unreferenced date February 2011 An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin . Antitoxins are produced by certain animal s, plants , and bacterium bacteria . Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Antitoxins are made within organisms, but can be injected into other organisms, including humans. This procedure involves injecting an animal with a safe amount of a particular toxin. Then, the animal s body makes the antitoxin needed to neutralize the toxin. Later, the blood is withdrawn from the animal. When the antitoxin is obtained from the blood, it is purified and injected into a human or other animal, inducing passive immunity . To prevent serum sickness , it is often best to use antitoxin generated from the same species e.g. use human antitoxin to treat humans . See also Toxin antitoxin system Vaccination The horse named Jim Antiserum References reflist 2 External links http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 2289 MeshName Antitoxins Category Immune system Category Immunology chem stub ar ca Antitoxina de Antitoxin es Antitoxina fa fr Antitoxine io Antitoxino id Antitoksin it Antitossina kk ja pt Antitoxina ru tr Antitoksin ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol Epsilon antitox Name Bacterial epsilon antitoxin image PDB 1gvn EBI.jpg width caption crystal structure of the plasmid maintenance system epsilon zeta meachnism of toxin inactivation and toxin function Pfam PF08998 Pfam clan InterPro IPR015090 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the epsilon antitoxin , produced by various prokaryotes , forms part of a post segregational killing system, which is involved in the initiation of programmed cell death of plasmid free cells. The protein is protein folding folded into a three alpha helix helix bundle that directly Protein protein interaction interact s with the zeta toxin , inactivating it. ref name pmid12571357 cite journal author Meinhart A, Alonso JC, Strater N, Saenger W title Crystal structure of the plasmid maintenance system epsilon zeta functional mechanism of toxin zeta and inactivation by epsilon 2 zeta 2 complex formation journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 100 issue 4 pages 1661 6 year 2003 month February pmid 12571357 pmc 149889 doi 10.1073 pnas.0434325100 url ref References reflist InterPro content IPR015090 Category Protein domains ... more details
Orphan date April 2011 infobox biodatabase title TADB logo File Database.png description Type 2 Toxin antitoxin system toxin antitoxin loci scope organism bacteria br Archaeabacteria archaea . center Shanghai Jiaotong University laboratory Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology author Yucheng Shao pmid Shao & al. 2011 ref name pmid20929871 released 2010 standard format url http bioinfo mml.sjtu.edu.cn TADB download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version TADB is a database of Type 2 Toxin antitoxin system toxin antitoxin loci in bacterial and Archaeabacteria archaeal genome genomes . ref name pmid20929871 cite journal quotes yes last Shao first Yucheng authorlink coauthors Harrison Ewan M, Bi Dexi, Tai Cui, He Xinyi, Ou Hong Yu, Rajakumar Kumar, Deng Zixin year 2011 month Jan title TADB a web based resource for Type 2 toxin antitoxin loci in bacteria and archaea journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 39 issue Database issue pages D606 11 publisher location England issn pmid 20929871 doi 10.1093 nar gkq908 bibcode oclc id url pmc 3013778 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref References references See also Toxin antitoxin system External links http bioinfo mml.sjtu.edu.cn TADB TADB Biodatabase stub Category Biological databases Category Plasmids Category Non coding RNA Category Toxins Category RNA binding proteins ... more details
File Toxin antitoxin inheritance.png 200px thumb A The reproduction vertical gene transfer of a toxin antitoxin system. B Horizontal gene transfer of a toxin antitoxin system. PSK stands for post segregational killing and TA represents a locus genetics locus encoding a toxin and an antitoxin. ref name Mel09 cite journal author Van Melderen L, Saavedra De Bast M title Bacterial Toxin Antitoxin Systems ... accessdate 2010 08 13 editor1 last Rosenberg editor1 first Susan M. ref A toxin antitoxin ... killing Hok sok system PSK . ref name Ger00 cite journal author Gerdes K title Toxin Antitoxin Modules ... 2010 08 09 ref Toxin antitoxin systems are widely distributed in prokaryote s, and organisms ... SA, Yutin N, Koonin EV, Storz G title Abundance of type I toxin antitoxin systems in bacteria searches ... retrieve pii S1369 5274 07 00020 3 accessdate 2010 08 10 ref Toxin antitoxin systems are typically classified according to how the antitoxin neutralises the toxin. In a type I toxin antitoxin system, the translation genetics translation of mRNA messenger RNA mRNA that encodes the toxin is inhibited by the binding of a small non coding RNA antitoxin to the mRNA. The protein toxin ... another protein antitoxin. A single example of a type III toxin antitoxin system has been described ... antitoxin gene s are often transferred through horizontal gene transfer ref name Min09 cite journal ... ccdO157 Toxin Antitoxin System in the Escherichia coli Species journal Genetics volume 181 issue ... and virulence . ref name Mel09 Chromosome Chromosomal toxin antitoxin systems also exist, some ... 08 11 ref In evolution ary terms, toxin antitoxin systems can be considered selfish DNA in that the purpose ... have proposed adaptive theories to explain the evolution of toxin antitoxin systems for example, chromosomal toxin antitoxin systems could have evolved to prevent the inheritance of large deletion ... long&pmid 12618374 accessdate 2010 08 13 ref Toxin antitoxin systems have several biotechnology ... more details
factor sup K sup and is excised during sporulation . The toxin antitoxin system contained within ... the integrity of the cell membrane, or blocks cell wall synthesis. ref name Sil05 See also Toxin antitoxin ... title Toxin antitoxin loci are highly abundant in free living but lost from host associated prokaryotes ... more details
1 toxin antitoxin systems. ref name Kaw02 See also Toxin antitoxin system Hok sok system RatA References ... Bacterial toxin antitoxin systems more than selfish entities? journal PLoS Genet. volume 5 issue ... KS, Shabalina SA, Yutin N, Koonin EV, Storz G title Abundance of type I toxin antitoxin systems ... rdlD antitoxin Category Antisense RNA Category RNA antitoxins Category Toxins ... more details
DNA repair repaired . ref name Kaw07 See also Toxin antitoxin system Hok sok system References reflist ... Toxin antitoxin modules as bacterial metabolic stress managers journal Trends Biochem. Sci. volume ... Gerdes K, Christensen SK, L bner Olesen A title Prokaryotic toxin antitoxin stress response loci ... K title Toxin antitoxin loci as stress response elements ChpAK MazF and ChpBK cleave translated ... V, Aravind L title New connections in the prokaryotic toxin antitoxin network relationship with the eukaryotic ... R81 accessdate 2010 08 26 refend External links Rfam id RF01809 name SymR antitoxin Category Antisense ... more details
The SrnB SrnC toxin antitoxin system of the F plasmid is homologous to the hok sok system of R1. ref name Thi94 cite journal last1 Thisted first1 Thomas last2 Nielsen first2 Allan K. year 1994 title Mechanism of post segregational killing translation of Hok, SrnB and Pnd mRNAs of plasmids R1, F and R483 is activated by 3 end processing journal The EMBO Journal volume 13 issue 8 pages 1950 1959 ref Like the hok sok system, it performs a post segregational killing function, ensuring that all surviving daughter cells inherit the F plasmid. The system consists of srnB mRNA which is relatively stable and codes for the toxic protein SrnB, srnB mRNA, a regulatory element and srnC mRNA, an antitoxin with complementarity to srnB . Mechanism of regulation and toxicity The suspected method of regulation has not been directly tested for this system, however due to the strong similarity between this system and the hok sok system, a mechanism of regulation has been inferred based on the structure of the mRNA and the mechanism used to regulate hok expression. The gene system consists of a stretch coding for srnB , srnB and srnC mRNA. srnB completely overlaps srnB and is partly overlapped by srnC . It appears that translation of srnB is dependent on translation of srnB , so regulation of expression of the SrnB toxin can be achieved indirectly by regulating translation of srnB . It is thought that the initial mRNA transcript of srnB is translationally inactive, and in plasmid containing cells it will slowly bind srnC mRNA and be cleaved, or it will be specifically cleaved on the 3 end and rapidly bind srnC , which indirectly inhibits translation of srnB by regulating translation of srnB and causing cleavage. In a plasmid free cell, srnC degrades rapidly and remaining srnB mRNA is processed into translationally active 3 truncated mRNA which yields the SrnB toxic protein, killing the cell. The mechanism by which SrnB causes toxicity is not known, however similarity between the SrnB toxin ... more details
antitoxin system IstR 1 is thought to both inhibit translation of the TisB toxin, and promote RNase ... translated . ref name Vog04 Proposed function of the IstR TisB toxin antitoxin system The proposed function of this toxin antitoxin system is to cause growth arrest, rather than cell death, in response ... Uno08 See also Toxin antitoxin system Sib RNA hok sok system References reflist Further reading refbegin ... antitoxin systems in bacteria searches for new candidates and discovery of novel families journal ... more details
Infobox rfam Name flmB image Flmb SScons.png width caption Conserved secondary structure of flmB RNA. Symbol FlmB AltSymbols Rfam RNA type antisense RNA Tax domain Escherichia coli E. coli , Salmonella enterica S. enterica The FlmA FlmB toxin antitoxin system consists of FlmB RNA F leading region maintenance B , a family of non coding RNA non coding RNAs and the protein toxin FlmA. The FlmB RNA transcript is 100 nucleotide nucleotides in length and is homologous to sok RNA from the hok sok system and fulfills the identical function as a post segregational killing PSK mechanism. ref name Loh88 cite journal author Loh SM, Cram DS, Skurray RA title Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of a third function Flm involved in F plasmid maintenance journal Gene volume 66 issue 2 pages 259 68 year 1988 month June pmid 3049248 doi 10.1016 0378 1119 88 90362 9 url ref ref name Kob91 cite journal author Kobayashi M, Kurusu Y, Yukawa H title High expression of a target gene and high stability of the plasmid journal Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. volume 27 issue 2 pages 145 62 year 1991 month February pmid 2029184 doi 10.1007 BF02921523 url ref flmB is found on the Fertility factor F plasmid of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica . It is responsible for stabilising the plasmid. If the plasmid is not Mendelian inheritance inherited , long lived FlmA mRNA and protein will be highly toxic to the cell, possibly to the point of causing Programmed cell death cell death . ref name Kob91 Daughter cells which inherit the plasmid inherit the FlmB gene , coding for FlmB RNA which binds the five prime untranslated region leader sequence of FlmA mRNA and represses its translation genetics translation . ref name Loh88 See also colbegin Toxin antitoxin system IstR RNA RdlD RNA Sib RNA SymR RNA ptaRNA1 colend References reflist 2 Further reading refbegin cite journal author Fozo EM, Makarova KS, Shabalina SA, Yutin N, Koonin EV, Storz G title Abundance of type I toxin antitoxin system ... more details
Addiction modules are toxin antitoxin system s. Each consists of a pair of gene s that specify two components a stable toxin and an unstable antitoxin that interferes with the lethal action of the toxin ... the unstable antitoxin is degraded faster than the more stable toxin. The term addiction is used because the cell depends on the de novo synthesis of the antitoxin for cell survival. Thus, addiction ... of the antitoxin gene relative to the toxin gene, method of toxin neutralization by the antitoxin, and autoregulation of the addiction module by the antitoxin or toxin antitoxin complex. Image CcdAB Toxin Antitoxin System.png thumb alt A small dimer representing the structures of two toxin molecules is associated with the c terminal domains of the associated antitoxin molecules in the ccdAB ... to CcdA antitoxin molecules c terminal regions shown in green to form a complete CcdAB complex. Transcriptional control of antitoxin toxin ratios In protein based addiction modules, the genes encoding the toxin and antitoxin lie adjacent to each other and are continuously expressed under one operon . To ensure survival of the host when the addiction module is present, more antitoxin must be produced than toxin to counter the shorter lifespan of the antitoxin molecules . Safe ratios of the toxin and antitoxin are maintained at least in part by both this overexpression and by having the antitoxin encoding gene encoded upstream from the toxin gene, so that the antitoxin is available to immediately neutralize the toxin. This upstream placement of the antitoxin gene is found in all proteic ... of toxin antitoxin complexes. Characteristics of antitoxin molecules The antitoxin is generally less ... degrades the antitoxin, but also serves many unrelated proteolytic roles, such as degrading ... co opted existing cell utilities. The antitoxin in proteic addiction modules functions by binding directly to the toxin and preventing its mode of action. Once the antitoxin has bound to the toxin ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol PIN Name PIN domain image PDB 1o4w EBI.jpg width 250 caption Crystal structure of PIN PilT N terminus domain AF0591 from Archaeoglobus fulgidus at 1.90 Angstrom resolution. PDB2 1o4w Pfam PF01850 InterPro IPR002716 SMART CBS PROSITE SCOP 3dbo TCDB OPM family OPM protein CDD cd09852 PDB PDB2 3dbo , PDB2 1v8o , PDB2 1o4w In molecular biology the PIN domain is a protein domain that is about 130 amino acids in length. The PIN domain was named after its identification in the N terminus of the PilT protein Pi lT N terminus . PIN domains function as nuclease enzymes that cleave ssRNA single stranded RNA in a sequence dependent manner. ref name pmid21036780 cite journal author Arcus VL, McKenzie JL, Robson J, Cook GM title The PIN domain ribonucleases and the prokaryotic VapBC toxin antitoxin array journal Protein Eng. Des. Sel. volume 24 issue 1 2 pages 33 40 year 2011 month January pmid 21036780 doi 10.1093 protein gzq081 url ref PIN domains contain three nearly invariant acidic residues. Crystal structures show these residues clustered together in the putative active site . In eukaryotes PIN domains are found in proteins involved in nonsense mediated decay nonsense mediated mRNA decay , in proteins such as SMG5 and SMG6 , and in processing of 18S ribosomal RNA . The majority of PIN domain proteins found in prokaryotes are the toxic components of toxin antitoxin system toxin antitoxin operon s. These loci provide a control mechanism that helps free living prokaryotes cope with nutritional stress. ref name pmid15864262 cite journal author Gerdes K, Christensen SK, L bner Olesen A title Prokaryotic toxin antitoxin stress response loci journal Nat. Rev. Microbiol. volume 3 issue 5 pages 371 82 year 2005 month May pmid 15864262 doi 10.1038 nrmicro1147 url ref References Reflist Category Protein domains ... more details
II toxin antitoxin system Locus genetics genetic loci in prokaryote s. ref cite journal last Robson ... The vapBC Operon from Mycobacterium smegmatis Is An Autoregulated Toxin Antitoxin Module That Controls ... encodes a matching antitoxin. ref name Coo09 cite journal last Cooper first CR coauthors Daugherty, AJ, Tachdjian, S, Blum, PH, Kelly, RM title Role of vapBC toxin antitoxin loci in the thermal ... expression of the antitoxin, in a manner analogous to a poison and antidote. First discovered in 1992, vapBC loci are now thought make up around 37 42 of all type II toxin antitoxin systems. ref name ... a web based tool for identifying toxin antitoxin loci in prokaryotes journal Genome Biology date ... 17678530 pmc 2374986 ref ref name Pan05 cite journal last Pandey first D. P. title Toxin antitoxin ... of two other type II toxin antitoxin systems, ref cite journal last Ogura first T coauthors Hiraga, S title ... gene for the toxin and antitoxin genes respectively. VagC was predicted to encode a 12 Atomic mass ..., XK, Wu, C, Bi, B, Ren, SX, Wu, CF, Zhao, GP title Characterization of a novel toxin antitoxin module ..., J., Cook, G. M. title The PIN domain ribonucleases and the prokaryotic VapBC toxin antitoxin array ... toxin antitoxin module in the genome of the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis journal FEMS ..., A title Prokaryotic toxin antitoxin stress response loci journal Nature reviews. Microbiology date ... Laurence title Toxin antitoxin systems why so many, what for? journal Current Opinion in Microbiology ... with VapB, its cognate antitoxin. The toxin antitoxin complex is thought to autoregulate its own operon ..., D. title Structure and Proposed Activity of a Member of the VapBC Family of Toxin Antitoxin Systems ... gene cassette is though to regulate heat shock response. ref name Coo09 See also Toxin antitoxin ... of a member of the VapBC family of toxin antitoxin systems. VapBC 5 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis ... VL coauthors Rainey, PB, Turner, SJ title The PIN domain toxin antitoxin array in mycobacteria journal ... more details
ATC codes lead J 06 Immune sera and immunoglobulins vet no anchor J06A J06A Immune sera anchor J06AA J06AA Immune sera J06AA01 Diphtheria antitoxin J06AA02 Tetanus antitoxin J06AA03 Snake venom antiserum J06AA04 Botulinum antitoxin J06AA05 Gas gangrene sera J06AA06 Rabies serum anchor J06B J06B Immunoglobulins anchor J06BA J06BA Immunoglobulins, normal human J06BA01 Immunoglobulins, normal human, for extravascular administration J06BA02 Immunoglobulins, normal human, for intravascular administration anchor J06BB J06BB Specific immunoglobulins J06BB01 Anti D rh immunoglobulin J06BB02 Tetanus immunoglobulin J06BB03 Varicella zoster immunoglobulin J06BB04 Hepatitis B immunoglobulin J06BB05 Rabies immunoglobulin J06BB06 Rubella immunoglobulin J06BB07 Vaccinia immunoglobulin J06BB08 Staphylococcus immunoglobulin J06BB09 Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin J06BB10 Diphtheria immunoglobulin J06BB11 Hepatitis A immunoglobulin J06BB12 Encephalitis, tick borne immunoglobulin J06BB13 Pertussis immunoglobulin J06BB14 Morbilli immunoglobulin J06BB15 Parotitis immunoglobulin J06BB16 Palivizumab J06BB17 Motavizumab J06BB30 Combinations anchor J06BC J06BC Other immunoglobulins J06BC01 Nebacumab See also Immune sera and immunoglobulins for veterinary use are in the ATCvet group ATCvet code QI QI . References Reflist Immune sera and immunoglobulins Category ATC codes J06 ca Codi ATC J06 cs ATC k d J06 es Anexo C digo ATC J06 ko ATC J06 hu ATC J06 Immunsz rumok s immunglobulinok pl ATC J06 ro Cod ATC J06 sv ATC kod J06 Immunsera och immunglobuliner th ATC J06 ... more details
Incoming links date February 2012 Anna Williams may refer to Anna Eliza Williams , 1873 1987 , supercentenarian and oldest person in the world upon her death Anna Wessels Williams , pioneering female doctor and bacteriologist who helped develop the diphtheria antitoxin Anna Williams Tekken , fictional character for the Tekken video game series Anna Williams was one of the intended victims of serial killer Dennis Rader , The BTK Strangler Anna Williams poet , 1706 1783 , writer and friend of Dr Johnson Anna Lynne Williams , lead singer of the band Trespassers William See also Ann Williams disambiguation hndis Williams, Anna ... more details
Image JimHorse.jpg.png thumb Jim Jim was a former milk wagon horse who was used to produce blood plasma serum containing antibody antibodies against diphtheria diphtheria toxin . Jim produced over 30 quarts of diphtheria antitoxin in his career, and no doubt saved many lives. However, on October 2, 1901 Jim showed signs that he had contracted Clostridium tetani tetanus and was killed. After the death of a girl in St. Louis was traced back to Jim s contaminated serum, it was discovered that serum dated September 30th contained tetanus in its incubation phase. This could have easily been discovered, had the serum been tested prior to use. Furthermore, samples from September 30th had also been used to fill bottles labeled August 24th, while actual samples from the 24th were shown to be free of contamination. These failures in oversight led to the distribution of antitoxin that caused the death of 12 more children. This incident, and a similar one involving contaminated smallpox vaccine , led to the passage of the Biologics Control Act of 1902 which established the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research . Jim s misfortune, and the ensuing tragedy and reaction thus set a precedent for regulation of biologics and set the stage for the formation of the Food and Drug Administration FDA . See also Immunology Inoculation Public Health References http www.fda.gov fdac features 2002 402 bio.html A brief review of major accomplishments during the first 100 years of CBER http www.fda.gov oc history makinghistory 100yearsofbiologics.html An overview of the incident and conditions surrounding it Category 1901 animal deaths Category Individual horses Category Vaccination Category Drug safety Category Medical scandals fa ... more details
Alphonse Raymond Dochez April 21, 1882 &ndash June 1964 was an American physician and disease researcher. He developed an antitoxin for scarlet fever http www.bookrags.com other health scarlet fever woh.html , and definitively established that virus es cause the common cold http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,848202 2,00.html . He was also the life long roommate of Oswald Avery , the physician credited, after his death, with discovering the importance of DNA . Dochez was also a labmate of Martin Henry Dawson , the first person in history to inject penicillin in a human. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Dochez, Alphonse ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH April 21, 1882 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1964 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Dochez, Alphonse Category 1882 births Category 1964 deaths Category American microbiologists Category American physicians US med bio stub ... more details
William Hallock Park 1863 1939 was an United States American bacteriologist and Laboratory Director, New York City Board of Health, Division of Pathology , Bacteriology , and Disinfection 1893 to 1936 Biography Park was born on December 30, 1863 in New York City . In June 1883 he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from City College and entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons to study medicine. He studied pathology with Dr. Theophil Mitchell Prudden planning to become a nose and throat specialist. After Park graduated in 1893 he interned at Roosevelt Hospital and had a year of post graduate study in Vienna, Austria . On his return in 1890 Park worked on the bacteriology of diphtheria with Dr. Prudden. In 1893 Dr Herman M. Biggs, Chief Inspector, New York Board of Health offered Park a position within the municipal laboratories to work to prevent diphtheria. In 1894, Dr Biggs telegraphed Park with the news of the discovery of the diphtheria antitoxin by Roux and Behring and instructed him to begin inoculation inoculating horses to produce antitoxin in New York City. The atypical strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, most widely used for the production of diphtheria toxin, was discovered by Anna W. Williams who worked for William H. Park. Highlights of Park s career included the establishment of the first municipal bacteriological diagnostics laboratory in the United States, the application of toxin antitoxin vaccine s to prevent diphtheria, and the publication of the widely used textbook Pathogenic Bacteriology co authored with Anna Wessels Williams . In 1932 he was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the United States National Academy of Sciences National Academy of Sciences . ref name PublicWelfare cite web title Public Welfare Award url http www.nasonline.org site PageServer?pagename AWARDS pwm publisher National Academy of Sciences accessdate 14 February 2011 ref Damaging to his reputation was the attenuated live polio vaccine developed by Maurice Brodie ... more details
I toxin antitoxin locus genetics loci are frequently found in both prokaryote prokaryotic chromosomes ... is likely to be part of a complex regulatory network. ref name E0 See also Hok sok system Toxin antitoxin ... more details
Infobox laboratory name motto Science in the pursuit of health image http www.wadsworth.org templates img header proof10sub.jpg established 1901 type Public health budget debt research field rector chancellor president vice president provost principal vice chancellor dean director Lawrence S. Sturman, M.D., Ph.D. head faculty 100 staff 1000 students undergrad postgrad doctoral postdoc profess alumni address Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 city Albany, New York zipcode 12201 0509 coords Coord 42.648877 73.760037 telephone 1 518 474 2160 fax campus free sports colours nickname mascot fightsong affiliations operating agency New York State Department of Health nobel laureates website http www.wadsworth.org logo footnotes The Wadsworth Center, located in Albany, New York , is the research intensive public health laboratory of the New York State Department of Health . The Wadsworth Center is dedicated to science in the pursuit of health. ref cite web url http www.wadsworth.org docs mission.shtml title Mission Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health accessdate 2008 10 15 author Wadsworth Center ref History The Wadsworth Center, originally the New York State s Antitoxin Laboratory, was established in 1901. Its mission was to standardize and manufacture antitoxin , which was for the treatment of communicable diseases such as diphtheria and anthrax. In 1914, the Antitoxin Laboratory was designated the Division of Laboratories and Research. At the same time, Augustus B. Wadsworth was named director and he served until 1945. ref cite web url http www.wadsworth.org docs history.shtml title History of Wadsworth Center accessdate 2008 10 15 author Wadsworth Center ref The Present The Wadsworth Center has over 100 principal investigators and more than 1,000 staff in four locations, the Biggs Laboratory, the David Axelrod Institute, the Center for Medical Science, and, in nearby Guilderland, New York , the Griffin Laboratory. ref cite web url http www.wadsworth.org docs numbers. ... more details
The Biologics Control Act was passed in the United States on July 1, 1902 after two incidents involving the death s of children caused by contaminated vaccine s. The first involved the horse named Jim whose Clostridium tetani tetanus contaminated blood plasma serum was used to produce a diphtheria antitoxin that caused the deaths of thirteen children in St. Louis, Missouri. The second involved contaminated smallpox vaccine which killed nine children in Camden, New Jersey. Both incidents were attributed to failure of proper procedures and testing by local officials. The act established the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research CBER , which was placed under the authority of the NIH by the Public Health Service Act of 1944, and became one of the centers of the Food and Drug Administration FDA in 1972. Although it was signed with much less fanfare than the Pure Food and Drug Act , the Biologics control act set a precedent for federal regulation of biological products. References http www.fda.gov fdac features 2002 402 bio.html A brief review of major accomplishments during the first 100 years of CBER http www.fda.gov oc history makinghistory 100yearsofbiologics.html An overview of the incident and conditions surrounding it Category Vaccination Category United States federal healthcare legislation Category 1902 in law Category Drug safety Category Biotechnology law ... more details
Infobox Person name Alfred Jefferis Turner pseudonym Gentle Annie image image size caption birth date October 3, 1861 birth place Canton, China death date December 29, 1947 death place Brisbane death cause resting place cremated occupation pediatrician, entomologist author abbrev zoo Turner spouse Hilda Constance Roehricht parents Frederick Storrs Turner , Sophia Mary Harmer children none Alfred Jefferis Turner was a pediatrician and noted amateur entomology entomologist . He was born in Guangzhou Canton, China on October 3, 1861. He introduced the use of diphtheria antitoxin to Australia in 1895. He was known by the nickname Gentle Annie . Dr. Turner died in Brisbane on December 29, 1947. References Biography from the Australian Dictionary of Biography http www.adb.online.anu.edu.au biogs A120324b.htm Persondata NAME Turner, Alfred Jefferis ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gentle Annie SHORT DESCRIPTION pediatrician , entomologist DATE OF BIRTH October 3, 1861 PLACE OF BIRTH Guangzhou Canton, China DATE OF DEATH Deceember 29, 1947 PLACE OF DEATH Brisbane DEFAULTSORT Turner, Alfred Jefferis Category 1861 births Category 1947 deaths Category Australian medical doctors Category Australian entomologists med bio stub Australia scientist stub fr Alfred Jefferis Turner ... more details
Orphan date February 2012 Refimprove date February 2012 International Therapeutic Proteins ref Corporate website itproteins.com International Therapeutic Proteins Ltd 2010 ref known as ITP supplies antitoxins , antidotes to snake venoms and other biologic medical product biologics biological therapeutics to corporate and government clients. Company Info The company s manufacturing base is located in the remote but temperate island of Tasmania . This safeguards end products from contamination with Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy . International Therapeutic Proteins is headquartered in the UK. The UK office functions are primarily administration, distribution and regulatory affairs. The company s Australian subsidiary owns two farms in Tasmania totalling 500 hectares 1,235 acres . The farms are located in Longford , where Selborne Biological Services is also operating. ref name SBS cite web url http www.selbornebiological.com about about.htm title About Selborne Biological Services year 2006 work Selborne Biological Services accessdate 2009 12 27 ref A dedicated protein separation facility is used for all antitoxin products. This consists of an upstream pre viral inactivation suite for the fractionation of IgG from whole Serum blood serum or plasma and a downstream post viral inactivation suite to conduct further processing and formulation of the Fab fragment . References references Category Pharmaceutical companies of the United Kingdom ... more details
. Due to the short half life of the sok antitoxin, daughter cells inherit only small amounts and it quickly ... more sok antitoxin transcript to inhibit translation of the inherited hok mRNA. The killing system ... Homologous systems Further Toxin antitoxin system Other plasmids hok sok homology biology homologues ... toxin antitoxin system called srnB . ref name Ger90 The first type I toxin antitoxin system ... toxin antitoxin systems In E. coli strain K 12 there are four long direct repeats ldr which ... more details
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