Aposthia is a rare Quantify date January 2010 congenital disorder congenital condition in humans, in which the foreskin of the penis is missing. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Talbot claimed in Medicine journal Medicine that aposthia among Jew s was evidence for the now discredited Lamarckism Lamarckian theory of evolution . ref E. S. Talbot, Inheritance of circumcision effects , Medicine 1898. ref It is likely that the cases he described were actually hypospadias , a condition in which the urinary meatus is on the underside of the penis. Neither condition has been shown to have a higher frequency in Jews or Muslims. Citation needed date January 2010 Aposthia in Judaism The Midrash of Ki Tetze notes that Moses was born aposthic. Other sources tell us that Jacob , his son Gad son of Jacob Gad and King David were also born aposthic. Halakha Jewish law requires males born without a foreskin or who lost their foreskin through means other than a formal circumcision ceremony brit milah to have a drop of blood hatafat dam , let from the penis at the point where the foreskin would have been or was attached. The Talmud Shabbat 135A records a discussion of whether the importance of this letting of blood supersedes Shabbat , on which only a boy who was born the previous Shabbat can be circumcised. If a regular circumcision is delayed, there is no disagreement that this may not be performed on Shabbat. However, in the case of aposthia, there are two schools of thought. R. Elazar Hakappar said that the school of Shamai and Hillel the Elder Hillel do not differ as to a boy that is born without a foreskin. Both agree that the blood of the covenant must be drawn from the glans. The school of Shamai, however, contends that this may be done on the Sabbath ... a 54zPzhtm Aposthia in Dorland s Medical Dictionary Shulchan Aruch , Code of Jewish Law, Yoreh ..., Ansar M, Ahmad W. http www.emro.who.int Publications emhj 1302 article7.htm Aposthia a birth defect ... more details
Press ref To be Aposthia born without a foreskin was regarded as the privilege of the most saintly ... the Elder Hillelites regarding a convert Aposthia born without a foreskin the former demanding the spilling ... more details
in ischaemia of the glans penis. Aposthia is a rare condition in which the foreskin is not present ... features a penis with a foreskin File Male Piercing1.jpg thumb foreskin piercing gallery See also Aposthia ... more details
Globalize date October 2009 Lead too short date September 2009 The origination of male circumcision is not known with certainty. It has been variously proposed that it began as a religious sacrifice, as a rite of passage marking a boy s entrance into adulthood, as a form of magical thinking sympathetic magic to ensure virility or fertility, as a means of enhancing sexual pleasure, as an aid to hygiene where regular bathing was impractical, as a means of marking those of higher social status, as a means of humiliating enemies and slaves by symbolic castration , as a means of differentiating a circumcising group from their non circumcising neighbors, as a means of discouraging masturbation or other socially proscribed sexual behaviors, as a means of removing excess pleasure, as a means of increasing a man s attractiveness to women, as a demonstration of one s ability to endure pain, or as a male counterpart to menstruation or the breaking of the hymen , or to copy the Aposthia rare natural occurrence of a missing foreskin of an important leader, and as a display of disgust of the smegma produced by the foreskin . It has been suggested that the custom of circumcision gave advantages to tribes that practiced it and thus led to its spread. ref cite journal author Ronald Immerman and Wade Mackey year 1997 title A Biocultural Analysis of Circumcision journal Social Biology volume 44 issue 3 pages 265 275 url http www.cirp.org library psych immerman2 doi 10.1111 j.1467 9744.1976.tb00285.x pmid 9446966 ref ref name darbymja2003 Cite journal author Robert Darby year 2003 title Medical history and medical practice persistent myths about the foreskin journal Medical Journal of Australia volume 178 pages 178 9 url http www.mja.com.au public issues 178 04 170203 dar10676 fm.html issue 4 ref ref name RACPSumm Darby describes these theories as conflicting , and states that the only point of agreement among proponents of the various theories is that promoting good health had nothing ... more details
pp semi indef About male circumcision female circumcision Female genital mutilation Interventions infobox Name Circumcision Image Circumcision central Asia2.jpg Caption Circumcision being performed in central Asia, possibly Turkmenistan c. 1865 1872. Restored albumen print . ICD10 Z41.2 ICD9 ICD9 V50.2 ICD9 mult MeshID D002944 OPS301 OtherCodes MedlinePlus 002998 eMedicine 1015820 Male circumcision is the surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin prepuce from the human penis penis . ref cite book title The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition publisher Houghton Mifflin Company year 2002 pages 554 quote The surgical removal of the skin that covers the tip of the penis, usually performed soon after birth. ref Early depictions of circumcision are found in cave painting s and Ancient Egypt ian tomb s, though some pictures are open to interpretation. ref Cite journal last Hodges first F.M. authorlink coauthors year 2001 month Fall title The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and the kynodesme. journal The Bulletin of the History of Medicine volume 75 issue 3 pages 375 405 pmid 11568485 url accessdate quote doi 10.1353 bhm.2001.0119 ref ref Cite journal last Wrana first P. year 1939 title Historical review Circumcision journal Archives of Pediatrics volume 56 issue pages 385 392 as quoted in Cite journal last Zoske first Joseph month Winter year 1998 title Male Circumcision A Gender Perspective journal The Journal of Men s Studies volume 6 issue 2 pages 189 208 url http www.noharmm.org zoske.htm accessdate 2006 06 14 ref ref name Gollaher Cite book last Gollaher first David L. title Circumcision A History of the World s Most Controversial Surgery year 2000 month February publisher Basic Books location New York, NY language isbn 978 0 465 04397 2 doi pages 53 72 chapter chapterurl quote ref Religious male circumcision is considered a Mit ... more details
Use dmy dates date April 2012 File ReligionSymbolAbr.PNG thumb right Symbols of the Abrahamic religions Judaism represented by the Star of David top , Christianity represented by the Christian Cross Cross left , and Islam represented by the Arabic calligraphy of God God s name Allah right Abrahamic religions or Abrahamitic religions are the monotheism monotheistic religion faiths emphasizing and tracing their common origin to Abraham ref cite web year 2010 title Philosophy of Religion url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 497132 philosophy of religion work Encyclop dia Britannica accessdate 24 June 2010 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20100721151923 http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 497132 philosophy of religion archivedate 21 July 2010 DASHBot deadurl no ref or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him. ref name Massignon 1949 harvnb Massignon 1949 pp 20 23 ref ref name J.Smith98 harvnb Smith 1998 p 276 ref ref name Anidjar2001 harvnb Derrida 2002 p 3 ref They are one of the three major divisions in comparative religion , along with Indian religions Dharmic and East Asian religions Taoic . As of 2002 alt As of the early twenty first century , it was estimated that 54 of the world s population 3.8 billion people considered themselves adherents of the Abrahamic religions, about 30 of other religions, and 16 of no religion. ref name adherents cite web last Hunter first Preston title Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents url http www.adherents.com Religions By Adherents.html ref ref name britannica stats Cite book year 2002 title Worldwide Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid 2002 url http www.britannica.com eb table?tocId 9394911 work Encyclop dia Britannica accessdate 31 May 2006 ref The three major Abrahamic religions are, in chronological order of founding, Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . Judaism regards itself as the religion of the descendants of Jacob , ref group n Jacob is also called Isr ... more details
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