Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 459980346 IUPAC name 2,2 sulfanediylbis 4,6 dichlorophenol image Bithionol.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 97 18 7 ATC prefix D10 ATC suffix AB01 ATC supplemental ATC P02 BX01 ATCvet P52 AG07 PubChem 2406 IUPHAR ligand 2338 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB04813 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII AMT77LS62O ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 290106 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 2313 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 3131 SMILES Clc2cc Cl cc Sc1cc Cl cc Cl c1O c2O InChI 1 C12H6Cl4O2S c13 5 1 7 15 11 17 9 3 5 19 10 4 6 14 2 8 16 12 10 18 h1 4,17 18H InChIKey JFIOVJDNOJYLKP UHFFFAOYAO StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C12H6Cl4O2S c13 5 1 7 15 11 17 9 3 5 19 10 4 6 14 2 8 16 12 10 18 h1 4,17 18H StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey JFIOVJDNOJYLKP UHFFFAOYSA N Chemical data C 12 H 6 Cl 4 O 2 S 1 molecular weight 356.05 g mol synonyms 2,4 dichloro 6 3,5 dichloro 2 hydroxyphenyl sulfanylphenol Bithionol is an anthelmintic used to treat Fasciola hepatica liver flukes . References reflist Anthelmintics Category Antiparasitic agents Category Organochlorides Category Phenols Category Thioethers antiinfective drug stub dermatologic drug stub ... more details
Chembox verifiedrevid 443554801 Reference ref http www.chemicalbook.com ChemicalProductProperty EN CB1430411.htm Cythioate Product Description at ChemicalBook ref ref cite web url http webbook.nist.gov cgi cbook.cgi?ID 115 93 5&Units SI title NIST accessdate 2009 09 11 ref ImageFile Cythioate.svg ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageSize 244 ImageName Skeletal formula of cythioate with some implicit hydrogens IUPACName O,O dimethyl O 4 sulfamoylphenyl phosphorothioate OtherNames O 4 aminosulfonyl phenyl O,O dimethyl phosphorothioate Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 115 93 5 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? PubChem 8293 PubChem Ref Pubchemcite correct PubChem ChemSpiderID 7992 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider EINECS 204 115 9 KEGG D07768 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg MeSHName Cythioate Beilstein 2148114 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 3OOH7Q4333 SMILES COP S OC OC1 CC C C C1 S N O O StdInChI 1S C8H12NO5PS2 c1 12 15 16,13 2 14 7 3 5 8 6 4 7 17 9,10 11 h3 6H,1 2H3, H2,9,10,11 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey BSBSDQUZDZXGFN UHFFFAOYSA N StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider InChI 1 C8H12NO5PS2 c1 12 15 16,13 2 14 7 3 5 8 6 4 7 17 9,10 11 h3 6H,1 2H3, H2,9,10,11 Section2 Chembox Properties C 8 H 12 N 1 O 5 P 1 S 2 MeltingPtC 71 Cythioate is an organothiophosphate chemical used as an insecticide and anthelmintic . It has been sold under the trade names Cyflee and Proban , under which form it has been used for veterinary purposes against flea s. ref http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 120151010 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 Journal of Veterinary Dermatology Efficacy of Cythioate Against Fleas On Dogs And Cats ref References Reflist Organic compound stub Category Insecticides fa ... more details
Drugbox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 444437587 IUPAC name 1 4 Isothiocyanatophenoxy 4 nitrobenzene image Nitroscanate.png alt Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international nitroscanate pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA OTC, Rx only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD Benz POM, CD Anab POM or CD Inv POM legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 19881 18 6 ATCvet yes ATC prefix P52 ATC suffix AX01 PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII P4IE5B6D6U KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D05193 Chemical data C 13 H 8 N 2 O 3 S 1 molecular weight 272.28 Nitroscanate is an anthelmintic drug used in veterinary medicine to treat Toxocara canis , Toxascaris leonina , Ancylostoma caninum , Uncinaria stenocephalia , Taenia tapeworm Taenia , and Dipylidium caninum roundworms , hookworms and tapeworms . Anthelmintics Category Anthelmintics Category Isothiocyanates Category Nitrobenzenes More information available externally Google Search http www.google.ca search?rlz 1C1AVSW enCA377CA377&aq f&sourceid chrome&ie UTF 8&q nitroscanate Info http www.ah.novartis.com products en lopatol dog.shtml Efficacy http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 2053726 Chemical Properties http www.chemicalregister.com Nitroscanate Suppliers pid34905.htm Antiinfective drug stub ... more details
Drugbox IUPAC name Methyl N 6 benzenesulfinyl 1 H 1,3 benzodiazol 2 yl carbamate image Oxfendazole.svg alt Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international oxfendazole pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA OTC, Rx only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD Benz POM, CD Anab POM or CD Inv POM legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number 53716 50 0 ATCvet ATC prefix none if uncategorised ATC suffix PubChem DrugBank UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII OMP2H17F9E ChEMBL 42442 Chemical data chemical formula C sub 15 sub H sub 13 sub N sub 3 sub O sub 3 sub S molecular weight 315.3 g mol Oxfendazole is the sulfoxide form of fenbendazole , a broad spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic . Its main use is for protecting livestock against roundworm , Strongyle worm strongyles and pinworm s. ref http www.chemicalland21.com lifescience phar OXFENDAZOLE.htm ref References reflist Category Anthelmintics Category Thioethers Category Benzimidazoles Category Carbamates ... more details
Chembox ImageFile Dithiazanine iodide model.png IUPACName Benzothiazolium, 3 ethyl 2 5 3 ethyl 2 benzothiazolinylidene 1,3 pentadienyl , iodide SystematicName 3 ethyl 2 1E,3E,5Z 5 3 ethyl 1,3 benzothiazol 2 3H ylidene penta 1,3 dien 1 yl 1,3 benzothiazol 3 ium iodide Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 514 73 8 CASNo Ref ref name cameo cite web url http cameochemicals.noaa.gov chemical 4976 title Chemical data author Cameo Chemicals publisher NOAA accessdate September 19, 2011 ref PubChem ChEMBL 421701 SMILES I .S 1c4ccccc4N C 1 C C C C C c3sc2ccccc2 n 3CC CC SMILES Ref ref name chemspider cite web publisher Chemspider accessdate September 19, 2011 url http www.chemspider.com Chemical Structure.4642986.html title Chemspider data ref StdInChI InChI 1S C23H23N2S2.HI c1 3 24 18 12 8 10 14 20 18 26 22 24 16 6 5 7 17 23 25 4 2 19 13 9 11 15 21 19 27 23 h5 17H,3 4H2,1 2H3 1H q 1 p 1 StdInChI Ref ref name chemspider StdInChIKey MNQDKWZEUULFPX UHFFFAOYSA M StdInChIKey Ref ref name chemspider ChemSpiderID 4642986 Section2 Chembox Properties C 23 H 23 N 2 S 2 I 1 MolarMass Appearance Green crystals Density MeltingPt Decomposes at convert 478.4 F C Solubility Dithiazanine iodide is a chemical compound . ref name cameo It is used as an veterinary anthelmintic for dog s. ref name uslaw cite web url http law.justia.com cfr title21 21 6.0.1.1.9.0.1.90.html title Law about use publisher Justia accessdate September 19, 2011 ref References reflist Category Quaternary ammonium compounds Category Benzothiazoles Category Iodides Category Anthelmintics ... more details
Taxobox image Dryopteris filix mas.jpg status G5 status system TNC regnum Plantae divisio Pteridophyta classis Pteridopsida ordo Polypodiales familia Dryopteridaceae genus Dryopteris species D. filix mas binomial Dryopteris filix mas binomial authority Carolus Linnaeus L. Heinrich Wilhelm Schott Schott Dryopteris filix mas Common Male Fern or Male Fern is one of the most common ferns of the temperate Northern Hemisphere , occurring throughout much of Europe , Asia , and North America . It favours damp shaded areas and is common in the understory of woodlands, but is also found in shady places on hedge banks, rocks, and screes. It is much less abundant in North America than in Europe. Image Koeh 202.jpg thumb left 19th century illustration The half evergreen leaves have an upright habit and reach a maximum length of 1.5 m, with a single crown on each rootstock. The bipinnate leaves consist of 20 35 pinnae on each side of the rachis . The leaves taper at both ends, with the basal pinnae about half the length of the middle pinnae. The pinules are rather blunt and equally lobed all around. The stalks are covered with orange brown scales. On the abaxial surface of the mature blade 5 to 6 sori develop in two rows. When the spore s ripen in August to November, the indusium starts to shrivel, leading to the release of the spores. This species Hybrid biology hybridises easily with Dryopteris affinis Scaly Male Fern and Dryopteris oreades Mountain Male Fern . Cultivation and uses The root was used, until recent times, as an anthelmintic to expel tapeworm s, but has been replaced by less toxic and more effective drugs. The anthelmintic activity has been claimed to be due to flavaspidic acid, a phloroglucinol derivative. The plant is sometimes referred to in ancient literature as Worm Fern . It is also grown as an ornamental fern in gardens. commons category Dryopteris filix mas References and external links BiolConserv137 248. http rbg web2.rbge.org.uk cgi bin nph readbtree.pl ... more details
StdInChIKey ZMQMTKVVAMWKNY YSXLEBCMSA N Emodepside is an anthelmintic drug that is effective against ... The effect of the anthelmintic emodepside at the neuromuscular junction of the parasitic nematode ... S0031182002002639 ref a relatively new class of anthelmintic research into these compounds began ... Horder Mechanisms of action of emodespide A Horder et al. ref a flowering shrub . br clear left Anthelmintic ..., inhibiting muscle in the parasitic nematode Ascaris sum ref Ionophore and anthelmintic activity of PF ... A possible mechanism for the action of the novel anthelmintic emodepside, using Ascaris suum body ... is owned by the Bayer Health Care group and is sold in combination with another anthelmintic praziquantel ... more details
, a safe and effective anthelmintic. His research showed that this compound could effectively ... in the introduction of thiabendazole a member of the benzimidazole family as an anthelmintic for sheep ... laboratory and field trials that demonstrated this compound exhibited a very high degree of anthelmintic ... A Highly Effective Anthelmintic for Sheep. Nature Lond. 191 1409. Donald, A. D. 1989 . Hugh McLeod ... more details
The avermectins are a series 16 membered macrocyclic lactone derivatives with potent anthelmintic and insecticidal properties. ref cite journal authors Omura, S. Shiomi, K. title Discovery, Chemistry, and Chemical Biology of Microbial Products journal Pure and Applied Chemistry year 2007 volume 79 issue 4 pages 581 591 ref ref name Pitterna cite journal authors Pitterna, T. Cassayre, J. Huter, O. et al. title New Ventures in the Chemistry of Avermectins journal Bioorg. & Med. Chem. year 2009 volume 17 pages 4085 4095 ref These naturally occurring compounds are generated as fermentation products by Streptomyces avermitilis , a soil actinomycete . Eight different avermectins were isolated in 4 pairs of homologue compounds, with a major a component and minor b component component usually in ratios of 80 20 to 90 10. ref name Pitterna Other anthelmintics derived from the avermectins include ivermectin , selamectin , doramectin and abamectin . Image Avermectins.png thumb Right 300px Avermectins History In 1978, an actinomycete was isolated at Kitasato Shibasaburo The Kitasato Institute from a soil sample collected at Kawana, It , Shizuoka Ito City , Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. Later that year, the isolated actinomycete was sent to Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories for testing. Various, carefully controlled broths were fermented using the isolated actinomycete. Early tests indicated that some of the whole, fermented broths were active against Nematospiroides dubius in mice over at least an eightfold range without notable toxicity. Subsequently, the anthelmintic activity was isolated and identified as a family of closely related compounds. The family of compounds were finally characterized and the novel species that produced them were described by a team at Merck in 1978. ref cite journal title Avermectins, New Family of Potent Anthelmintic Agents Producing Organism and Fermentation authors Burg, R.W. Miller, B.M. Baker, E.E. Birnbaum, J. Currie, S.A. Hartman, R. Kong ... more details
antiparasitic used as an anthelmintic , insecticide and miticide Mirtazapine &ndash antiemetic ... &ndash Anthelmintic used to treat Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina, Ancylostoma caninum ... and prevention of gastric ulcers in horses Oxibendazole &ndash anthelmintic P Panacur &ndash dewormer ... more details
employed in South American folk medicine as the anthelmintic called oj , but as it is toxic it must ... of Ficus insipida latex as a traditional anthelmintic remedy in the Amazon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology ... more details
. A study was conducted on free range Florida panthers on the effectiveness of anthelmintic treatment ... anthelmintic treatment protocol. Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 2006 Apr 42 2 402 6 ref References ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 412749783 IUPAC name N,N diethyl 4 methylpiperazine 1 carboxamide image Diethylcarbamazine.svg Clinical data Drugs.com drugs.com CONS diethylcarbamazine pregnancy category legal status Legal routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability protein bound metabolism elimination half life . Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CAS number 90 89 1 ATC prefix P02 ATC suffix CB02 ATC supplemental ATCvet P52 AH02 PubChem 3052 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB00711 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 2944 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII V867Q8X3ZD KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D07825 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 684 Chemical data C 10 H 21 N 3 O 1 molecular weight 199.293 g mol smiles O C N1CCN C CC1 N CC CC InChI 1 C10H21N3O c1 4 12 5 2 10 14 13 8 6 11 3 7 9 13 h4 9H2,1 3H3 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C10H21N3O c1 4 12 5 2 10 14 13 8 6 11 3 7 9 13 h4 9H2,1 3H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey RCKMWOKWVGPNJF UHFFFAOYSA N Diethylcarbamazine DEC is an anthelmintic medication drug that does not resemble other antiparasitic compounds. It is a synthetic organic compound which is highly specific for several parasite s and does not contain any toxic metallic elements. Uses DEC is indicated for treatment of individual patients with certain Filariasis filaria l disease s. These diseases include lymphatic filariasis caused by infection with Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , or Brugia timori tropical pulmonary eosinophilia , and loiasis . In cases of onchocerciasis , another common filarial parasite, the drug is not used. This is because of the intense and unbearable itching associated with the dead subcutaneous parasites. DEC continues to be the mainstay for treatment of patients with lymphatic filariasis and loiasis. DEC is also used in the prevention of dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis . Mechanism DEC is an inhibitor ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Cutaneous larva migrans Image Larva Migrans Cutanea.jpg Caption Typical creeping eruption associated with cutaneous larva migrans DiseasesDB 3263 ICD10 ICD10 B 76 9 b 65 ICD9 ICD9 126.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj derm eMedicineTopic 91 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 ped 1278 MeshID D007815 Cutaneous larva migrans abbreviated CLM is a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasite s of the hookworm family biology family Ancylostomatidae . The most common species causing this disease in the Americas is Ancylostoma braziliense . Colloquially called creeping eruption due to the way it looks, the disease is also somewhat ambiguously known as ground itch or in some parts of the Southern USA sandworm s , as the larvae like to live in sandy soil. Another vernacular name is plumber s itch . The medical term CLM literally means wandering larvae in the skin . Cause These parasites are found in dog and cat feces and although they are able to infect the deeper tissues of these animals through to the lungs and then the intestinal tract , in humans they are only able to penetrate the outer layers of the skin and thus create the typical wormlike burrows visible underneath the skin. The parasites apparently lack the collagenase enzyme s required to penetrate through the basement membrane deeper into the skin. Presentation The infection causes a red, intense itching eruption. The itching can become very painful and if scratched may allow a secondary bacterial infection to develop. The itching will stop after the parasites are dead. Treatment Unreferenced section date May 2010 CLM can be treated in a number of different ways Systemic oral agents include albendazole trade name Albenza and ivermectin trade name Stromectol . Another agent which can be applied either topically or taken by mouth is thiabendazole trade name Mintezol , an Anthelmintic anti helminthic . When taken orally, this medication is known to cause nausea. A topical p ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 462260260 IUPAC name 5 chloro N 2 chloro 4 nitrophenyl 2 hydroxybenzamide image Niclosamide.svg Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com CONS niclosamide pregnancy category legal status routes of administration Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism elimination half life excretion Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 50 65 7 ATC prefix P02 ATC suffix DA01 ATC supplemental ATCvet P52 AG03 PubChem 4477 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB06803 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 4322 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 8KK8CQ2K8G KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D00436 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 1448 Chemical data C 13 H 8 Cl 2 N 2 O 4 molecular weight 327.119 g mol smiles Clc2cc ccc2NC O c1cc Cl ccc1O N O O InChI 1 C13H8Cl2N2O4 c14 7 1 4 12 18 9 5 7 13 19 16 11 3 2 8 17 20 21 6 10 11 15 h1 6,18H, H,16,19 InChIKey RJMUSRYZPJIFPJ UHFFFAOYAI StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C13H8Cl2N2O4 c14 7 1 4 12 18 9 5 7 13 19 16 11 3 2 8 17 20 21 6 10 11 15 h1 6,18H, H,16,19 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey RJMUSRYZPJIFPJ UHFFFAOYSA N Niclosamide trade name Niclocide is a teniacide tenia referring to tapeworm in the anthelmintic family especially effective against cestodes that infect humans. It is also used as a piscicide .It is stressed that while antihelmintics are a drug family used to treat worm infections, Niclosamide is used specifically to treat tapeworms and is not effective against worm s such as pinworms or roundworms . It is a chewable tablet taken orally, dosage depending on type of worm and patient s age and or weight. Niclosamide molecules are lethal to tapeworms upon contact. Side effects The medication can have side effects such as abdominal pain, anorexia, diarrhea, and emesis . Rarely, dizziness, skin rash, drowsiness, perianal itching, and an unpleasant taste. Potential efficacy ... more details
Drugbox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 443623479 IUPAC name methyl N 6 phenylsulfanyl 1 H benzoimidazol br 2 yl carbamate image Fenbendazole.svg Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com international fenbendazole pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL P POM CD Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V Identifiers CAS number 43210 67 9 ATC prefix P02 ATC suffix CA06 ATC supplemental ATCvet P52 AC13 PubChem 3334 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 3217 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 621BVT9M36 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D04140 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 37161 Chemical data C 15 H 13 N 3 O 2 S 1 molecular weight 299.349 g mol smiles O C OC Nc3nc2ccc Sc1ccccc1 cc2n3 InChI 1 C15H13N3O2S c1 20 15 19 18 14 16 12 8 7 11 9 13 12 17 14 21 10 5 3 2 4 6 10 h2 9H,1H3, H2,16,17,18,19 InChIKey HDDSHPAODJUKPD UHFFFAOYAG StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C15H13N3O2S c1 20 15 19 18 14 16 12 8 7 11 9 13 12 17 14 21 10 5 3 2 4 6 10 h2 9H,1H3, H2,16,17,18,19 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey HDDSHPAODJUKPD UHFFFAOYSA N Fenbendazole Hoechst AG Hoechst brand names Panacur and Safe Guard , Intervet Panacur and Panacur Rabbit is a broad spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic used against gastrointestinal parasites including roundworm s, hookworm s, whipworm s, the taenia species of tapeworm s, pinworm s, aelurostrongylus , paragonimiasis , Strongyle worm strongyle s and strongyloide s and can be administered to sheep , cattle , horse s, fish , dog s, cat s, rabbits and Pinniped seal s. Drug interactions may occur if using bromsalan flukicides such as dibromsalan and tribromsalan . Abortions in cattle and death in sheep have been reported after using these medications together. ref ... more details
chembox UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII 4QIH0N49E7 verifiedrevid 444739188 ImageFile Pyrantel.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 1 Methyl 2 E 2 2 thienyl vinyl 5,6 dihydro 4 H pyrimidine OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo 15686 83 6 PubChem 708857 ATCCode prefix P02 ATCCode suffix CC01 ATC Supplemental ATCvet P52 AF02 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D08451 SMILES CN1CCCN C1C CC2 CC CS2 MeSHName Pyrantel Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 11 sub H sub 14 sub N sub 2 sub S MolarMass 206.31 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Pyrantel is an antinematodal thiophene . It is often prescribed by veterinarians to treat and prevent the occurrence of intestinal parasites in small animal pets. Mechanism of Action Pyrantel is a nicotinic receptor agonist. ref Aceves, J., Erlij, D., and Martinez Maranon, R. 1970 . http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db PubMed&list uids 5445688&dopt Abstract The mechanism of the paralysing action of tetramisole on Ascaris somatic muscle. Br. J. Pharmacol. 38, 602 607. ref ref Aubry, M.L., Cowell, P., Davey, M.J., and Shevde, S. 1970 . http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db PubMed&list uids 5417856&dopt Abstract Aspects of the pharmacology of a new anthelmintic pyrantel. Br. J. Pharmacol. 38, 332 344. ref Like levamisole and the related pyrimidine morantel , it can elicit muscle spasm spastic paralysis muscle paralysis in parasitic worms due to prolonged activation of the excitatory Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor nicotinic acetylcholine nACh receptors on body wall muscle . This has been studied in body wall muscle preparation of the parasitic nematode Ascaris . ref Martin, R.J., Verma, S., Levandoski, M., Clark, C.L., Qian, H., Stewart, M., and Robertson, A.P. 2005 . http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 16569294?dopt Abstract Drug resistance and neurotransmitter receptors of nematodes ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Combretaceae image Anogeissus leiocarpa MS 4185.JPG image caption Anogeissus leiocarpa flowers in Burkina Faso . regnum Plant ae divisio Flowering plant Magnoliophyta classis Magnoliopsida ordo Myrtales familia Combretaceae genus Anogeissus species A. leiocarpa binomial Anogeissus leiocarpa binomial authority DC. Guill. & Perr. synonyms Anogeissus leiocarpa lang bm n gallama is a tall evergreen tree native to savanna s of Tropical Africa. ref name Steentoft1988 cite book last Steentoft first Margaret title Flowering Plants in West Africa year 1988 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0521261929 ref It is the sole West Africa n species of the genus Anogeissus , a genus otherwise distributed from tropical Central Africa central and east Africa through tropical Southeast Asia . ref name Steentoft1988 A. leiocarpa germinates in the new soils produced by seasonal wetlands and grows at the edges of the rainforest, although not in the rainforest, in the savanna, and along riverbanks forming gallery forest s. The tree flowers in the rainy season, from June to October. The seeds, winged Samara fruit samara s, are dispersal dispersed by ant s. Ethnobotany It is one of the plants used to make b g lanfini , a traditional Mali an mudcloth. Small branches with leaves are crushed to make one of the yellow dye s. ref name Arbonnier2004 cite book last Arbonnier first Michel title Trees, Shrubs and Lianas of West African Dry Zones year 2004 publisher Quae isbn 2876145790 ref The inner bark of the tree is used as a human and livestock anthelmintic for treating worms, and for treatment of a couple of protozoan diseases in animals, nagana an animal trypanosomiasis , and Babesiosis . ref cite book last Bizimana first Nsekuye title Traditional Veterinary Practice in Africa year 1994 publisher German Technical Cooperation isbn 3880855021 ref The inner bark used as a chewing stick in Nigeria and extracts of the bark show antibacterial properties. ref cite jour ... more details
Drugbox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 459957208 IUPAC name N benzyl N , N dimethyl 2 phenoxyethanaminium 3 hydroxynaphthalene 2 carboxylate image Bephenium.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category Undefined legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Oral Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability 1 protein bound metabolism elimination half life excretion Renal negligible Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite changed ?? CAS number 3818 50 6 CAS supplemental br CAS 7181 73 9 free base ATC prefix P02 ATC suffix CX02 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C17H22NO.C11H8O3 c1 18 2,15 16 9 5 3 6 10 16 13 14 19 17 11 7 4 8 12 17 12 10 6 8 4 2 1 3 7 8 5 9 10 11 13 14 h3 12H,13 15H2,1 2H3 1 6,12H, H,13,14 q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey PMPQCPQAHTXCDK UHFFFAOYSA M PubChem 19667 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 18524 UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII 47RU9546DX ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 1673148 Chemical data C 28 H 29 N 1 O 4 molecular weight 443.5 g mol smiles O c1ccccc1 CC N Cc2ccccc2 C C InChI 1 C17H22NO c1 18 2,15 16 9 5 3 6 10 16 13 14 19 17 11 7 4 8 12 17 h3 12H,13 15H2,1 2H3 q 1 InChIKey AVWWVJUMXRXPNF UHFFFAOYAA Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate International Nonproprietary Name INN , trade names Alcopara , Alcopar , Befenium , Debefenium , Francin , Nemex is an anthelmintic agent formerly used in the treatment of hookworm infections and ascariasis. ref name Martindale cite book author Sweetman S ed. title Martindale The complete drug reference edition 36th location London publisher Pharmaceutical Press year 2009 pages 143 isbn 9780853698401 ref ref cite journal author Jayewardene G, ... more details
refimprove date July 2009 Drugbox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 450771830 IUPAC name image Milbemycinoxime.png Clinical data tradename pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Oral Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability 5 10 protein bound metabolism Liver elimination half life excretion Biliary Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 129496 10 2 CAS supplemental ATC prefix ATC suffix ATC supplemental PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank Chemical data chemical formula C sub 31 sub H sub 43 sub NO sub 7 sub 30 br C sub 32 sub H sub 45 sub NO sub 7 sub 70 C H N O molecular weight 541.68 g mol 30 br 555.702 g mol 70 smiles Milbemycin oxime trade name Interceptor , marketed by Novartis is a veterinary drug from the group of milbemycin s, used as a broad spectrum antiparasitic . It is active against worms anthelmintic , insects insecticide Citation needed date September 2011 and mites miticide . Currently, Novartis has halted production of this product and it is unavailable. There is no indication of when production may resume. fact date April 2012 Mechanism of action Like avermectin s, milbemycins are products of fermentation biochemistry fermentation by Streptomyces species. They have a similar mechanism of action, but a longer half life than the avermectins. Milbemycin oxime is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus aureolacrimosus . It opens glutamate sensitive chloride channel s in neuron s and myocyte s of invertebrate s, leading to Hyperpolarization biology hyperpolarisation of these cells and blocking of signal transfer. Uses Milbemycin oxime is active against a broad spectrum of nematodes , although it is less potent against heartworm s than ivermectin . Its ... more details
Taxobox image Artemisia cina K hler s Medizinal Pflanzen 165.jpg regnum Plantae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Asterales familia Asteraceae genus Artemisia plant Artemisia species A. cina binomial Artemisia cina binomial authority Berg Artemisia cina , commonly known as santonica zahr el shieh el khorasani , Levant wormseed , and wormseed , is an herbaceous perennial of the Asteraceae daisy family . Its dried flowerheads are the source of the Anthelmintic vermifugic drug santonin since ancient times. ref name a modern herbal a02 Cite book last1 Grieve first1 Maud title A Modern Herbal Volume 2, I Z and Indexes date publisher Dover Publications location isbn 978 0 486 22799 3 pages ref Its common names arise from its known ability to expel worms. The powder is grayish green in colour with an aromatic odour and a bitter taste. The plant is characterised by its spherical pollen grains, which are typical in the Compositae family, a fibrous layer on anther s, lignin lignified , elongated, hypodermal sclerid s, and clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. It is native to China , Kazakhstan , and Kyrgyzstan . ref citation contribution url http www.ars grin.gov cgi bin npgs html taxon.pl?4281 contribution Artemisia cina O. Berg title GRIN Taxonomy for Plants ref Biochemistry In addition to santonin, the above ground parts of the plant contain betaine , choline , tannin s, pigment s, and an essential oil . The essential oil is largely composed of 1,8 cineole , but contains a wide variety of other compounds as well. ref citation title Biological Activity of 1,8 Cineole from Levant Wormwood journal Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal issn 1573 9031 volume 37 issue 1 date January, 2003 doi 10.1023 A 1023699012354 pages 28 30 author Zh. K. Asanova1, E. M. Suleimenov, G. A. Atazhanova1, A. D. Dembitskii1, R. N. Pak, A. Dar and S. M. Adekenov ref References Reflist See also Dysphania ambrosioides another plant with the common name Worm ... more details
Urea molasses multinutrient blocks may be used as a source of nitrogen and Food energy energy for animals. Urea is a nitrogen based compound produced in the kidney s. It is formed as a side compound during the process of producing protein . Overview Urea is not a protein but it contains nitrogen which is capable of being used by the microbial population in the rumen to produce protein. Molasses is the main by product of sugarcane refining and is a suitable source of energy. Preparing an adequate source of energy and nitrogen under grazing conditions is necessary for grazing animals. Molasses blocks are palatable for the animals and the molasses has the ability to cover undesirable avors that can be associated with some other chemicals added to the block. This gives the block the ability to contain high levels of unpalatable feedstuffs like urea. Urea is a cheap source of nitrogen, in comparison with other sources, and adding urea to the molasses blocks will reduce the cost of supplementation programs. Medicated blocks In tropical countries, inadequate nutrition and gastro intestinal nematode s are amongst the commonest problems, particularly in sheep and goats . Molasses, urea and other components are used for producing molasses urea feeds blocks, pastes or licks . These preparations are a suitable way of supplying degradable protein and fermentable energy to ruminant animals, and they help increase the protein supply to them. Furthermore, medicated feed supplement blocks have been used in an effort to deliver anthelmintic medication but with varying success. Kioumarsi and others ref Kioumarsi, H., Yahaya, Z.S., Rahman, W.A., 2008. Introduce molasses mineral feed blocks beside the use of medicated blocks on growth, carcass characteristics, blood metabolites, and control of gastro intestinal nematode infection in grazing goats. Presented during the 1st Annual PPSK IPS postgraduate Colloqium. Pinang, Malaysia. pp 51 52. Oral presentation ref ref Kioumarsi, H., Yahya, ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Streptomyces avermitilis image image width 240px image caption regnum Bacteria phylum Actinobacteria classis Actinobacteria ordo Actinomycetales familia Streptomycetaceae genus Streptomyces species S. avermitilis binomial Streptomyces avermitilis binomial authority ex Richard W. Burg Burg ref name Burg Cite PMID 464561 ref et al. 1979 Seung Bum Kim Kim and Michael Goodfellow Goodfellow 2002 ref Cite PMID 12508861 ref subdivision ranks Strains subdivision Streptomyces avermitilis MA 4680 type strain synonyms Streptomyces avermectinius Y ko Takahashi Takahashi et al. 2002 ref cite PMID 12508884 ref Streptomyces avermitilis is a bacterium species in the genus Streptomyces . The first complete genome sequence of S. avermitilis was completed in 2003. ref name Ikeda 2003 cite journal author Ikeda H Ishikawa J Hanamoto A Shinose M Kikuchi H Shiba T Sakaki Y Hattori M Omura S title Complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of the industrial microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis journal Nat. Biotechnol. year 2003 volume 21 issue 5 pages 526&ndash 531 url http www.nature.com cgi taf DynaPage.taf?file nbt journal v21 n5 abs nbt820.html pmid 12692562 doi 10.1038 nbt820 ref This genome forms a chromosome with a linear structure, unlike most bacterial genomes, which exist in the form of circular chromosomes. ref name Dyson2011 cite book author Paul Dyson title Streptomyces Molecular Biology and Biotechnology url http books.google.com books?id 3z9 QwFumi8C accessdate 16 January 2012 date 1 January 2011 publisher Horizon Scientific Press isbn 978 1 904455 77 6 page 5 ref S. avermitilis is responsible for the production avermectin s ref name Burg , of which one of the most widely employed drugs against nematode and arthropod infestations is ivermectin , as well as abamectin , a widely used insecticide and anthelmintic. See also List of Streptomyces species List of sequenced bacterial genomes References Reflist External links wikispecies commons NCB ... more details
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