treatment Treatment for alcoholic cardiomyopathy ... more details
A myocardial bridge occurs when one of the Coronary circulation coronary arteries tunnels through the cardiac muscle myocardium rather than resting on top of it. Typically, the arteries rest on top of the heart muscle and feed blood down into smaller vessels that populate throughout the myocardium. But if the muscle grows around one of the larger arteries, then a myocardial bridge is formed. As the heart squeezes to pump blood, the muscle exerts pressure across the bridge and constricts the artery. This defect is present from birth. It can lead to uncomfortable, powerful heartbeats and angina. The incidence of the condition in the general population is estimated at 5 based on autopsy findings, ref name Pelliccia2009 citation last Pelliccia first Antonio year 2009 title Sports Cardiology Casebook publisher Springer isbn 9781848820418 page 141 ref but significance when found in association with other cardiac conditions is unknown. ref name Ragosta2009 citation last Ragosta first Michael year 2009 title Cardiac Catheterization An Atlas and DVD publisher Elsevier Health Sciences isbn 9781416039990 page 146 ref The condition is diagnosed on a scaled based on what percentage of obstruction occurs. If there is less than 50 blockage, then the condition is probably benign. A result of at least 70 usually causes some pain. Small amounts of myocardial bridging often are undetectable, as the blood usually flows through the coronary while the heart is relaxing in diastole . This condition can cause complications such as vasospasm , angina pectoris , arrhythmia , Vtach . Additionally many patients express discomfort in specific positions, i.e. lying on the left side for a prolonged period of time . Case study File Myocardial bridges.jpg thumb 330px Figure 1 Angiogram showing myocardial bridging resulting in arterial compression. Figure 1 shows a series of angiographic images with a bridge on the left anterior descending coronary artery LAD in a male patient of 65 years. A1 Right ... more details
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