dablink This article deals exclusively with applications of antiserum. For an explanation of its production, see polyclonal antibodies . Antiserum plural antisera is blood serum containing polyclonal response polyclonal antibodies . Antiserum is used to pass on passive immunity medical immunity to many diseases. Passive antibody transfusion from a previous human survivor is the only known effective treatment for Ebola infection but with little success rate . ref Mupapa K, Massamba M, Kibadi K, Kuvula K, Bwaka A, Kipasa M, Colebunders R, Muyembe Tamfum JJ. 1999. Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 179 suppl 1 S18 23. ref The most common use of antiserum in humans is as antitoxin or antivenom , to treat envenomation . How it works Antibodies in the antiserum bind the infectious agent or antigen. The immune system then recognizes foreign agents bound to antibodies and triggers a more robust immune response. The use of antiserum is particularly effective against pathogens which are capable of evading the immune system in the unstimulated state but which are not robust enough to evade the stimulated immune system. The existence of antibodies to the agent therefore depends on an initial lucky survivor whose immune system by chance discovered a counteragent to the pathogen, or a host species which carries the virus but does not suffer from its effects. Further stocks of antiserum can then be produced from the initial donor or from a donor organism that is inoculated with the pathogen and cured by some stock of preexisting antiserum References reflist External links MeshName Antisera Further reading Mupapa K, Massamba M, Kibadi K, Kuvula K, Bwaka A, Kipasa M, Colebunders R, Muyembe Tamfum JJ. 1999. Treatment of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever with Blood Transfusions from Convalescent Patients. The Journal ... nl Antiserum ja sr Imunoserumi tr Antiserum ... more details
No footnotes date February 2011 Hemagglutination , or haemagglutination , is a specific form of Agglutination biology agglutination that involves red blood cell s RBCs . It has two common uses in the laboratory blood typing and the Virus Quantification quantification of virus dilutions. Blood Typing Blood type can be determined by using antibody antibodies that bind to the ABO blood group system A or B blood group in a sample of blood. For example, if antibodies that bind the A blood group are added and agglutination occurs, the blood is either type A or type AB. To determine between type A or type AB, antibodies that bind the B group are added and if agglutination does not occur, the blood is type A. In blood grouping the patient s serum is tested against RBCs of known blood groups and also the patient s RBCs are tested against known serum types. In this way the patient s blood group is confirmed from both RBCs and serum. A direct Coombs test is also done on the patient s blood sample in case there are any confounding antibodies. Viral Hemagglutination Assay Main Hemagglutination assay Many viruses attach to molecules present on the surface of RBCs. A consequence of this is that at certain concentrations, a viral suspension may bind together agglutinate the RBCs, thus preventing them from settling out of suspension. Since agglutination is rarely linked to infectivity, Fact date February 2009 attenuated viruses can therefore be used in assay s. By serially diluting a virus suspension into an assay tray a series of wells of uniform volume and adding a standard amount of blood cells, an estimation of the number of virus particles can be made. While less accurate than a plaque assay , it is cheaper and quicker taking just 30 minutes . This assay may be modified to include the addition of an antiserum. By using a standard amount of virus, a standard amount of blood cells, and serially diluting the antiserum , one can identify the concentration of the antiserum the great ... more details
wiktionary serotherapy serum serums Serum may refer to Biology Its a protein part of blood,the remaining part of blood after removing all the cells and blood coagulants. Blood serum , a component of blood which is collected after coagulation Antiserum , blood serum with specific antibodies for passive immunity Serous fluid , any clear bodily fluid any drug derived from an animal s blood or serous fluid Truth serum , a general term for sedative drug or unspecified drug that is likely to make people tell truth or divulge information in the cosmetics market, a buzzword for lotion Serum Institute of India , one of the world s biggest vaccine makers People Gary Serum born 1956 , retired Major League Baseball pitcher See also Sera disambiguation disambiguation ar de Serum es Suero io Sero no Serum pl Surowica sr Serum ... more details
unreferenced date February 2011 An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin . Antitoxins are produced by certain animal s, plants , and bacterium bacteria . Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Antitoxins are made within organisms, but can be injected into other organisms, including humans. This procedure involves injecting an animal with a safe amount of a particular toxin. Then, the animal s body makes the antitoxin needed to neutralize the toxin. Later, the blood is withdrawn from the animal. When the antitoxin is obtained from the blood, it is purified and injected into a human or other animal, inducing passive immunity . To prevent serum sickness , it is often best to use antitoxin generated from the same species e.g. use human antitoxin to treat humans . See also Toxin antitoxin system Vaccination The horse named Jim Antiserum References reflist 2 External links http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 2289 MeshName Antitoxins Category Immune system Category Immunology chem stub ar ca Antitoxina de Antitoxin es Antitoxina fa fr Antitoxine io Antitoxino id Antitoksin it Antitossina kk ja pt Antitoxina ru tr Antitoksin ... more details
Infobox disease Name Serum sickness Image Caption DiseasesDB 11970 ICD10 ICD10 T 80 6 t 80 ICD9 ICD9 999.5 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 2105 MeshID D012713 Serum sickness in humans is a adverse drug reaction reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non human animal source. It is a type of hypersensitivity , specifically immune complex hypersensitivity type III . The term serum sickness like reaction SSLR is occasionally used to refer to similar illnesses that arise from the introduction of certain non protein substances. ref name pmid16504095 cite journal author Brucculeri M, Charlton M, Serur D title Serum sickness like reaction associated with cefazolin journal BMC Clin Pharmacol volume 6 pages 3 year 2006 pmid 16504095 pmc 1397863 doi 10.1186 1472 6904 6 3 url http www.biomedcentral.com 1472 6904 6 3 ref It was first characterized by Clemens von Pirquet and B la Schick in 1906. ref name pmid11231202 cite journal author Jackson R title Serum sickness journal J Cutan Med Surg volume 4 issue 4 pages 223 5 year 2000 month October pmid 11231202 doi url ref Causes Serum sickness can be developed as a result of exposure to antibody antibodies derived from animals. These serums are generally administered to prevent or treat an infection or envenomation . When the antiserum is given, the human immune system can mistake the protein s present for harmful antigen s. The body produces antibodies, which combine with these proteins to form immune complex es. These complexes can cause more reactions, and cause the symptoms detailed below. Serum sickness can also be caused by several medication drugs , notably penicillin based medicines. This results in hypocomplementemia , a low C3 level in serum. Symptoms Symptoms can take as long as fourteen days after exposure to appear, and may include signs and symptoms commonly associated with allergic reaction s or infections, such as rash es, itching, joint pain arthralgia , fever , and swollen lymph nod ... more details
ATC codes lead I 04 Immunologicals for Ovidae ref group note The World Health Organization WHO named this subgroup Immunologicals for Ovidae nowiki nowiki despite the fact that there is no zoological family biology family of that name. Sheep belong to the family Bovidae , the subfamily Caprinae and the genus Ovis . ref vet only anchor QI04A QI04A Sheep File Closeup of Cotswold.jpg thumb anchor QI04AA QI04AA Inactivated viral vaccines QI04AA01 Louping ill virus QI04AA02 Bluetongue virus anchor QI04AB QI04AB Inactivated bacterial vaccines including mycoplasma, toxoid and chlamydia QI04AB01 Clostridium QI04AB02 Pasteurella QI04AB03 Bacteroides QI04AB04 Escherichia QI04AB05 Clostridium pasteurella QI04AB06 Chlamydia bacterium Chlamydia QI04AB08 Erysipelothrix QI04AB09 Mycobacterium anchor QI04AC QI04AC Inactivated bacterial vaccines and antisera Empty group anchor QI04AD QI04AD Live viral vaccines QI04AD01 Orf disease Orf virus contagious pustular dermatitis anchor QI04AE QI04AE Live bacterial vaccines QI04AE01 Chlamydia QI04AE02 Listeria QI04AE03 Mycobacterium anchor QI04AF QI04AF Live bacterial and viral vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AG QI04AG Live and inactivated bacterial vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AH QI04AH Live and inactivated viral vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AI QI04AI Live viral and inactivated bacterial vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AJ QI04AJ Live and inactivated viral and bacterial vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AK QI04AK Inactivated viral and live bacterial vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AL QI04AL Inactivated viral and inactivated bacterial vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AM QI04AM Antisera, immunoglobulin preparations, and antitoxins QI04AM01 Pasteurella antiserum QI04AM02 Clostridium antiserum anchor QI04AN QI04AN Live parasitic vaccines QI04AN01 Toxoplasma anchor QI04AO QI04AO Inactivated parasitic vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AP QI04AP Live fungal vaccines Empty group anchor QI04AQ QI04AQ Inactivated fungal vaccines Empty group anchor QI ... more details
Multiple issues cleanup December 2009 orphan December 2009 An experiment in immunology is a method of investigating Immunology immunological responses to antigen s, or detecting and characterizing Antibody antibodies and lymphocyte s. Findings from these experiments can be used to manipulate the immune system and develop drugs to combat immunological disease s. Immunization Experimental immunologist s study responses to simple antigens through immunization , the deliberate induction of an immune response in animal or human subjects. 1 The immunized subject is then monitored for antibody response . This often involves the analysis of antiserum samples that contain specific antibodies against the immunizing antigen, and blood lymphocytes from lymphoid organ s for examination of T cell mediated responses. br However, some antibodies found in antiserum are cross reactive . This means that they bind antigens that have no apparent relationship to the immunogen , and are problematic when antiserum is used to detect antigens that bind specifically to these antibodies. This can be resolved by absorption of these antibodies with their cross reactive antigen, leaving only the antibodies that are specific to the immunogen of interest. Antibody Experiments B cell immune responses are measured by analyzing antibodies produced through the humoral immune response . Serum blood Serum is isolated from a clotted blood sample , and the circulating antibody that accumulates in the Blood plasma plasma is assayed by methods that include the following br Affinity chromatography , by which antibodies of interest are isolated from solution by the specific binding of antigens anchored to a solid matrix. br Radioimmunoassay s RIA and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay s ELISA 2 , which are direct binding assays for antibodies that use pure preparations of known antigens to create a protein standard. The concentration of the unknown antigen can then be determined by comparison with this standard ... more details
ATC codes lead J 06 Immune sera and immunoglobulins vet no anchor J06A J06A Immune sera anchor J06AA J06AA Immune sera J06AA01 Diphtheria antitoxin J06AA02 Tetanus antitoxin J06AA03 Snake venom antiserum J06AA04 Botulinum antitoxin J06AA05 Gas gangrene sera J06AA06 Rabies serum anchor J06B J06B Immunoglobulins anchor J06BA J06BA Immunoglobulins, normal human J06BA01 Immunoglobulins, normal human, for extravascular administration J06BA02 Immunoglobulins, normal human, for intravascular administration anchor J06BB J06BB Specific immunoglobulins J06BB01 Anti D rh immunoglobulin J06BB02 Tetanus immunoglobulin J06BB03 Varicella zoster immunoglobulin J06BB04 Hepatitis B immunoglobulin J06BB05 Rabies immunoglobulin J06BB06 Rubella immunoglobulin J06BB07 Vaccinia immunoglobulin J06BB08 Staphylococcus immunoglobulin J06BB09 Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin J06BB10 Diphtheria immunoglobulin J06BB11 Hepatitis A immunoglobulin J06BB12 Encephalitis, tick borne immunoglobulin J06BB13 Pertussis immunoglobulin J06BB14 Morbilli immunoglobulin J06BB15 Parotitis immunoglobulin J06BB16 Palivizumab J06BB17 Motavizumab J06BB30 Combinations anchor J06BC J06BC Other immunoglobulins J06BC01 Nebacumab See also Immune sera and immunoglobulins for veterinary use are in the ATCvet group ATCvet code QI QI . References Reflist Immune sera and immunoglobulins Category ATC codes J06 ca Codi ATC J06 cs ATC k d J06 es Anexo C digo ATC J06 ko ATC J06 hu ATC J06 Immunsz rumok s immunglobulinok pl ATC J06 ro Cod ATC J06 sv ATC kod J06 Immunsera och immunglobuliner th ATC J06 ... more details
Taxobox color violet name Alternanthera mosaic virus AltMV virus group IV sense RNA Viruses familia Flexiviridae genus Potexvirus species Alternanthera mosaic virus synonyms Will react positively to antiserum to Papaya mosaic virus. Alternanthera mosaic virus AltMV is a plant pathogenic virus. AltMV belongs to the virus genus Potexvirus and the virus family Flexiviridae . AltMV was first identified in 1999 in Queensland, Australia ref Geering, A.D.W. and J.E. Thomas. 1999. Characterization of a virus from Australia that is closely related to papaya mosaic potexvirus. Archives of Virology 144 477 592 ref . The virus was found in Alternanthera pugens Amaranthaceae , a weed found in both the southern USA and Australia. Since then, AltMV has been identified in various ornamental plants in Italy ref Ciuffo, M. and Turina, M. 2004. A potexvirus related to Papaya mosaic virus isolated from moss rose in Italy. Plant Pathology 53 515. ref , the United States Maryland and Pennsylvania ref Hammond, J. et al. 2005. Identification and full sequence of an isolate of Alternanthera mosaic potexvirus infecting Phlox stononifera . Arch.Virol. 151 477, 2006 ref , Florida ref Baker,C.A., Breman,L, Jones, L. 2006. Alternanthera mosaic virus Found in Scutellaria, Crossandra, and Portulaca in Florida. Plant Disease 90 833. ref , and New York ref Lockhart, B.E. 2008. First Report of Alternantheria mosaic virus Infection in Angelonia in the United States. Plant Disease 92 1473. ref , and Brazil ref Duarte et al. Plant Dis. in review ref . This virus has a close serological relationship ELISA antiserum to the capsid protein with another well known Potexvirus called Papaya mosaic virus PapMV . This relationship has led to several examples of misdiagnosis in the past ref Breman, L. 1999. Plant Pathology Circular No 396. Fla. Dept. Agric.and Consumer Services, DPI ref ref Eshenaur, B.C., V.E. Jarlfors, K.A. Kelly and J. O Mara. 1995. Detection of a virus infecting portulaca hybrids in Kentucky ... more details
morbificans Laboratories that are likely to investigate typhoid also carry antiserum raised ... H specific and non specific antiserum, the three RDS antisera are used to identify the H antigen present ... more details
in the recipient. Assaying antiserum File Anti HLA agglutinated RBC.png frame right Agglutination ... regions per molecule, allowing cross linking of cells. An antiserum specific for HLA A3 will then agglutinate HLA A3 bearing red blood cells if the concentration of IgM in the antiserum is sufficiently ... fixation test was modified to assay Antiserum mediated RBC lysis. Chromium release assay ... in an antiserum to single alloantigen. By discovering these close but non identical matches, the process ... the LA group, a donor tissue might have some antigens but not others. For example, an antiserum may ... antiserum reacts to HLA A1 gene product , a cell surface antigen, the similar cell surface antigens ... with B8 i.e., the old HL A8 serotype in Europe, there is an even greater chance the HL A1 antiserum ... more details
File Paul Louis Simond injecting plague vaccine June 4th 1898 Karachi.jpg thumb right Paul Louis Simond Paul Louis Simond was a French physician and biologist who was born in Beaufort sur Gervanne , Drome , France on July 30, 1858. His major contribution to science was his demonstration that the intermediates in the transmission of bubonic plague from rats to humans are the fleas Xenopsylla cheopis that dwell on infected rats. From 1878 to 1882 Simond was an assistant in Medical and Biological Sciences at the School of Medicine and Pharmacy in Bordeaux , and he began his medical training there. From 1882 to 1886 he served as director of a leprosarium near Saint Laurent du Maroni , French Guyana , where he contracted an attenuated form of yellow fever . He returned to Bordeaux in 1886 and the following year he received his medical doctorate with a prize winning thesis on leprosy . In 1895 he began work at the Pasteur Institute in Paris and while working in the laboratory of Elie Metchnikoff , he was the first to provide a comprehensive description of the sexual reproductive processes of Coccidia . This work provided experimental support for the theory of evolutionary dimorphism which had been put forward by R. Pfeiffer. In 1897, when Alexandre Yersin was transferred by the Pasteur Institute to a post in Vietnam , his position in Bombay was filled by Simond, who was to test the efficacy of an experimental antiserum against the outbreak of plague in that city. The following year, Simond was in Karachi where, despite limited resources, he was able to demonstrate that fleas transmit the bacterium Yersinia pestis , the agent causing bubonic plague , from rat to rat, and from rat to human. His ingenious experiments are described in his report to the Pasteur Institute on the spread of plague La propagation de la peste , which was published in 1898 by Pierre Paul Emile Roux in the Annales de l Institut Pasteur . ref Marc Simond, Margaret L. Godley, and Pierre D.E. Mouriquand ... more details
Fred Friedrich Neufeld born 17 February 1869, Danzig died 18 April 1945, Berlin was a physician and bacteriologist who discovered the pneumococcal types. This discovery led Fred Griffith to show that one pneumococcal type could be transformed into another Griffith s experiment . Subsequently, Oswald Avery demonstrated that the transforming substance was DNA. All modern molecular biology has evolved from this work. Infobox Person name Fred Neufeld image neufeld 2 .jpg image size 140px birth date 17 February 1869 birth place Danzig death date 18 April 1945, age 76 death place Berlin, Germany known for discovery of pneumococcal types occupation physician, bacteriologist nationality German Early years Neufeld was the son of a physician. He was musically talented and a gifted pianist. In 1894, Neufeld became assistant to Robert Koch . He worked with Koch on studies of tuberculosis and went to Rhodesia with Koch in 1903 to study rinderpest . ref cite book last Lehrer first Steven title Explorers of the Body url http books.google.com books?id iwDn7ubDO2kC publisher iUniverse, Inc location United States year 2006 isbn 0595407315 edition 2nd ref Neufeld s discoveries In 1900 Neufeld discovered bile solubility of pneumococci. ref Neufeld F. ber eine spezifische bakteriolytische Wirkung der Galle. Z. Hyg Infektionskr 1900 34 454 64 ref Addition of a small amount of ox bile to a pneumococcal culture results in complete destruction of the culture after a short incubation. This unique property became widely used to diagnose pneumococcal infection. Then, using immunological techniques, Neufeld discovered that there were three pneumococcal types. In the presence of type I antiserum type I pneumococci would swell, likewise types II and III in the presence of their specific antisera. Neufeld called this the Quellung reaction, after the German word for swelling. ref Neufeld F. ber die Agglutination der Pneumokokken und ber die Theorieen der Agglutination. Z. Hyg Infektionskr 1902 4 ... more details
Taxobox name Commelina mosaic virus CoMV virus group iv familia Potyviridae genus Potyvirus species Commelina mosaic virus synonyms Commelina mosaic virus CoMV is a plant pathogenic virus ref http www.doacs.state.fl.us pi enpp pathology florida viruses What 20is 20a 20virus aboutv.html About Plant Viruses ref in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae . Like other members of the Potyvirus genus, CoMV is a monopartite strand of positive sense, single stranded RNA surrounded by a capsid made for a single viral encoded protein. The virus is a filamentous particle that measures about 707 808 nm in length. This virus is transmitted by two species of aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii , and by mechanical inoculation. ref http www.apsnet.org phyto PDFS 1977 Phyto67n07 839.PDF F. J. Morales and F.W. Zettler. Characterization and Electron Microscopy of a Potyvirus Infecting Commelina diffusa. Phytopathology 67 839 843, 1977 ref Commercial antiserum is not available for this virus. However, diagnosis in this plant can be made by symptoms and by the presence of plate like inclusions. ref http www.apsnet.org pd SEARCH 1988 PD 72 513.asp C.A.Baker and F.W. Zettler. Viruses infecting wild and Cultivated Species of the Commelinaceae. Plant Disease 27 513 518, 1988 ref . See Figures 1 and 3 in reference 3. http www.doacs.state.fl.us pi enpp pathology florida viruses Commelinacea CdifCoMV.html Symptoms and Inclusions of Commelina mosaic virus in Commelina diffusa . Potyviruses make proteinacous inclusions in infected plant cells. These inclusions can be seen in the light microscope in leaf strips of infected plant tissue stained with Orange Green protein stain but not Azure A nucleic acid stain ref http www.doacs.state.fl.us pi enpp pathology florida viruses Howto.html Materials and Methods for the Detection of Viral Inclusions ref ref Christie, R.G. and Edwardson, J.R. 1977 . Fla Agric. Exp. Stn Monog. No. 9, 150 pp. ref ref http www.doacs.state.fl.us pi enpp pa ... more details
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