Apostaticselection is Frequency dependent selection frequency dependent selection by predators, particularly in regard to prey that are different morphs of a Polymorphism biology polymorphic species that is not a mimic non mimetic of another species. It is closely linked to the idea of prey switching , however the two terms are regularly used to describe different aspects of the same phenomenon. Apostaticselection has been used by authors looking at the differences between different genetic morphs. In comparison, prey switching has been used when describing the choice between different species. ref Allen, J.A. 1988 Frequency dependent selection by predators. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B 319, 485 503 ref The idea links up with the concept of search image from Luuk Tinbergen , whereby through experience a predator is considered to have developed a particular skill or capacity to spot prey items of typical appearance mainly pattern , to the point where typical specimens are even taken disproportionately to their actual abundance within the population. Conversely, specimens of unusual appearance are less likely to end up as part of a predator s diet than would be justified if consumption of food items was related to their abundance within the population in a straightforward way. In consequence, there are greater than expected chances of individuals within a population that are of non typical appearance passing on the genes controlling that appearance to the next generation. References reflist http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez query.fcgi?cmd Retrieve&db pubmed&dopt Abstract&list uids 1063732&itool iconabstr&query hl 1 Abstract Further evidence for apostaticselection by wild passerine birds 9 1 experiments. Category Behavioral ecology Category Selection evolution stub simple Apostaticselection ... more details
Apostatic may refer to Apostaticselection , the selection by predators consuming abundantly occurring prey types Apostasy , the formal renunciation of one s religion Disambig ... more details
traits or allele s of genes segregating within a population may be subject to selection . Under selection ... than others do. When these traits have a genetic basis, selection can increase the prevalence of those traits, because offspring will genetics inherit those traits from their parents. When selection ... then be said to have evolved . Scientists who do experimental genetics employ artificial selection experiments that permit the survival of organisms with user defined phenotypes. Artificial selection ... or not selection takes place depends on the conditions in which the individuals of a species find ... selection. Factors fostering selection include limits on resources nourishment, habitat space, mates ... as selective pressures . Natural selection is the most familiar type of selection by name. The breeding of dogs, cows and horses, however, represents artificial selection . Subcategories of natural selection are also sometimes distinguished. These include sexual selection , ecological selection , stabilizing selection , disruptive selection and directional selection more on these below . Selection ... neutral , selection does not occur. Meanwhile, selection does not guarantee that advantageous ... may become less common or disappear. In the face of selection even a so called deleterious allele may become universal to the members of a species. This is a risk primarily in the case of weak selection ... s. Though deleterious alleles may sometimes become established, selection may act negatively as well as positively. Negative selection decreases the prevalence of traits that diminish individuals capacity to succeed reproductively i.e. their fitness biology fitness , while positive selection ... selection are sometimes said to be selected against, while those under positive selection are said to be selected ... against shallow root architectures. Types and subtypes File Selection classification diagram.png frame right Selection is hierarchically classified into natural selection natural and artificial ... more details
. Thirdly, apostaticselection is likely, with the birds preferentially taking the most common morph ...Balancing selection refers to a number of natural selection selective processes by which multiple allele ... of natural selection In directional selection the allele frequency for a trait continuously shifts in one direction. In stabilizing selection the frequency of the alleles of lower fitness decreases until they vanish. Balancing selection is similar but not identical to disruptive selection where individuals ... www.sparknotes.com biology evolution naturalselection section1.html ref Evidence for balancing selection ... are not exclusive within any given population by which balancing selection works to maintain polymorphism. The two major and most studied are heterozygote advantage and frequency dependent selection . Mechanisms of balancing selection Heterozygote advantage Image sicklecells.jpg framed Sickle shaped red blood cells. This non lethal condition in heterozygotes is maintained by balancing selection ... advantage In heterozygote advantage , or heterotic balancing selection , an individual who is heterozygous ... selection between fierce selection against homozygous sickle cell sufferers, and selection ... Britannica. Chicago. ref Frequency dependent selection main Frequency dependent selection Frequency dependent selection occurs when the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population. In positive frequency dependent selection the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. In negative frequency dependent selection ... advantage. MIT Press 1965. ref Selection acts at different levels The fitness of a genotype may depend ... pair on tree trunk.jpg thumb 200px right Two active Grove snails A second kind of selection also .... ref ref Cain A.J. and Currey J.D. 1968. Climate and selection of banding morphs in Cepaea from the climate ... P.M. 1950. Selection in the polymorphic land snail Cepaea nemoralis L . Heredity 4 275 94. ref ref ... more details
Positive selection may refer to Positive selection as an Thymocyte Events during maturation event during thymocyte maturation Directional selection , a particular mode or mechanism of natural selection. disambig immunology T cells that express TCR can bind weakly to self antigenson MHC are selected in positive selection ... more details
Unnatural Selection may refer to tocright Literature Saurians Unnatural Selection comics Saurians Unnatural Selection comics , a 2002 American comic book published by CrossGen Unnatural Selection Buffy novel Unnatural Selection Buffy novel , a 1999 original novel based on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Unnatural Selection 2006 , Gideon Oliver novel by Aaron Elkins Unnatural Selection comics , a collection of comic strips from the Far Side, drawn by Gary Larson. Television Unnatural Selection The Outer Limits Unnatural Selection The Outer Limits , a 1996 episode of The Outer Limits television show Unnatural Selection Stargate SG 1 Unnatural Selection Stargate SG 1 , a 2002 episode of the science fiction television series Stargate SG 1 Unnatural Selection Star Trek The Next Generation Unnatural Selection Star Trek The Next Generation , a 1989 episode in the second season of Star Trek The Next Generation Other Unnatural Selection album Unnatural Selection album , a 1999 album by Flotsam And Jetsam Unnatural Selection video game , a 1993 video game by Maxis Unnatural Selection , a song on Muse s 2009 album The Resistance album The Resistance Unnatural Selection , an entry in the direct to video series P.R.O.B.E. , a spin off of the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who featuring companion character Liz Shaw . See also Artificial selection Natural selection disambiguation ... more details
Wiktionary selectionSelection is the consistent differential survival and reproduction among genotypes. Selection may also refer to In computer science Selection user interface Selection genetic algorithm Selection relational algebra Selection based search , a search engine system in which the user invokes a search query using only the mouse Selection algorithm , an algorithm that finds the k th smallest number in a list Other uses Selected album Selected album , the compilation album by Recoil Selection Australian history , an area of crown land acquired under legislation Selection album Selection album , by 54 40 Selective school Selection in schools , the admission of students on the basis of selective critera Selection effect , a distortion of data arising from the way that the data are collected Selektion , selection of prisoners for execution at a Nazi concentration camp disambig de Selektion es Selecci n fr S lection gl Selecci n ja no Seleksjon sk Selekcia ... more details
Negative selection may refer to In biology Negative selection natural selection , in natural selection it refers to the selective removal of rare alleles that are deleterious Negative selection artificial selection , in artificial selection it refers to where negative, rather than positive, traits of a species are selected for In politics Negative selection politics , is a process that occurs in rigid hierarchies, most notably dictatorships In immunology Negative selection immunology T cells that recognize self MHC molecules and peptides with high affinity are deleted from the repertoire of cells. Central tolerance is produced. Avoids auto immunity. Occurs after positive selection. disambig it Selezione negativa ... more details
Best Selection may refer to Best Selection Japan album Best Selection Japan album , 1994 Best Selection Jimsaku album Best Selection Jimsaku album Best Selection 2010 , a greatest hits album by Korean boy band TVXQ disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Other uses Negative selection disambiguation In natural selection , negative selection ref Loewe, L. 2008 . http www.nature.com scitable topicpage Negative Selection 1136 Negative selection . Nature Education 1 1 . ref or purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are Mutation Harmful mutations deleterious . This can result in stabilizing selection through the purging of deleterious variations that arise. Purging of deleterious alleles can be achieved on the population genetics level, with as little as a single point mutation being the unit of selection. In such a case, carriers of the harmful point mutation have fewer offspring each generation, reducing the frequency of the mutation in the gene pool. In the case of strong negative selection on a locus, the purging of deleterious variants will result in the occasional removal of genetic linkage linked variation, producing a decrease in the level of variation surrounding the locus under selection. The accidental purging of non deleterious alleles due to such spatial proximity to deleterious alleles is called background selection . ref Brian Charlesworth Charlesworth, B. , Morgan, M. T. and Deborah Charlesworth Charlesworth, D. 1993. The effect of deleterious mutations on neutral molecular variation. Genetics 134 , 1289 1303. http www.genetics.org cgi content abstract 134 4 1289 Link ref This effect increases with higher mutation rate but decreases with higher recombination rate. ref cite journal author Hudson RR, Kaplan NL title Deleterious background selection with recombination journal Genetics volume 141 issue 4 pages 1605 17 year 1995 month December pmid 8601498 pmc 1206891 ref See Also Balancing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Stabilizing selection Assortative mating References Reflist MolecularEvolution genetics stub Category Selection Category Genetics it Selezione ambientale ... more details
The Ultra Selection may refer to The Ultra Selection Mantronix album The Ultra Selection Mantronix album , 2005 The Ultra Selection Spandau Ballet album The Ultra Selection Spandau Ballet album , 2005 disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
In computing and user interface engineering , a column selection is a text selection feature found in text editor s which allows the user to select characters in a grid like fashion. This is usually initiated by pressing the alt key instead of the shift key to select text when drag and drop ping. The feature is known by different names in different applications block selection LibreOffice Writer ref http help.libreoffice.org Writer Selection Mode Writer Selection Mode LibreOffice Help ref column selection EditPlus ref http editplus.info wiki FAQ FAQ EditPlus Wiki ref , Vim text editor vi , Emacs non linear text selection TextEdit ref http hints.macworld.com article.php?story 20050509093516708 10.4 Use non linear text selection in TextEdit ref rectangular selection jEdit ref http www.jedit.org users guide selection.html Selecting Text jEdit ref References reflist computing stub Category User interface techniques ... more details
Truncation selection is a Selection genetic algorithm selection method used in genetic algorithm s to select potential candidate solutions for recombination. In truncation selection the candidate solutions are ordered by fitness, and some proportion, p, e.g. p 1 2, 1 3, etc. , of the fittest individuals are selected and reproduced 1 p times. Truncation selection is less sophisticated than many other selection methods, and is not often used in practice. It is used in Muhlenbein s Breeder Genetic Algorithm . ref cite journal journal Evolutionary Computation year 1993 title Predictive Models for the Breeder Genetic Algorithm author H Muhlenbein, D Schlierkamp Voosen url http citeseer.comp.nus.edu.sg rd 0,730860,1,0.25,Download http qSqqSqwww.ais.fraunhofer.deqSq 257EmuehlenqSqpublicationsqSqgmd as ga 93 01.ps ref References reflist compu AI stub comp sci stub bioinformatics stub Category Genetic algorithms ... more details
Tournament selection is a method of selecting an individual from a population of individuals in a genetic algorithm . Tournament selection involves running several tournaments among a few individuals chosen at random from the population. The winner of each tournament the one with the best fitness is selected for Crossover genetic algorithm crossover . Selection pressure is easily adjusted by changing the tournament size. If the tournament size is larger, weak individuals have a smaller chance to be selected. Tournament selection pseudo code choose k the tournament size individuals from the population at random choose the best individual from pool tournament with probability p choose the second best individual with probability p 1 p choose the third best individual with probability p 1 p 2 and so on... Deterministic tournament selection selects the best individual when p 1 in any tournament. A 1 way tournament k 1 selection is equivalent to random selection. The chosen individual can be removed from the population that the selection is made from if desired, otherwise individuals can be selected more than once for the next generation. Tournament selection has several benefits it is efficient to code, works on parallel architectures and allows the selection pressure to be easily adjusted. See Also Fitness proportionate selection Reward based selection References External links http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download jsessionid 621DB995CF9017353A57518149E3CAA4?doi 10.1.1.30.6625&rep rep1&type pdf Genetic Algorithms, Tournament Selection, and the Effects of Noise by Brad L. Miller and David E. Goldberg Portable Document Format PDF link . http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc download?doi 10.1.1.19.1850&rep rep1&type pdf Tournament Selection in XCS by Martin V. Butz, Kumara Sastry and David E. Goldberg Portable Document Format PDF link . Category Genetic algorithms ... more details
Tandem selection is a method of artificial selection in which useful traits are selected for sequentially. For instance, one could select for both increased milk Crop yield yield and increased milk fat content in cow s via tandem selection by first selecting those with the best of one trait, say those that produce highest milk yield, and then when that trait is at a satisfactory level, by starting to select for those cows that produce milk with the greatest milk fat content instead. However, for cows to produce milk with greater fat content, yield may have to go down due to, perhaps, limits of the cows metabolism . So, while you are selecting for cows which have increased milk fat content, the yield of milk they are producing may also go down, thus reversing the selection process previously performed to increase it. Therefore, tandem selection has a major disadvantage to other major types of artificial selection for multiple traits, such as culling and index selection , as there is a tendency for the last trait to be lost as the next is being selected. Category Breeding Genetics stub ... more details
unreferenced date August 2010 Selection ratio refers to the ratio of the number job positions to the number of job applicants and is used in the context of selection and recruitment . It is typically assumed to be a number between 0 and 1 where a number closer to zero implies that there are many applicants for any one position. The selection ratio provides information about the value of assessment tools, such as interviews, work samples, and psychometric tests. When the selection ratio is close to one, most applicants will need to be hired in order to fill the available positions. As such knowing that one applicant is likely to perform better than another is of limited value. In contrast when the selection ratio is closer to zero, assessment tools have greater value in indicating which subset of job applicants are likely to perform best. Estimates of the selection ratio can form part of estimates of utility for a given selection and recruitment system. Employment Category Recruitment Category Employment Category Human resource management ja ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 original research September 2007 Ecological selection or environmental selection or survival selection or individual selection or asexual selection refers to natural selection minus sexual selection , i.e. strictly ecological processes that operate on a species ... February 2007 The variant names describe varying circumstances where sexual selection is wholly ... selection can be said to be taking place in any circumstance where inheritance of specific ... is hermaphroditic or asexually reproducing, an ecological selection is taking place. In sexual reproduction ... suppression of sexual selection factors prevents the normal sexual competition rituals and selection from taking place, but which also prevent artificial selection from operating, e.g. arranged marriages ... force. Ecological selection vs sexual selection In cases where ecological and sexual selection factors ... be important to distinguish them as sub processes within natural selection. For instance, Ceratogaulus ... no longer run or evade predators thus ecological selection seems to have ultimately trumped sexual. It is also important to distinguish ecological selection in cases of extreme ecological abundance, e.g. the human built environment , cities or zoos, where sexual selection must generally predominate ..., however it becomes a sexual selection factor. Similar phenomena can be said to exist in humans ... selection from sexual is useful especially in such extreme cases Above examples demonstrate exceptions rather than a typical selection in the wild. In general, ecological selection is assumed to be the dominant process in natural selection , except in highly cognitive species that do not, or do not always ... of its sexual fitness under normal sexual selection processes for that species. For example, if only ... to lack of males, sexual selection has been suppressed by an ecological selection the disaster . Such situations ... such catastrophic events where ecological selection predominates can lead to a population with specific ... more details
M 1 Selection is series of MMA competitions held by M 1 Global where the next generation of superstars ... them a trip to the championship event where they will compete for a M 1 Selection title. ref http www.m 1global.com 2011 03 07 m 1 selection 2011 e2 80 93 asia opening round 1 announced ref M 1 Selection 1 2009 Season class wikitable border 1 Event Date Location Schedule M 1 Selection 1 13.03.2009 St.Petersburg ... St.Petersburg 4 1 M 1 Selection 2 04.19.2009 St.Petersburg, Russia Team Crazy Bears vs Team Sochi Star 2 3 Team Rus Fighters vs Team Legion 1 4 Team Action Force vs Team Combat Bears 3 2 M 1 Selection ... Action Force 2 3 Team Mockva vs Team Anapa 2 3 M 1 Selection 4 23.06.2009 St.Petersburg, Russia Team Sochi Star vs Team Anapa 1 4 Team Comba Bears vs Team Legion 0 5 M 1 Selection 5 21.07.2009 St.Petersburg, Russia Team Dagestan vs Team Rus Fighters 4 1 Team Mockva vs Team Crazy Bears 3 2 M 1 Selection ... 2 3 M 1 Selection 7 03.10.2009 Moscow, Russia Team Rus Fighters vs Team Combat Bears 2 3 Team Anapa vs Team Crazy Bears 5 0 M 1 Selection 8 04.10.2009 Moscow, Russia Team Mockv vs Team Red Devil 3 2 Team Action Force vs Team Legion 4 1 M 1 Selection 9 13.11.2000 St.Petersburg, Russia Team Sochi Star vs Team Mockva 2 3 Team Combat Bears vs Team Dagestan 2 3 M 1 Selection 10 Final 03.12.2009 St.Petersburg, Russia Team Red Devil vs Team Dagestan 2 3 M 1 Selection Ukraine 1 2009 Season class wikitable border 1 Event Date Schedule M 1 Selection 2009 Ukraine Qualifying Match 1 15.06.2009 Team ... 4 1 M 1 Selection 2009 Ukraine Qualifying Match 2 04.07.2009 Team BC arhat simferopol vs Team KCS Makfight.ua Kiev Region , Makarov 0 5 Tem PBK Faytzona Donetsk vs Team SK Sokol Chermigov 2 3 M 1 Selection ... , Makarov 1 4 Team RFP Lviv vs Team IC Bars Kryvyi Rih 5 0 M 1 Selection 2009 Ukraine 2nd Round ... vs Team IC Bars Kryvyi Rih 5 0 M 1 Selection 2009 Ukraine Semi Final 29.11.2009 Team SK Sokol Chermigov ... RFP Lviv 2 3 M 1 Selection 2009 Ukraine Final 24.12.2009 Team SK Sokol Chermigov vs Team BC Tez Tour ... more details
In mathematical mathematical model modelling and system identification , the term input selection is used to denote the process of selecting those inputs which are most relevant in describing the output. The inputs which are retained after the input selection process are those that are used for the actual modelling. Category Mathematical modeling Mathapplied stub ... more details
Truncate selection may refer to Truncation selection Non random sampling disambig Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
white or black, but not gray. Significance Disruptive selection is of particular significance in the history ... seeds, and were hence maladaptive. While it is true that disruptive selection can lead to speciation ... change. This is largely because the results of disruptive selection are less stable than the results of directional selection directional selection favours individuals at only one end of the spectrum ... of the rabbits Suppose directional selection were taking place. The field only has dark rocks in it, so ... selection. The result is equal numbers of black and white rabbits, and hence equal numbers of chromosomes ... displacement Balancing selection Directional selection Negative selection natural selection Stabilizing selection Sympatric speciation References references MolecularEvolution DEFAULTSORT Disruptive Selection Category Selection bg et L hestav valik fa ... more details
Equilibrium selection is a concept from game theory which seeks to address reasons for players of a game to select a certain equilibrium over another. The concept is especially relevant in evolutionary game theory , where the different methods of equilibrium selection respond to different ideas of what equilibria will be stable and persistent for one player to play even in the face of deviations and mutations of the other players. This is important because there are various equilibrium concept s, and for many particular concepts, such as the Nash equilibrium , many games have multiple equilibria. Examples of equilibrium selection concepts Risk dominance Payoff dominance 1 2 dominance References Harsany, John C. and Selten, Reinhard, A General Theory of Equilibrium Selection in Games , MIT Press 1988 Game theory Gametheory stub Category Game theory ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced December 2009 orphan December 2009 notability January 2010 Migrant Selection There are two different types of Human migration migrant selection positively, or negatively selected. Migrants that are negatively selected are those that are considered to be less educated and poorer compared to their other counterparts. Many of those who migrated to United States America early were negatively selected one of the most famous quotes on the Statue of Liberty Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. Positive migrant selection are those migrants that are highly educated and have also been known to contribute towards a brain drain of many countries IE India the best and the brightest are considered positive selection. Category Human migration ... more details
Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Clip Selection Type video Artist Do As Infinity Cover Cover size Released December 11, 2002 Recorded Genre J pop Length 42 00 Label AVEX Records avex trax Director Producer Reviews Chronology Last album DAI album 5 5 br 2001 This album THE CLIP SELECTION br 2002 Next album DAI album 8 8 br 2004 Misc The Clip Selection is Do As Infinity s third video collection. Track listing Tangerine Dream Heart Oasis Yesterday & Today Rumble Fish We Are. Desire Week nihongo Fukai Mori nihongo Shinjitsu no Uta Propaganda Clip External links http avexnet.jp item doasi disc product AVBD 91132.html The Clip Selection at AVEX Records Avex Network Do As Infinity DEFAULTSORT Clip Selection, The Category Do As Infinity video albums Music documentary stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Selection Type ep Longtype Artist 54 40 Cover 54 40 Selection.jpg Released August 1982 Recorded Genre Alternative rock Length Label Mo Da Mu Producer Reviews Last album This album Selection br 1982 Next album Set the Fire br 1984 Selection is a 1982 extended play EP by Canadian band 54 40 . It was the band s first release, appearing on the independent label Mo Da Mu . Although now out of print, the album and its 1984 follow up Set the Fire were re released in 1997 on the compilation album, Sound of Truth The Independent Collection . Track listing Yank He s Got Vows, Sobs, Tears & Kisses Selection Re In Living Jamming With Lawrence DEFAULTSORT Selection Album Category 54 40 albums Category 1982 EPs Category Debut EPs 1980s rock album stub ... more details
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