Taxobox name Crucifix Toad image Notaden bennettii.JPG image caption A male Crucifix toad. regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Amphibia ordo Anura familia Myobatrachidae subfamilia Limnodynastinae genus Notaden species N. bennettii binomial Notaden bennettii binomial authority Albert C. L. G. G nther G nther , 1873 range map Notaden bennettii distrib.PNG range map caption Range of the Crucifix Toad File Holy Cross Frog.jpg thumb right A small Holy Cross Frog. The Crucifix Toad or Holy Cross Frog Notaden bennettii is an Australia n, fossorial frog . It is one of the few Australian frogs to display aposematism . It is native to wastern New South Wales , and south western Queensland . Physical description The Crucifix Toad is the most distinctive species of frog within the Notaden genus. Whereas most Notaden frogs are dark brown in colour, the Crucifix Toad exhibits many bright colours. Its dorsal surface is bright yellow, with a cross of many colours centered on the back. The cross is outlined with large, black dots, and filled with white, black and red dots. The ventral surface is white, and the flank s blue. The Crucifix Toad is a small, and very round frog. Its nose is blunt, and legs and feet are small. As this species is fossorial, the tympanum is hidden. Males reach a length of 6.3 centimetres 2.5 in , and females a length of 6.8 centimetres 2.7 in . The species feet have little spades to help them burrow deeply. ref name fg Ecology and behaviour The Crucifix Toad is a ground dwelling frog, which inhabits the arid areas of western New South Wales and Queensland. To survive long periods without water, the Crucifix Toad will bury itself underground and encase itself in a cocoon. ref name rbnt Upon very heavy rain, they will emerge from the ground, and begin breeding in temporary ponds. The males call from within the pond to attract the female. The call is a woop . The development of the tadpole is rapid so as to take advantage of the wet co ... more details
Taxobox name Brithys crini image Brythis crini1.JPG image width 200px image caption Caterpillar boring into a Pancratium maritimum leaf regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Noctuidae genus Brithys species B. crini binomial Brithys crini binomial authority Fabricius, 1775 synonyms Bombyx crini Phalaena dominica Noctua pancratii Noctua encausta Brithys vertenteni Brithys nipponica Brithys encausta Brithys pancratii Glottula pancrati File Brithys crini Noctuidae Lily borer larva 8747s.jpg left thumb Brithys crini , Noctuidae , larva The Lily Borer , Crinum borer , ref name isbn0 409 08398 4 cite book author Annecke, D. R., Moran, V. C. title Insects and mites of cultivated plants in South Africa publisher Butterworths location London year 1982 pages isbn 0 409 08398 4 oclc doi accessdate ref or Kew Arches Brithys crini is a moth of the Noctuidae family. It is found in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean , south to South Africa . Furthermore, it is found in Japan and the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia . The wingspan of the moth is about 40 mm. Its thorax and fore wings are very dark brown, but paler toward the wingtips. The hind wings are practically white. The ends of the legs bear black and white stripes. In Europe the adults are on the wing in July. There are several generations per year, though development slows down in cooler seasons, when the larvae sometimes overwinter by boring into the bulbs of the host plants. The moth lays clusters of a few dozen eggs on the host plant leaves. The hatching larvae at first remain in groups and mine into the leaves. As they grow they either emerge and feed externally, or proceed down the leaves to their bases or even into the bulbs. The larva e are Aposematism aposematically coloured in pale yellows on blacks and browns. They are unpalatable to most vertebrate predators, and also poisonous, feeding as they do, on largely unpalatable and poisonous plants. They are sligh ... more details
Taxobox image Fly November 2007 10 edit.jpg image caption Anthomyia pluvialis regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Fly Diptera familia Anthomyiidae subfamilia Anthomyiinae tribus Anthomyini genus Anthomyia genus authority Johann Wilhelm Meigen Meigen , 1803 type species Anthomyia pluvialis Musca pluvialis type species authority Carolus Linnaeus Linnaeus , Systema Naturae 1758 synonyms Anthomya small Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Rafinesque , 1815 small Chelisia small Camillo R ndani R ndani , 1856 small Craspedochoeta small Justin Pierre Marie Macquart Macquart , 1851 small Anthomyia is a genus of Diptera fly in the family biology family Anthomyiidae . ref name PontAckland cite journal last Pont first Adrian C. authorlink coauthors Ackland, David M. year 1995 title Fanniidae, Muscidae and Anthomyiidae associated with Burrows of the Alpine Marmot Marmota marmota LENNAEUS in the Upper tz Valley Tyrol, Austria Inserta, Diptera trans title journal Ber. nat. med. Verein Innsbruck Band volume 82 pages 319 324 location Innsbruck issn url http www.biologiezentrum.at pdf frei remote BERI 82 0319 0324.pdf format PDF Adobe Acrobat ref They look rather like small houseflies, but are commonly conspicuously patterned black and white in colour. ref name isbn1 86872 713 0 cite book author Alan Weaving Mike Picker Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn title Field Guide to Insects of South Africa publisher New Holland Publishers, Ltd location year 2003 pages isbn 1 86872 713 0 oclc doi accessdate ref This appears to be a mild form of Aposematism aposematic coloration, though they do not appear to be distasteful unless they have eaten something offensive to the predator and have loaded their guts with it. File Anthomyia species IMG 2693s.jpg left thumb Specimen from wild pigeon s nest Species Anthomyia bazini A. bazini small Eug ne S guy S guy , 1929 small Anthomyia cannabina A. cannabina small Paul Stein entomologist Stein , 1916 small Anthomyia canningsi A. canningsi sm ... more details
. Most poison dart frogs are brightly colored, displaying Aposematism aposematic patterns to warn ... coloration advertises unpalatability to potential predators. Aposematism is currently thought to have ..., recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs journal PNAS year 2003 ... from aposematism and scale in poison frogs journal Prodeedings of the National Academy of Sciences ... 2011 title Phenotypic integration emerges from aposematism and scale in poison frogs url journal Proceedings ... correlated diet specialization and chemical defense with aposematism. The most recent study to come ... more details
This is a list of topics in evolutionary biology . main Evolutionary biology AlphanumericTOC align center nobreak numbers references externallinks top Expand list date August 2008 A abiogenesis adaptation adaptive radiation allele allele frequency allopatric speciation altruism anagenesis aposematism Archaeopteryx aquatic adaptation artificial selection atavism B biological organisation Brassica oleracea breed C Cambrian explosion camouflage catagenesis biology gene centered view of evolution cephalization Sergei Chetverikov Chi square test chronobiology chronospecies clade cladistics Climatic adaptation coalescent theory co evolution Co operation evolution coefficient of relationship common descent convergent evolution creation evolution controversy cultivar current research in evolutionary biology conspecific song preference D Darwin unit Charles Darwin Darwinism Darwin s finches Richard Dawkins directional selection Theodosius Dobzhansky Dog breeding Domestication Domestication of the horse E ecological genetics ecological selection endosymbiosis error threshold evolution evidence of common descent evolution evolutionary arms race evolutionary capacitance evolution of cetaceans evolution of complexity evolution of the horse evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles evolution of mammals evolution of sex evolution of sirenians evolution of the eye evolutionary developmental biology evolutionary dynamics evolutionary neuroscience evolutionary psychology evolutionary radiation evolutionary stable strategy evolutionary tree evolvability experimental evolution exaptation extinction F Joe Felsenstein Ronald Fisher R.A. Fisher Fisher s reproductive value fitness biology fitness fitness landscape E.B. Ford fossil G Gal pagos Islands gene gene centric view of evolution gene duplication gene flow gene pool genetic drift genetic hitchhiking genetic recombination genetic variation genotype genotype environment correlation genotype environment interaction genotype phenotype dis ... more details
199 doi 10.1146 annurev.es.13.110182.001125 ref Aposematism Main Aposematism File Yellow banded.poison.dart.frog.arp.jpg ... as aposematism . Aposematic prey need not display such signals all the time. It may be energetically ... and its antithesis, aposematism, often occur. However, once a predator has learned from harsh ... more details
Taxobox name Hypercompe image giant leopard moth 20050612 173823 1.1300x1210.jpg image width 240px image caption Giant Leopard Moth , br Hypercompe scribonia regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Arctiidae subfamilia Arctiinae tribus Spilosomini genus Hypercompe genus authority Jacob H bner H bner , 1819 type species Phalaena icasia type species authority Cramer, 1777 synonyms Ecpantheria small H bner, 1820 small br Agaposoma small Cajetan Freiherr von Felder C. Felder , 1874 small br Catenina small Hermann Burmeister Burmeister , 1883 small Hypercompe is a genus of moth s of the Family biology family Arctiidae . There are over 80 species found throughout the Americas . Several species were formerly separated in Ecpantheria which is now regarded as a junior synonym . They are typically large moths with white forewings heavily spotted with black, and brightly colored abdomens which are exposed when the moth is threatened. This is a form of aposematism they produce copious amounts of foul smelling defensive chemicals, which they ooze from special points of weakness on the thorax , to discourage would be predator s. Citation needed date January 2007 Species Species include Hypercompe abdominalis Recorded food plants include Brassica and Veronica plant Veronica Hypercompe albescens Food plant Musa Musaceae Musa Hypercompe albicornis Recorded food plants include Helianthus , Luffa and Phaseolus Hypercompe albiscripta Hypercompe alpha Hypercompe amulaensis Hypercompe andromela Hypercompe anomala Hypercompe atra Hypercompe bari Hypercompe beckeri Hypercompe bolivar Hypercompe brasiliensis Hypercompe bricenoi Hypercompe burmeisteri Hypercompe campinasa Food plant Gossypium Gossypium herbaceum Hypercompe castronis Hypercompe caudata small Walker, 1855 small Hypercompe cermellii Recorded food plants include Gossypium , Plantago and Solanum Hypercompe chelifer Hypercompe confusa Hypercompe conspersa Hypercompe contexta Hypercompe cotyora ... more details
Taxobox name Peacock pheasants image Stavenn Polyplectron napoleonis 01.jpg image width image caption male Palawan Peacock Pheasant br Polyplectron napoleonis regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Aves ordo Galliformes familia Phasianidae subfamilia Phasianinae genus Polyplectron genus authority Coenraad Jacob Temminck Temminck , 1807 synonyms Polyplectrum lapsus The peacock pheasants are a bird genus, Polyplectron , of the family Phasianidae , consisting of eight species . They are colored inconspicuously, relying on heavily on crypsis to avoid detection. When threatened, peacock pheasants will alter their shapes utilising specialised plumage that when expanded reveals numerous iridescent orbs. The birds also vibrate their plume quills further accentuating their aposematism . Peacock pheasants exhibit well developed metatarsal spurs. Older individuals may have multiple spurs on each leg. These kicking thorns are used in self defense. The systematics of the genus are somewhat unclear. Molecular research has revealed that peacock pheasants are not genetically related to pheasants and only distantly to peafowl. Their closest allies are the Asiatic Galloperdix spurfowl and the Crimson headed Partridge , endemic to Borneo . These three genera share the curious tendency for multiple metatarsal spurs. Though they are somewhat divergent morphologically, their skeletons are nearly identical. The species of Polyplectron diverged at some time between, roughly, the Early Pliocene and the Middle Pleistocene , or 5 1 mya unit million years ago . Polyplectron malacense and P. schleiermacheri form a Basal phylogenetics basal radiation around the southern South China Sea together with P. napoleonis , as is confirmed by comparison of biogeography and mtDNA cytochrome b cytochrome b and D loop as well as the nuclear DNA nuclear ovomucoid intron G. ref name Kimball Kimball, Rebecca T. Braun, Edward L. Ligon, J. David Lucchini, Vittorio & Randi, Ettore 2001 A molecular phylogeny of ... more details
from predators, markings to attract conspecifics or warn predators aposematism , and the absence ... and M llerian mimicry . Batesian mimicry Main Batesian mimicry In Batesian mimicry, an aposematism ... with chemical weaponry usually make their presence known through aposematism. Aposematism is utilized ... more details
University Press, New York. p148 ref and he also invented the term aposematism for warning colouration ... BAAS for 1937. See also Animal coloration Aposematism Frequency dependent selection Mimicry Polymorphism ... more details
for the psychedelic rock band Tarantula Hawk band Taxobox image Tarantulawasp.jpg image width 250px name Tarantula hawk regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropoda classis Insecta ordo Hymenoptera subordo Apocrita superfamilia Vespoidea familia Pompilidae subfamilia Pepsinae tribus Pepsini subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Pepsis br Hemipepsis A tarantula hawk is a spider wasp which hunts tarantulas as food for its larva e. Tarantula hawks belong to any of the many species in the genera Pepsis and Hemipepsis in the family Spider wasp Pompilidae spider wasps . The more familiar species are up to five centimetres two inches long with a blue black body and bright rust colored wings other species have black wings with blue highlights , making them among the largest of wasps. The coloring on their wings warns potential predators that they are dangerous aposematism . Their long legs have hooked claws for grappling with their victims. The stinger of a female tarantula hawk can be up to 7 mm 1 3 inch long, and the sting is considered among the most painful insect stings in the world. Behavior File Tarantula hawk.JPG left thumb A tarantula hawk dragging its prey The female tarantula hawk captures, stings, and paralyzes the spider, then either drags her prey back into her own burrow or transports it to a specially prepared nest, where a single egg biology egg is laid on the spider s abdomen, and the entrance is covered. When the wasp larva hatches, it creates a small hole in the spider s abdomen, then enters the spider s abdomen and feeds voraciously, avoiding vital organ anatomy organ s for as long as possible to keep the spider alive. After several weeks, the larva pupates. Finally, the wasp becomes an adult, and emerges from the spider s abdomen. The wasp emerges from the nest to continue the life cycle. Tarantula wasps are also nectarivorous . The consumption of fermented fruit sometimes intoxicates them to the point that flight becomes difficult. While the wasps tend ... more details
Cleanup date March 2011 Italic title Taxobox name Red eyed tree frog status LC status system IUCN3.1 trend down image Agalychnis callidryas.jpg regnum Animal ia Phylum Chordata classis Amphibian Amphibia ordo Frog Anura subordo Neobatrachia familia Tree frog Hylidae genus Agalychnis species A. callidryas binomial Agalychnis callidryas binomial authority Edward Drinker Cope Cope , 1862 For other species commonly known as the Red eyed Tree Frog, see Litoria chloris The Red eyed Treefrog Agalychnis callidryas is an arboreal Hylidae hylid native to Neotropical rainforests in Central America . Description Image Red eyed tree frog edit2.jpg thumb left Specimen displaying its bright side markings Red eyed tree frogs, as their name states, have red eyes with vertically narrowed noses, a vibrant green body with yellow and blue striped sides, and orange toes. There is a great deal of regional variation in flank and thigh coloration. ref name Robertson2008 Robertson, J. M. & Robertson, A. D. 2008. Spatial and temporal patterns of phenotypic variation in a Neotropical frog. pp. 830 843 ref Although it has been suggested that A. callidryas bright colors function as Aposematism aposematic or signals, neither of these hypotheses have been confirmed. ref name Robertson2008 Males range from 2 5.08 centimetres to 2 inches 6.35 centimetres , while female range from 2 6.35 centimetres to 3 inches 7.62 centimetres on average. Young frogs are typically brown in color and turn greener as they mature, although adult frogs can change their color slightly depending on mood and environment. ref cite web title Agalychnis callidryas work Animal Diversity Web publisher University of Michigan Museum of Zoology url http animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu site accounts information Agalychnis callidryas.html ref Red eyed tree frogs have soft, fragile skin on their stomach, and the skin on their back is thicker and rougher. The red eyed tree frog has three eyelids and sticky pads on its toes. ... more details
John Jenner Weir FLS, FZS 1822 1894 was an England English amateur entomologist , ornithologist and British civil servant . He is best known today for being one of the naturalists who corresponded with and provided important data to both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace . He played a particularly important role in the formulation of Wallace s theory of aposematism warning colouration . He was also one of the 3 judges at the first animal fancy cat fancy show in Great Britain. Life and civil service career Weir was born on August 9, 1822. ref name Entomologist1894 http books.google.com books?vid OCLC07322611&id SO8KAAAAIAAJ&pg RA2 PA157&lpg RA2 PA157&dq John Jenner Weir PRA2 PA160,M1 Obituary in May 1894 Entomologist ref at Lewes in East Sussex . ref name AurelianLegacy Salmon, Marren, Harley http books.google.com books?vid ISBN0520229630&id cAUTW ax SgC&pg PA164&lpg PA164&ots S e151wuOE&dq John Jenner Weir&sig sSf1pvWpL gSgo D3Lk2rpSmCa4 The Aurelian Legacy pp. 164 165 ref He joined the customs service in 1839, rising to the high position of Accountant and Controller General of Customs in London in 1874. He would hold that post until his retirement in 1885. ref name Entomologist1894 Work as a naturalist Weir was an amateur naturalist who pursued interests in entomology , the study of insects, ornithology , the study of birds, and botany , the study of plants. ref name AurelianLegacy His initial interest was in Lepidoptera butterflies and moths and the first paper he ever published, in 1845, was on the discovery of a rare forester moth in Lewes. ref name Entomologist1894 ref name AurelianLegacy He was noted for his work collecting and setting very small Lepidoptera until an accident in 1870 resulted in the loss of the top half of his left thumb, which prevented him from setting very small insects. ref name AurelianLegacy He kept birds in an aviary in his garden where he conducted experiments on predation of insects by birds. ref name AurelianLegacy Weir was a ... more details
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