Annealing may refer to Annealing metallurgy , a heat treatment that alters the microstructure of a material causing changes in properties such as strength and hardness and ductility Annealing glass , heating a piece of glass to remove stress Annealingbiology , DNA or RNA pairing by hydrogen bonds to a complementary sequence, forming a double stranded polynucleotide Simulated annealing , a technique for searching for a solution in a space otherwise too large for ordinary search methods to yield results Quantum annealing , a method for finding solutions to combinatorial optimisation problems and ground states of glassy systems using quantum fluctuations disambiguation cs h n de Annealing sk hanie ... more details
Annealing temperature may refer to Annealing glass Annealing metallurgy Polymerase chain reaction dab Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Refimprove date October 2010 Annealing , in metallurgy and materials science , is a heat treatment wherein ... temperature, and then cooling. Annealing is used to induce ductility , soften material, relieve ..., or forming. Thermodynamics Annealing occurs by the diffusion of atoms within a solid material, so ... reduced by the annealing process. In practice and industry, this reduction of Gibbs free energy is termed ... at which the annealing process occurs serve to accelerate this process. Citation needed ... properties. Citation needed date January 2011 Stages There are three stages in the annealing process ... and the internal stresses which they cause. Recovery phase covers all annealing phenomena ... deformed by internal stresses. ref name Verhoeven If annealing is allowed to continue once recrystallization ... January 2011 Controlled atmospheres The high temperature of annealing may result in oxidation of the metal s surface, resulting in scale. If scale is to be avoided, annealing is carried out in a special ... gas . Annealing is also done in forming gas , a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen. The magnet ic properties of mu metal Espey cores are introduced by annealing the alloy in a hydrogen atmosphere . Setup and equipment Typically, large ovens are used for the annealing process. The inside of the oven ... heated air. For high volume process annealing, gas fired conveyor furnaces are often used. For large ... with ease. Once the annealing process has been successfully completed, the workpieces are sometimes ... applicable to some ferrous alloys, but not copper alloys. Diffusion annealing of semiconductors ... Normalization Normalization is an annealing process in which a metal is cooled in air after heating ... metal with normal tensile strength and not the maximum ductility achieved by annealing. It eliminates ... treatment processes. Process annealing Process annealing, also called intermediate annealing , subcritical annealing , or in process annealing , is a heat treatment cycle that restores some of the ductility ... more details
Annealing is a process of slowly cooling glass to relieve internal stresses after it was formed. The process may be carried out in a temperature controlled kiln known as a Lehr glassmaking Lehr . ref E. F. Collins 1921 Electrically heated glass annealing lehr. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4 5 , 335 349. ref Glass which has not been annealed is liable to crack or shatter when subjected to a relatively small temperature change or mechanical shock. Annealing glass is critical to its durability. If glass is not annealed, it will retain many of the thermal stresses caused by quenching and significantly decrease the overall strength of the glass. The glass is heated until the temperature reaches a stress physics stress relief point, that is, the annealing temperature also called annealing point at a viscosity , , of 10 sup 13 sup Poise 10 sup 12 sup Pa s, at which the glass is still too hard to Deformation engineering deform , but is soft enough for the stresses to relax. The piece is then allowed to heat soak until its temperature is even throughout. The time necessary for this step varies depending on the type of glass and its maximum thickness. The glass is then slowly cooled at a predetermined rate until its temperature is below the strain point 10 sup 14.5 sup Poise . Following this, the temperature can safely be dropped to room temperature at a rate limited by the heat capacity , thickness, thermal conductivity , and thermal expansion coefficient of the glass. After the annealing process the material can be cut to size, drilled or polished. At the annealing point 10 sup 13 sup Poise stresses relax within several minutes, while at the strain point 10 sup 14.5 sup Poise stresses relax within several hours. ref Werner Vogel Glass Chemistry Springer Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K 2nd revised edition November 1994 , ISBN 3540575723 ref Stresses ... in glass processing, see viscous liquid Annealing metallurgy Fabrication and testing optical components ... more details
Other uses Annealing disambiguation Image quant annl.jpg right thumb 300px In mathematics and applications, quantum annealing QA is a general method for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions the search space , by a process analogous to quantum fluctuation s. It is used mainly for problems where the search space is discrete combinatorial optimization problems with many local minimum local minima such as finding the ground state s of a glassy system . In quantum annealing, a current state the current candidate solution math s math is randomly replaced by a randomly selected neighbor state math s math if the latter has a lower energy value of the objective function . The process is controlled by the tunneling field strength math T math , a parameter that determines the extent of the neighborhood of states explored by the method. The tunneling field starts high, so that the neighborhood extends over the whole search space and is slowly reduced through the computation, until the neighborhood shrinks to those few states that differ ... to simulated annealing Quantum annealing can be compared to simulated annealing SA , whose ... math s math . In more elaborated SA variants such as Adaptive simulated annealing , the neighborhood ... the ground state of the classical glass. In the case of annealing a purely mathematical objective .... Here, there is a choice in selecting the non commuting term and the efficiency of annealing may depend on that. It has been demonstrated experimentally as well as theoretically, that quantum annealing can indeed outperform thermal annealing in certain cases, especially, where the potential energy ... rate qubits, since it is designed specifically for quantum annealing. References B. Apolloni, C. Caravalho ... K Chakrabarti Eds. , Quantum Annealing and Related Optimization Methods , Lecture Note in Physics ... Quenching, Annealing and Computation , Lecture Note in Physics, Vol. 802 , Springer, Heidelberg ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Simulated annealing SA is a generic probabilistic algorithm probabilistic ... annealing may be more efficient than brute force search exhaustive enumeration provided that the goal ... possible solution. The name and inspiration come from annealing metallurgy annealing in metallurgy ... M. P. title Optimization by Simulated Annealing volume 220 issue 4598 journal Science year 1983 pmid ... 21 issue 6 pages 1087 ref Overview In the simulated annealing SA method, each point s of the search ... energy variations when math T math is small. The annealing schedule The name and inspiration of the algorithm ... or infinity , and then it is decreased at each step following some annealing schedule which may ... the effect of cooling schedule on the performance of simulated annealing. The problem is to rearrange ... annealing algorithm terminates with the global optimum global optimal solution approaches 1 as the annealing schedule is extended. ref cite journal doi 10.1109 34.295910 title Simulated annealing ... The following pseudocode presents the simulated annealing heuristic as described above. It starts from ... math 0, 1 math . The annealing schedule is defined by the call tt temperature r tt , which ... that can be used in any metaheuristic , it does not have an analogy with physical annealing ... probability function tt P tt , and the annealing schedule tt temperature tt AND initial ... general guidelines. Diameter of the search graph Simulated annealing may be modeled as a random walk ... probability is often used for simulated annealing even when the tt neighbour tt function, which ... at all. As a result, the transition probabilities of the simulated annealing algorithm do not correspond ... of SA known as thermodynamic simulated annealing tries to avoid this problem by dispensing ... from the current state. This process is called restarting of simulated annealing. To do this we set code s code and code e code to code sbest code and code ebest code and perhaps restart the annealing ... more details
Other uses pp semi protected small yes pp move indef File Biology organism collage.png thumb 300px Biology ... , and Brachypelma smithi science Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life ... glossary.html Aquarena Wetlands Project glossary of terms. ref Biology is a vast subject containing ... that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology ref name avila biology cite book author Avila, Vernon L. title Biology Investigating life on earth publisher Jones and Bartlett location ... and constant condition Living organisms consume and transform energy . Subdisciplines of biology ... them biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell biology cell physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissue biology tissues , Organ anatomy organs , and organ system s of an organism and ecology examines ... History of biology File Tree of life by Haeckel.jpg thumb Ernst Haeckel s Tree of Life 1879 The term wikt biologybiology is derived from the Greek Language Greek word lang grc wikt , bios ... of amphibians by deletion of the initial amphi . Although biology in its modern form is a relatively ... subcontinent , and China . However, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study ... 384 BC 322 BC who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially important ... Islamic world who wrote on biology included al Jahiz 781 869 , Al Dinawari 828 896 , who wrote ... hierarchy of life. Biology began to quickly develop and grow with Antony van Leeuwenhoek s dramatic ... to the central importance of the cell biology cell . In 1838 and 1839, Matthias Jakob Schleiden ... as cell theory . ref Sapp, Genesis , chapter 7 Coleman, Biology in the Nineteenth Century ... genetics . From the 1950s to present times, biology has been vastly extended in the molecular ... more details
Low hydrogen annealing is a heat treatment in metallurgy for the reduction or elimination of hydrogen in a material to prevent hydrogen embrittlement . Process description The material is kept in an hydrogen annealing oven over several hours at temperatures between 200 C and 300 C. The enclosed hydrogen atom s, known for hydrogen embrittlement ref http www.springerlink.com content l3662407g3h476v7 Effect of temperature on the susceptibility of VT6ch alloy to hydrogen embrittlement ref are removed by effusion . The method is predominantly used immediately after welding or galvanizing of the parts. See also Annealing metallurgy Tempering References reflist Category Hydrogen technologies Category Metal heat treatments de Wasserstoffarmgl hen nl Waterstofarm gloeien ... more details
Adaptive simulated annealing ASA is a variant of simulated annealing SA algorithm in which the algorithm parameters that control temperature schedule and random step selection are automatically adjusted according to algorithm progress. This makes the algorithm more efficient and less sensitive to user defined parameters than canonical SA. These are in the standard variant often selected on the basis of experience and experimentation since optimal values are problem dependent , which represents a significant deficiency in practice. The algorithm works by representing the parameters of the function to be optimized as continuous numbers, and as dimensions of a hypercube N dimensional space . Some SA algorithms apply Gaussian moves to the state, while others have distributions permitting faster temperature schedules. Imagine the state as a point in a box and the moves as a rugby ball shaped cloud around it. The temperature and the step size are adjusted so that all of the search space is sampled to a coarse resolution in the early stages, whilst the state is directed to favorable areas in the late stages. See also Simulated annealing Combinatorial optimization Optimization mathematics Optimization References L. Ingber, http www.ingber.com ASA ASA CODE, ASA REPRINTS, ASA INFO Global optimization C code, Caltech Alumni Association, Pasadena, CA, 1993. L. Ingber, http www.ingber.com asa89 vfsr.ps.gz Very fast simulated re annealing , Mathl. Comput. Modelling,Vol. 12 No. 8 ,pp. 967 973 , 1989. L. Ingber, http www.ingber.com asa93 sapvt.ps.gz Simulated annealing Practice versus theory , Mathl. Comput. Modelling, Vol. 18 No. 11, pp.29 57, 1993. L. Ingber, http www.ingber.com asa96 lessons.ps.gz Adaptive simulated annealing ASA Lessons learned , Control and Cybernetics,Vol. 25 No. 1,pp ... Explains some ideas behind ASA. http www.ingber.com ASA README.html Adaptive Simulated Annealing ... simulated annealing or in http www.sinopt.com learning1 desnotes globopt.htm. mathapplied stub Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Membrane biology is the study of the Biology biological and Biochemistry physiochemical characteristics of Biological membrane membranes . DEFAULTSORT Membrane Biology Category Membrane biologyBiology stub ... more details
Animal biology may refer to Animal Biology journal Animal Biology journal , a scientific journal Zoology , the branch of biology that studies animals disambiguation ... more details
and electrical performance. Oxidation and annealing are common steps in the manufacture of such devices ... of UHP steam in annealing and passivation Some deposition methods are faster than others, which saves process time but can lead to less dense film. To improve the density and heal the film, annealing can be applied. Annealing and passivation are techniques used to repair crystallographic defect ... in microelectronics and photovoltaic cells. High temperature annealing can increase carrier lifetimes by injecting H into the Si SiO2 interface. Passivation, or thermal annealing, of the interface ... vacancies and dislocations at grain boundaries. Annealing typically involves heating the wafer and saturating ... Hydrogen Radical Annealing HRA , which uses hydrogen gas and microwave energy. Forming Gas Annealing FGA uses H2 at 400 500 C. A new approach is the use of High Temperature Steam Annealing HSA , which ... of high temperature steam annealing for SiO2 Passivation . Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells ... annealing. Best cell performance requires a forming gas anneal after firing. Industrial uses ... and nanotechnology . Water vapor plays an important role in deposition processes, as well as in annealing ... DEFAULTSORT Ultra High Purity Steam For Oxidation And Annealing Category Semiconductor device fabrication ... more details
saved book title Biology subtitle An introduction cover image SEM blood cells.jpg cover color Biology An introduction Main article Biology Research Molecular biology Cell biology Genetics Developmental biology Physiology Anatomy Evolution Modern evolutionary synthesis Natural selection Taxonomy Ecology Ethology Behavior Biogeography Biochemistry DEFAULTSORT Biology Category Wikipedia books on biologyBiology ... more details
Wiktionary biologyBiology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms. Biology may also refer to Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life , a college level textbook compiled by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart Biology , a textbook by Neil Campbell scientist Neil Campbell , first published in 1987 Biology band , an American rock indie band Biology song Biology song , a song by Girls Aloud See also Biosciences disambiguation disambiguation ... more details
Biology of Reproduction is a peer reviewed academic journal , and the official journal of the Society for the Study of Reproduction . It is published with the assistance of HighWire Press . External links official http www.biolreprod.org ISSN 0006 3363 eISSN 1529 7268 Category Developmental biology journals biology journal stub ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 A test is a term used to refer to the shell of sea urchin s, and also the shell of certain microorganisms, such as testate foraminifera and testate amoebae . See also Frustule Lorica biology DEFAULTSORT Test Biology Category Biology biology stub es Testa protista fr Test zoologie ... more details
Reproductive biology is a study mainly involving the reproductive system and sex organ s. It is closely related to reproductive endocrinology and infertility . biology stub Category Reproduction ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal cover discipline Biology abbreviation BMC Biol. website http www.biomedcentral.com bmcbiol publisher BioMed Central country United Kingdom UK ISSN 1471 7007 impact 5.64 BMC Biology is an online Open access publishing open access scientific journal that publishes original, peer review ed research in all fields of biology , together with opinion and comment articles. The journal is part of a series of BMC journals published by the UK based publisher BioMed Central . It is considered the flagship biology journal within the BMC series, and since 2010 has incorporated what was previously the separate Journal of Biology , which had been the premier BioMed Central journal. It published 88 research articles in 2009. BMC Biology is covered by PubMed, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, CAS, EMBASE, Scopus, Zoological Record, CABI, Thomson Reuters ISI and Google Scholar. commonscat Images from BMC Biology Category BioMed Central academic journals Biologybiology journal stub ... more details
Infobox journal title Biology Letters cover Image Biology Letters cover.gif editor Brian Charlesworth discipline Biology abbreviation Biol. Lett. publisher Royal Society Publishing country United Kingdom frequency Bimonthly history 2005 present license impact 3.651 impact year 2010 website http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 1744 9561 eISSN 1744 957X Biology Letters is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal . It was split off as a separate journal from the Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences in 2005 after having been published as a supplement. Originally it was published quarterly, but from 2007 it has been published bimonthly. The journal publishes short articles from across biology . The editor in chief is Brian Charlesworth . As of 2010, Biology Letters has an impact factor of 3.651 and is ranked 14th in Biology. Contents and themes All content is assigned to one of the following categories Animal behaviour , Biomechanics , Community ecology , Conservation, Evolutionary biology , Evolutionary developmental biology , Genomics Genome biology , Global Change Biology, Marine biology , Molecular evolution , Neurobiology , Palaeontology , Pathogen Biology, Physiology , Phylogeny , Population ecology , or Population genetics . The journal publishes research articles, opinion pieces, scientific meeting reports, comments, and invited reply articles. External links Official http rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Category Biology journals Category Publications established in 2005 Category Bimonthly journals Category English language journals Category Royal Society biology journal stub ru Biology Letters sl Biology Letters ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A sequence in biology is the one dimensional ordering of monomer s, covalent bond covalently linked within a biopolymer it is also referred to as the primary structure of the biological macromolecule . See also Protein sequence DNA sequence Self incompatibility in plants List of geneticists Human Genome Project Dot plot bioinformatics Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification Sequence analysis DEFAULTSORT Sequence Biology Category Molecular biologyBiology stub fa fr S quence biologique ... more details
Biology of gender can have different meanings, depending on the meaning of gender. In medicine and biology it usually refers to the biology of sexual dimorphism sex differences in humans . sex determination and differentiation human . Biological causes of psychological differences. See Sex and psychology . Gender is sometimes understood as the social construct gender role and types of behavior associated with that, rather than sex which refers to biology. Disambiguation ... more details
unreferenced stub date February 2011 Infobox journal title Current Biology cover Image CurrentBiologyCoverVol17Iss24.jpg editor Geoffrey North discipline Biology peer reviewed abbreviation Curr. Biol. publisher Cell Press country United States frequency 26 year history 1991 present openaccess After 12 months license impact 10.777 impact year 2008 website http www.current biology.com link1 http www.cell.com current biology archive link1 name Online access link2 link2 name RSS http www.cell.com rssFeed current biology rss.NewArticles.xml atom JSTOR OCLC 45113007 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0960 9822 eISSN boxwidth Current Biology is a scientific journal that covers all areas of biology , especially molecular biology , cell biology , genetics , neurobiology , ecology and evolutionary biology . The journal is published twice a month and includes peer review peer reviewed research articles, various types of review articles, as well as an editorial magazine section. Current Biology was founded in 1991 by the Current Science group, acquired by Elsevier in 1998 and has since 2001 been part of Cell Press , a subdivision of Elsevier. See also List of entomology journals Reed Elsevier Category Biology journals Category English language journals Category Cell Press academic journals Category Publications established in 1991 biology journal stub de Current Biology fr Current Biology ru Current Biology ja ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Algebraic biology applies the algebraic methods of symbolic computation to the study of biological problems, especially in genomics , proteomics , analysis of molecular structure s and study of gene s. References Michael P Barnett , Symbolic calculation in the life sciences trends and prospects, Algebraic Biology 2005 &ndash Computer Algebra in Biology , edited by H. Anai, K. Horimoto, Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, 2006. on line http www.princeton.edu allengrp ms annobib mb.pdf .pdf format University of Oxford Research interests Centre of mathematical biology. Oxford. updated 12 01 10 cited 15 12 11 available from http www.maths.ox.ac.uk groups mathematical biology research Further reading cite journal date 2005 11 10 title Symbolic Calculation in the Life Sciences &mdash Some Trends and Prospects author Michael P. Barnett journal Algebraic Biology format PDF url http www.princeton.edu allengrp ms annobib mb.pdf publisher Universal Academy Press, Inc. External links http www.risc.uni linz.ac.at about conferences ab2007 Algebraic Biology 2007 Conference on algebraic biology Category Mathematical and theoretical biology Category Algebra Biology stub ar ... more details
Infobox journal title PLoS Biology cover File PLoS Biology cover April 2009.svg 200px editor Jonathan Eisen discipline Biology abbreviation PLoS Biol. website http www.plosbiology.org publisher Public Library of Science country impact 12.916 impact year 2009 ISSN 1544 9173 eISSN 1545 7885 history 2003 present openaccess Yes license Creative Commons licenses Creative Commons Attribution License PLoS Biology is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biology . Publication began on October 13, 2003. It was the first journal of the Public Library of Science . All content in PLoS Biology is published under the Creative Commons by attribution license. To fund the journal, the publication s business model requires that, in most cases, authors will pay publication costs. In addition to research articles, PLoS Biology publishes online e letters in which readers provide comments on articles. According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2009 impact factor of 12.916, ranking it first in the category Biology . ref name WoS cite web url http isiwebofknowledge.com title Web of Science year 2010 accessdate 2011 03 24 ref Mike Taylor of Discover Magazine said in 2012 that while PLoS Biology has a high impact factor, PLoS has de emphasized this traditional, problematic measure, so you won t find this fact blazoned across their website. ref name Taylorsquelching ... Due to their free licensing, files from PLoS Biology can be reused in places other than the original ... a moa . gallery References Reflist External links Portal Biology Official website http www.plosbiology.org Commons category Images from PLoS Biology PLoS Biology PLoS DEFAULTSORT Plos Biology Category Biology journals Category Creative Commons licensed journals Category Publications established in 2003 Biology journal stub es PLoS Biology fr PLoS Biology pl PLoS Biology pt PLoS Biology ru PLoS Biology sl PLoS Biology ... more details
for the journal Matrix Biology journal Merge to Matrix biology date May 2010 Matrix biology is the study of the structure and function of the extracellular matrix ECM and its interactions with proximal Cell biology cells . Matrix biologists usually do both basic research into structure and cellular interactions of the ECM and applied research into how these parameters are altered in disease or other pathological states. Matrix biologists can thus specialise in a particular class of molecule collagen proteoglycans elastin integrins fibrillins matrix metalloproteinases Specialities can also be by the particular ECM under study cartilage skin bone tumours Many matrix biologists also work closely with medical specialists and specialise in a particular disease or pathology rheumatology studying the change in ECM in cartilage and synovium in joints from rheumatoid or osteoarthritis patients orthopedics studying pathological and traumatically injured cartilage and tendon oncology studying how tumours and other cancers grow new ECM, metastasise and invade ECM of other tissues orthodontics studying how bone remodels around teeth dermatology studying ECM involved in wound healing and disease states such as scleroderma There are many matrix biology societies who hold meetings regularly all over the world. These meetings generate a forum for matrix biologists to discuss common interests and form collaborations ISMB International Society for Matrix Biology ref http www.ismb.org ref ASMB American Society for Matrix Biology ref http www.asmb.net ASMB American Society for Matrix Biology Home Page Bot generated title ref MBSANZ Matrix Biology Society of Australia and New Zealand ref http www.matrix.org.au Matrix Biology Bot generated title ref BSMB British Society for Matrix Biology ref http www.bsmb.ac.uk Home Bot generated title ref External links references DEFAULTSORT Matrix Biology Category Cell biologybiology stub ja ... more details
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