An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents blood coagulation coagulation clotting of blood. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombosis thrombotic disorders. Some anticoagulants are used in medical equipment, such as test tube s, blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis equipment. As medications Anticoagulants reduce blood clotting. This prevents deep vein thrombosis , pulmonary embolism , myocardial infarction and stroke . Coumadins Vitamin K antagonists this section heading is linked to from Warfarin See Vitamin K antagonist These oral anticoagulants are a class of pharmacology pharmaceuticals that antagonize the effects of vitamin K vitamin K sub 1 sub . Examples include warfarin . It takes at least 48 to 72 hours for the anticoagulant effect to develop. Where an immediate effect is required, heparin must be given concomitantly. These anticoagulants are used to treat patients with deep vein thrombosis DVT , pulmonary embolism PE , atrial fibrillation AF , and mechanical prosthetic heart valve s. Adverse effects Patients aged 80 years or more may be especially susceptible to bleeding complications with a rate of 13 bleeds per 100 person years. ref name pmid17515465 cite journal author Hylek EM, Evans Molina C, Shea C, Henault LE, Regan S title Major hemorrhage and tolerability of warfarin in the first year of therapy ... Another type of anticoagulant is the direct thrombin inhibitor . ref name pmid16148288 cite journal ... rich plasma without affecting platelet s functions lyses fibrinogen . Hementin is an anticoagulant ... proportion of this anticoagulant to blood is crucial because of the dilution. It can be in the form ... to that of citrate. It is the anticoagulant used in fluoride grey top tubes. For the meaning of more ... Groups Category Anticoagulants ar bs Antikoagulans ca Anticoagulant cs Antikoagulans de Antikoagulation es Anticoagulante eu Antikoagulatzaile fr Anticoagulant it Anticoagulante he ... more details
Infobox disease Name Lupus anticoagulant Image Caption DiseasesDB 775 ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 289.81 ICDO OMIM 107320 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D016682 Lupus anticoagulant also known as lupus antibody , LA , or lupus inhibitors is an immunoglobulin ref name JoussenGardner2007 cite book author1 Antonia Joussen author2 T.W. Gardner author3 B. Kirchhof title Retinal Vascular Disease url http books.google.com books?id XBiCIhGenxsC&pg PA430 accessdate 29 June 2010 date 23 October 2007 publisher Springer isbn 9783540295419 pages 430 ref that binds to phospholipid s and protein s associated ... anticoagulant is actually a prothrombotic agent that is, presence of Lupus anticoagulant antibodies .... Terminology Both words in the term lupus anticoagulant can be misleading Most patients with a lupus anticoagulant do not actually have lupus erythematosus , and only a small proportion will proceed ... complications . Patients with lupus erythematosus are more likely to develop a lupus anticoagulant than the general population. The term anticoagulant accurately describes its function in vitro , but in vivo ... pooled plasma and the clotting is re assessed. If a clotting inhibitor such as a lupus anticoagulant ... of an inhibitor such as the lupus anticoagulant is excluded the diagnosis is a deficient clotting ... of a lupus anticoagulant is then confirmed with phospholipid sensitive functional clotting testing ... anticoagulant. Treatment Treatment for a lupus anticoagulant is usually undertaken in the context ... documented i.e., present at least twice lupus anticoagulant and a history of thrombosis should ... of thrombosis and a lupus anticoagulant should probably be observed. Current evidence suggests that the risk ... anticoagulant language French journal C. R. Acad. Sci. III, Sci. Vie volume 313 issue ... anticoagulant. Some of these miscarriages may potentially be prevented with the administration ... is treated with anticoagulant s Low molecular weight heparin LMWHs and warfarin . ref cite journal ... more details
Antithrombotics may refer to Thrombolytic drug Anticoagulant Antiplatelet drug disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
For the rodenticide class of anticoagulant poisons sometimes loosely referred to as coumadins or coumarins, see 4 hydroxycoumarins . For the pharmaceutical with the trade name Coumadin, see warfarin . For the coagulation inactive perfume agent and defense chemical in plants which is the synthetic basis for the above chemicals, see coumarin . This compound name is often confused with the others. dab ... more details
Protamine sulfate is a drug that reverses the anticoagulant effects of heparin by binding to it. Protamine was originally isolated from the sperm of salmon and other species of fish but is now produced primarily through Recombinant DNA recombinant biotechnology. It is a highly cationic peptide. It binds to heparin to form a stable ion pair which does not have anticoagulant activity on its own, protamine has a weak anticoagulant effect. The complex of heparin and protamine is then removed and broken down by the reticuloendothelial system . Dosage Dosage for heparin reversal is 1 mg protamine sulfate i.v. for every 100 IU of active heparin. In patients who are allergic to fish, it can cause significant histamine release resulting in hypotension and bronchoconstriction , and also causes pulmonary hypertension . Infusion should be slow to minimize these side effects. In large doses, protamine itself has some anticoagulant effect. Uses Protamine sulfate is usually administered to reverse the large dose of heparin administered during certain surgeries, especially heart surgery . It is also used in gene transfer and protein purification. It is also used in tissue cultures as a crosslinker for viral transduction. See also Protamine References http www.sigmaaldrich.com etc medialib docs Sigma Product Information Sheet 1 p4020pis.pdf Sigma External links MeshName Protamine Sulfate Antihemorrhagics Antidotes Category Antidotes de Protamin es Sulfato de protamina fa it Solfato di protamina ... more details
File Desmoteplase 1A5I.png 200px thumb right Draculin named after Count Dracula is a glycoprotein found in the saliva of vampire bat s. It is composed of 411 amino acid s. It functions as an anticoagulant , inhibiting Coagulation Coagulation factors coagulation factors factor IX IX IXa and factor Xa X Xa , thus keeping the blood of the bitten victim from clotting while the bat is drinking. External links Fernandez AZ, Tablante A, Bartoli F, Beguin S, Hemker HC, Apitz Castro R. Expression of biological activity of draculin, the anticoagulant factor from vampire bat saliva, is strictly dependent on the appropriate glycosylation of the native molecule. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998 1425 291 9. PMID 9795244. protein stub Category Anticoagulants Category Glycoproteins de Desmoteplase fr Draculine he it Draculina fi Desmoteplaasi ... more details
Hementin is an anticoagulant protease from the salivary gland s of the giant Amazon region Amazon leech Haementeria ghilianii . Hementin dissolves a type of platelet rich blood clot which cannot be dissolved by other well used drugs like streptokinase and urokinase. External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db PubMed&list uids 6361187&dopt Abstract PubMed abstract Category Anticoagulants biochem stub ... more details
An antithrombotic is a drug which reduces thrombus formation. ref DorlandsDict one 000006359 antithrombotic ref ref http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?antithrombotic ref Different antithrombotics affect different processes Antiplatelet drug s limit the migration or aggregation of platelet s. Anticoagulant s limit the ability of the blood to clot. Thrombolytic drug s act to dissolve clots after they have formed. See also Direct Xa inhibitor References reflist Major drug groups Antithrombotics Category Antithrombotic agents blood drug stub pt Antitromb tico ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 QNS is a clinical laboratory abbreviation for Quantity Not Sufficient . This indicates that either 1. There is not enough specimen for the lab tests ordered to be performed. 2. In the case of Vacutainer s or other tubes with pre added anticoagulant, the amount of blood invacuated into the tube at the time of phlebotomy was insufficient to attain the correct blood anticoagulant ratio. This can cause false results in assays such as coagulation assays causing falsely increased clotting times or blood cell differentials causing a false increase in poikilocytosis poikilocytes , particularly burr cells. In either case, the most common and feasible way to correct the problem is to simply recollect the specimen. According to Dr. Luna, QNS stands for fill desired chemical up to predetermined volume with regards to chemical preparation. Quantity not sufficient implies that the final volume of diluent is not sufficient for molecular testing. DEFAULTSORT Qns Category Medical diagnosis Med stub ... more details
in Steendorp, Belgium. The tube contains bromadiolone , a second generation super warfarin anticoagulant. The label in Dutch states, in part Contains an anticoagulant with prolonged activity. Antidote Vitamin K1. 4 Hydroxycoumarins are a class of vitamin K antagonist VKA anticoagulant drug molecules ... . The large 3 position substituent is required for anticoagulant activity. Although 4 hydroxycoumarin itself is not an anticoagulant, it is an important fungal metabolite from the precursor coumarin also not an anticoagulant , and its production leads to further fermentative production of the natural anticoagulant dicoumarol . This happens in the presence of naturally occurring formaldehyde ... 125px thumb left Dicoumarol . This molecule was the first discovered 4 hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant ... Structure of warfarin , the most commonly used anticoagulant pharmaceutical. Image Phenprocoumon.svg ... brodifacoum.png 225px thumb Brodifacoum . This molecule is a second generation anticoagulant with a large ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 431970103 ImageFile Difethialone.png ImageSize IUPACName 3 3 4 4 bromophenyl phenyl 1 tetralinyl 2 hydroxy 4 thiochromenone OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 104653 34 1 PubChem 91771 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG C18695 SMILES C1C CC2 CC CC C2C1C3 C SC4 CC CC C4C3 O O C5 CC C C C5 C6 CC C C C6 Br Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 31 sub H sub 23 sub BrO sub 2 sub S MolarMass 539.48212 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Difethialone is an anticoagulant used as a rodenticide . ref name pmid2751229 cite journal author Nahas K, Lorgue G, Mazallon M title Difethialone LM 2219 a new anticoagulant rodenticide for use against warfarin resistant and susceptible strains of Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus journal Ann. Rech. Vet. volume 20 issue 2 pages 159 64 year 1989 pmid 2751229 doi url ref It is considered a second generation agent. ref name pmid15266918 cite journal author Saravanan K, Kanakasabai R, Thiyagesan K title Field evaluation of difethialone, a new second generation anticoagulant rodenticide in the rice fields journal Indian J. Exp. Biol. volume 41 issue 6 pages 655 8 year 2003 month June pmid 15266918 doi url ref In May 2008 the United States Environmental Protection Agency promulgated a decision that would ban the use of difethialone in consumer use rodenticide products. ref http www.epa.gov pesticides reregistration rodenticides finalriskdecision.htm ref References reflist rodenticides Category Rodenticides Category Organobromides Category Thiochromanes Category Tetralins organic compound stub de Difethialon nl Difethialon ... more details
unsourced date March 2009 Albert Hustin 1882 1967 was a Belgian medical doctor . He was the second to successfully practice non direct blood transfusion s with Monosodium citrate sodium citrate used as an anticoagulant . He added sodium citrate and glucose to the blood to preserve it, and stop it from clotting. Luis Agote , from Argentina , was the first doctor to practice this kind of transfusion. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Hustin, Albert ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1882 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1967 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Hustin, Albert Category 1882 births Category 1967 deaths Category Belgian physicians Belgium scientist stub med bio stub es Albert Hustin fr Albert Hustin nl Albert Hustin ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Activated protein C resistance Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 289.81 ICDO OMIM 188055 MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D020016 Activated protein C resistance is a hemostasis hemostatic disorder characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C APC . This results in an increased risk of venous thrombosis , which can cause myocardial infarction heart attacks , stroke s, and other problems with circulation. ref cite journal author Dahlb ck B title The discovery of activated protein C resistance journal J. Thromb. Haemost. volume 1 issue 1 pages 3 9 year 2003 pmid 12871530 doi 10.1046 j.1538 7836.2003.00016.x ref The disorder can be acquired or inherited, the hereditary form having an autosomal Dominance genetics dominant inheritance pattern. ref cite journal pmid 7902898 year 1993 month December author Koster T, Rosendaal FR, De Ronde H, Bri t E, Vandenbroucke JP, Bertina RM title Venous thrombosis due to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C Leiden Thrombophilia Study volume 342 issue 8886 8887 pages 1503 6 issn 0140 6736 journal Lancet doi 10.1016 S0140 6736 05 80081 9 ref Pathophysiology File Protein C anticoagulant.jpg thumb Protein C Anticoagulant Pathway Thrombin escaping from a site of vascular injury binds to its receptor thrombomodulin TM on the intact cell surface. As a result, thrombin loses its procoagulant properties and instead becomes a potent activator of protein C. Activated protein C APC functions as a circulating anticoagulant, which specifically degrades and inactivates the phospholipid bound factors Va and VIIIa. This effectively down regulates the coagulation cascade and limits clot formation to sites of vascular injury. T Thrombin, PC Protein C, Activated Protein C APC, PS Protein S Activated protein C with protein S as a cofactor degrades Factor V a and Factor VIII a. Activated protein C resistance is the inability of protein C to cleave Factor V a and or Factor VIII ... more details
Activated clotting time ACT , also known as activated coagulation time is a test of coagulation . ref name labtestsonline http www.labtestsonline.org understanding analytes act test.html labtestsonline.org ACT This article was last reviewed on March 20, 2008. This page was last modified on March 30, 2010 ref The ACT test is used to monitor the effect of high dose heparin before, during, and shortly after surgeries that require intense anticoagulant administration, such as cardiac bypass surgery , cardiac angioplasty , and dialysis . ref name labtestsonline It is ordered in situations where the partial thromboplastin time PTT test is not clinically useful or takes too long. ref name labtestsonline References reflist Category Coagulation system anatomy stub ... more details
antibodies and placental anticoagulant protein journal J. Clin. Immunol. volume 12 issue 1 pages ... ref . This can be contrasted with lupus anticoagulant which inhibits agglutination in the presence of thrombin. A subset of AHAA appear to mimic the activity of lupus anticoagulant and increase ... EC, et al. title Anti beta2 glycoprotein I beta2GPI monoclonal antibodies with lupus anticoagulant ... that anti coagulant activity binding to the more N terminal domains promotes lupus anticoagulant like ... anticoagulant inhibits factor Xa generation. ref name pmid8236146 cite journal author Shi W, Chong ... more details
Thrombolytic drugs are used in medicine to dissolve thrombus blood clots in a procedure termed thrombolysis . They limit the damage caused by the blockage of the blood vessel . Uses Thrombolysis is used in myocardial infarction heart attack , Stroke Ischemic thromboembolic strokes , deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism to clear a blocked artery and avoid permanent damage to the perfused see perfusion tissue e.g. myocardium , human brain brain , human leg leg and death . A less frequent use is to clear blocked catheter s that are used in long term medical therapy. Thrombolytic therapy in Stroke Hemorrhagic hemorrhagic stroke s is contraindicated , as its use in that situation would prolong bleeding into the intracranial space and cause further damage. Bleeding worksheet Members The thrombolytic drugs include tissue plasminogen activator t PA alteplase Activase reteplase Retavase tenecteplase TNKase anistreplase Eminase streptokinase Kabikinase , Streptase urokinase Abbokinase These drugs are most effective if administered immediately after it has been determined they are clinically appropriate. The advantage of administration is highest within the first sixty minutes, but may extend up to six hours after the start of symptoms. The drugs are often given in combination with intravenous heparin , or low molecular weight heparin , which are anticoagulant drug s. Side effects Hemorrhagic stroke is a rare but serious complication of thrombolytic therapy. If a patient has had thrombolysis before, an allergy against the thrombolytic drug may have developed especially after streptokinase . If the symptoms are mild, the infusion is stopped and the patient is commenced on an antihistamine before infusion is recommenced. Anaphylaxis generally requires immediate cessation of thrombolysis. See also thrombolysis anticoagulant drug s antiplatelet drug s antiaggregants References Reflist Antithrombotics Major Drug Groups DEFAULTSORT Thrombolytic Drug Category Drugs it Tromboli ... more details
Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 286.3 , ICD9 776.3 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj ped eMedicineTopic 1133 MeshID D007020 Hypoprothrombinemia is a blood disorder in which a deficiency of Thrombin prothrombin Factor II results in impaired Coagulation blood clotting , leading to an increased physiological risk for bleeding, especially in the gastrointestinal system, cranial vault, and superficial integumentary system. Causes Hypoprothrombinemia can be the result of a Genetics genetic defect or it may be acquired as the result of another disease process, or an adverse effect of medication . For example, 5 10 of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus exhibit acquired hypoprothrombinemia due to the presence of autoantibody autoantibodies which bind to prothrombin and remove it from the bloodstream lupus anticoagulant hypoprothrombinaemia syndrome . ref cite journal author Bajaj S, Rapaport S, Fierer D, Herbst K, Schwartz D title A mechanism for the hypoprothrombinemia of the acquired hypoprothrombinemia lupus anticoagulant syndrome. journal Blood volume 61 issue 4 pages 684 92 year 1983 pmid 6403077 ref Treatment Hypoprothrombinemia can be treated with periodic infusions of purified prothrombin complexes. ref cite journal author Lechler E title Use of prothrombin complex concentrates for prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding episodes in patients with hereditary deficiency of prothrombin, factor VII, factor X, protein C protein S, or protein Z. journal Thromb Res volume 95 issue 4 Suppl 1 pages S39 50 year 1999 pmid 10499908 doi 10.1016 S0049 3848 99 00083 3 ref References div class references small references div medicine stub Hematologic disease Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period Category Coagulopathies ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 464206843 ImageFile Ref chemboximage correct ?? ImageFile Pindone.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 2 2,2 Dimethyl 1 oxopropyl indane 1,3 dione OtherNames 2 Pivaloyl 1,3 indandione Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 6476 InChI 1 C14H14O3 c1 14 2,3 13 17 10 11 15 8 6 4 5 7 9 8 12 10 16 h4 7,10H,1 3H3 InChIKey RZKYEQDPDZUERB UHFFFAOYAX StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C14H14O3 c1 14 2,3 13 17 10 11 15 8 6 4 5 7 9 8 12 10 16 h4 7,10H,1 3H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey RZKYEQDPDZUERB UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo Ref cascite changed ?? CASNo 83 26 1 PubChem 6732 KEGG Ref keggcite changed kegg KEGG C19141 SMILES O C2c1ccccc1C O C2C O C C C C Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 14 sub H sub 14 sub O sub 3 sub MolarMass 230.26 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Pindone is an anticoagulant drug ref name pmid15694595 cite journal author Robinson MH, Twigg LE, Wheeler SH, Martin GR title Effect of the anticoagulant, pindone, on the breeding performance and survival of merino sheep, Ovis aries journal Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, Biochem. Mol. Biol. volume 140 issue 3 pages 465 73 year 2005 month March pmid 15694595 doi 10.1016 j.cbpc.2004.11.011 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S1096 4959 04 00377 X ref for agricultural use. It is commonly used as a rodenticide in the management of rat and rabbit populations. It is pharmacologically analogous to warfarin and inhibits the synthesis of Vitamin K dependent clotting factor s. See also 1,3 Indandione References reflist rodenticides Category Vitamin K antagonists Category Rodenticides Category Ketones Category Indanes agri stub ketone stub fa nl Pindon ja ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Drugbox verifiedrevid 457131161 IUPAC name 2 4 methoxyphenyl indene 1,3 dione image Anisindione skeletal.svg Clinical data tradename Drugs.com drugs.com CONS anisindione pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU Unscheduled S2 S4 S8 legal UK GSL P POM CD legal US OTC Rx only legal status routes of administration Oral Pharmacokinetic data bioavailability metabolism excretion Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number 117 37 3 ATC prefix none ATC supplemental PubChem 2197 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB01125 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 2112 UNII Ref fdacite correct FDA UNII S747T1ERAJ KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D07457 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 133809 ChEMBL Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEMBL 712 Chemical data C 16 H 12 O 3 molecular weight 252.265 g mol smiles O C2c1ccccc1C O C2c3ccc OC cc3 InChI 1 C16H12O3 c1 19 11 8 6 10 7 9 11 14 15 17 12 4 2 3 5 13 12 16 14 18 h2 9,14H,1H3 InChIKey XRCFXMGQEVUZFC UHFFFAOYAE StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C16H12O3 c1 19 11 8 6 10 7 9 11 14 15 17 12 4 2 3 5 13 12 16 14 18 h2 9,14H,1H3 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey XRCFXMGQEVUZFC UHFFFAOYSA N Anisindione brand name Miradon is a synthetic anticoagulant and an indanedione derivative. It prevents the formation of active procoagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as the anticoagulant proteins C and S, in the liver by inhibiting the vitamin K mediated gamma carboxylation of precursor proteins. Antithrombotics Category Anticoagulants blood drug stub ... more details
Acid Citrate Dextrose Solution sometimes called Anticoagulant Citrate Dextrose Solution is a solution of citric acid , Monosodium citrate sodium citrate and dextrose in water. It is mainly used as an anticoagulant to preserve blood specimens required for tissue typing , it is also used during procedures such as plasmapheresis instead of heparin . Two different solutions Solution A and B are defined by the United States Pharmacopeia . They have the following properties class wikitable style text align center Solution A per 1000 mL Total Citrate as Citric acid , anhydrous C sub 6 sub H sub 8 sub O sub 7 sub 20.59 to 22.75g Dextrose C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub H sub 2 sub O 23.28g to 25.73g Sodium Na 4.90g to 5.42g class wikitable style text align center Solution B per 1000 mL Total Citrate as Citric acid, anhydrous C sub 6 sub H sub 8 sub O sub 7 sub 12.37 to 13.67g Dextrose C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub H sub 2 sub O 13.96 to 15.44g Sodium Na 2.94 to 3.25g To make use class wikitable style text align center A B Citric Acid, anhydrous C sub 6 sub H sub 8 sub O sub 7 sub 7.3g 4.4 Sodium Citrate, dihydrate 22.0g 13.2 Dextrose, monohydrate C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub H sub 2 sub O 24.5g 14.7 Water for Injection to make 1000 mL 1000 mL Dissolve the ingredients and mix. Filter until clear. References United States Pharmacopeia 26, 2002, pp 158. External links http www.usp.org US Pharmacopeia Category Anticoagulants de Acid Citrate Dextrose ... more details
Hementerin is a metalloprotease found in the saliva of a hematophagy hematophagous leech , Haementeria depressa , which is responsible for the anticoagulant property of the animal s bite to prolong blood sucking from the host. It was discovered in 1955 at the Butantan Institute , in S o Paulo , Brazil , by Gast o Rosenfeld and collaborators. Mechanism of Action Hementerin is a protease , i.e., it carries out an enzyme enzymatic cleaving of a plasma protein involved in rapid blood coagulation called fibrinogen . The absence of a significant amount of plasma fibrinogen retards coagulation, thus it is a naturally occurring anticoagulant. Hementerin breaks the alpha FGA , gamma FGG and beta FGB chains, by degrading cross linked fibrin . It has no degrading action on amide , plasminogen and casein . In addition, hementerin inhibits platelet aggregation induced by collagen via the activation of a nitric oxide nitridergic pathway . Inhibition is probably achieved by enhanced nitric oxide synthase activity. Calcium is a cofactor ligand in this activity. The fibrinolytic activity is inhibited by EDTA , a metal chelator agent, which removes zinc from the molecule. Molecular Composition Hementerin is a protein with 30 aminoacid s, in the following protein sequence analysis sequence XTLSEPEPTC SIEYFRYQAI EDCEYSISVK. References http www.uniprot.org uniprot P86682 Hementerin . UNIPROT. Last modified March 21, 2012. Version 4. Chudzinski Tavassi A.M., Kelen E.M., de Paula Rosa A.P., Loyau S., Sampaio C.A., Bon C., Angles Cano E. Fibrino geno lytic properties of purified hementerin, a metalloproteinase from the leech Haementeria depress a. Thromb. Haemost. 80 155 160 1998 . PubMed 9684802 http www.uniprot.org citations 9684802 Abstract Chudzinski Tavassi A.M., Bermej E., Rosenstein R.E., Faria F., Sarmiento M.I., Alberto F., Sampaio M.U., Lazzari M.A.Nitridergic platelet pathway activation by hementerin, a metalloprotease from the leech Haementeria depressa . Biol. Chem. 384 1333 1 ... more details
Infobox disease Name Rectus sheath hematoma Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 729.92 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj emerg eMedicineTopic 943 MeshID A rectus sheath hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle . It causes abdominal pain with or without a mass. The hematoma may be caused by either rupture of one of the epigastric arteries or by a muscular tear. Causes of this include anticoagulation , coughing , pregnancy , abdominal surgery and Physical trauma trauma . With the advent of an ageing population and the widespread use of anticoagulant medications, there is evidence that this traditionally benign condition is becoming more common and more serious ref Fitzgerald JEF, Fitzgerald LA, Anderson F, Acheson AG. The Changing Nature of Rectus Sheath Haematoma Case Series and literature review. International Journal of Surgery 2009 7 150 154. PMID 19261556. ref . On abdominal examination , these patients may have a positive test positive Carnett s sign . Most hematomas resolve without treatment, but they may take several months to resolve. References references Category Digestive diseases the listed ICD does not map to this disorder Disease stub ... more details
Infobox disease Name Intraocular hemorrhage Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICD9 360.43 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID GeneReviewsID GeneReviewsName Intraocular hemorrhage sometimes hemophthalmos or hemophthalmia is bleeding hemorrhage into the human eye eye ball oculus in Latin . It may be the result of physical trauma direct injury to the eye or medical illness. Severe hemorrhage, particularly when leading to rising intraocular pressure pressure inside the eye , may lead to blindness . Types Subconjunctival hemorrhage under the conjunctiva Hyphema in the anterior chamber Vitreous hemorrhage into the vitreous humour vitreous Subretinal hemorrhage under the retina Submacular hemorrhage under the macula Causes Different causes may cause bleeding in different locations. Terson s syndrome as a result of subarachnoid hemorrhage Hemophilia a severe bleeding disorder, usually hereditary Anticoagulant s and thrombolysis medication to reduce blood clotting tendency or to disperse blood clots, respectively Eye pathology Category Medical emergencies Category Diseases of the eye and adnexa Category Injuries of head med stub ... more details
Taxobox name Giant Amazon Leech status status system image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Annelid a classis Clitellata ordo Rhynchobdellida familia Glossiphoniidae subfamilia Haementeriinae genus Haementeria species H. ghilianii binomial Haementeria ghilianii Haementeria ghilianii , also known as the Giant Amazon Leech, is one the world s largest species of leech. ref http invertebrates.si.edu Features stories haementeria.html ref It can grow to be 450 millimetres 17.7 inches in length and 100 millimetres 3.9 inches in width. At adulthood, these leeches are a greyish brown colour, as opposed to while juvenile, when they do not have uniform colour, but rather, a noncontinuous stripe of colour, and patched colouring. They live from the Guianas to the Amazon. ref http animals.jrank.org pages 1697 Leeches Hirudinea GIANT AMAZONIAN LEECH Haementeria ghilianii SPECIES ACCOUNTS.html ref The leech produces the anticoagulant protease Hementin from its salivary glands. Sources references Category Leeches Annelid stub ru Haementeria ghilianii ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Omphalotus subilludens image image width 240px regnum Fungus Fungi divisio Basidiomycota classis Agaricomycetes ordo Agaricales familia Marasmiaceae genus Omphalotus species O. subilludens binomial Omphalotus subilludens binomial authority William Murrill Murrill Howard E. Bigelow H.E. Bigelow 1982 synonyms Clitocybe subilludens William Murrill Murrill Murrill 1945 ref Murrill, W.A., 1945, Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Science 8 2 198 ref br Monodelphus subilludens Murrill 1945 Omphalotus subilludens is a fungus species in the genus Omphalotus . Atromentin and thelephoric acid are chemical compounds found in cultures of C. subilludens . ref Cite journal doi 10.1002 jps.2600601134 pmid 433237 title Occurrence of atromentin and thelephoric acid in cultures ofclitocybe subilludens year 1971 last1 Sullivan first1 G. last2 Garrett first2 R. D. last3 Lenehan first3 R. F. journal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences volume 60 issue 11 pages 1727 9 ref Atromentin is an effective anticoagulant , and similar in biological activity to the well known anticoagulant heparin . ref name Khanna1965 cite journal author Khanna JM, Malone MH, Euler KL, Brady LR. year 1965 title Atromentin anticoagulant from Hydnellum diabolus journal Journal of Pharmaceutical Science volume 54 issue 7 pages 1016 20 pmid 5862512 doi 10.1002 jps.2600540714 ref Atromentin also possesses antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase essential for the Fatty acid metabolism Synthesis biosynthesis of fatty acid s in the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae . ref name Zheng2006 cite journal author Zheng CJ, Sohn MJ, Kim WG. year 2006 title Atromentin and leucomelone, the first inhibitors specific to enoyl ACP reductase FabK of Streptococcus pneumoniae journal Journal of Antibiotics volume 59 issue 12 pages 808 12 doi 10.1038 ja.2006.108 pmid 17323650 ref It also produces illudoid s. ref Illudoids from Omphalotus olivascens and Clitocybe su ... more details
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