In sociolinguistics , the apparenttimehypothesis states that age stratified variation in a linguistic form is often indicative of a change in progress. That is, if in a survey of a population, patterned differences between the speech of individuals 75 years old, 50 years old, and 25 years old may indicate changes that have occurred over the past 50 years. The apparenttimehypothesis depends on several assumptions first, that a significantly broad sample is taken to be representative of the population second, that vernacular speech is relatively stable in a given individual once that individual is past adolescence. Jack Chambers linguist J.K. Chambers , writing in 2002, has cited an example of the application of the apparenttimehypothesis. The study, carried out in central Canada, examined the sociolinguistic variable wh , where the unvoiced labiovelar glide hw loses phonemic status and merges with the corresponding voiced glide w . In this study, the oldest subjects seem to indicate a stable period for this variable, both the 70 79 year olds and those over 80 used the voiced variant where the unvoiced was expected 38.3 and 37.7 of the time, respectively. Each subsequent younger age cohort 10 years shows a greater percentage of w usage, with those 20 29 using w 87.6 of the time and the teenagers using it 90.6 of the time. Notice that the deltas between the oldest two groups and between the youngest two groups are relatively small, 0.6 and 3.0 . Between these two extremes the rate ... graded variation . The applicability of the apparenttimehypothesis should be confirmed by real time evidence, which actually samples the population over an extended period of time. This is the only true indicator of change in progress. Real time evidence may come from a longitudinal study of a population or by replicating a study conducted at some relatively distant time and comparing the observations to those previously published. References Bailey, Guy 2002 . Real and ApparentTime . In J.K. ... more details
Solar timeApparent solar time is the calculation of time based in the relative position of the sun. A sundial measures solar time. Apparenttimehypothesis in sociolinguistics proposes that age based variation in linguistic forms is often indicative of linguistic change in progress. disambig ... more details
In computational complexity theory , the exponential timehypothesis is an unproven computational hardness ... case . ref name w03 harvtxt Woeginger 2003 . ref The exponential timehypothesis, if true, would imply .... Some sources define the exponential timehypothesis to be the slightly weaker statement that 3 ..., they must converge to a limit s sub &infin sub . The strong exponential timehypothesis is the assumption ... k . Therefore, if the exponential timehypothesis is true, there must be infinitely many values ... 0 as well, and the exponential timehypothesis would be true. ref name w03 ref name ipz01 The limiting ..., if the strong exponential timehypothesis is true, then there would be no algorithm for general ..., if the strong exponential timehypothesis fails, it would still be possible for s sub CNF sub to equal one. ref name pw10 Implications for other search problems The exponential timehypothesis ... algorithm, then the exponential timehypothesis could be shown to be false. ref name w03 ref name ... could be found in polynomial time, the exponential timehypothesis would be false. Therefore, even ... timehypothesis implies that these problems are non polynomial. ref name w03 ref harvtxt Feige Kilian 1997 . ref More generally, the exponential timehypothesis implies that it is not possible ... Huang Kanj Xia 2006 . ref The exponential timehypothesis also implies that it is not possible to solve ... sup . The strong exponential timehypothesis implies that it is not possible to find k vertex dominating ... Williams 2010 . ref The strong exponential timehypothesis leads to tight bounds on the parameterized ... exponential timehypothesis is true, then the optimal time bound for finding independent sets ... the strong exponential timehypothesis. ref harvtxt Lokshtanov Marx Saurabh 2011 . ref Implications ... O 1.74 sup n sup for any fixed constant k , violating the strong exponential timehypothesis. Therefore, the strong exponential timehypothesis implies either that the trivial protocol for three ... more details
The Phantom TimeHypothesis is a conspiracy theory developed by Heribert Illig born 1947 in Vohenstrau , Germany in 1991. It proposes that there has been a systematic effort to make it appear that periods of history, specifically that of Europe during the Early Middle Ages AD 614&ndash 911 exist, when they do not. Illig believed that this was achieved through the alteration, misrepresentation and forgery of documentary and physical evidence. ref name fomenko1 cite book last Fomenko first Anatoly year 2007 publisher Mithec isbn 2913621074 title History Chronology 1 Second Edition ref Bases of the hypothesis Original research section date July 2011 The bases of Illig s hypothesis include the scarcity of Archaeology archaeological evidence that can be reliably dated to the period AD 614&ndash 911, on perceived inadequacies of radiometric and Dendrochronology dendrochronological methods of dating this period, and on the over reliance of medieval historians on written sources. the presence of Romanesque architecture tenth century in Western Europe. This is taken as evidence that less than ... timehypothesis in English pdf http www.philjohn.com papers pjkd h04.html Critique of Illig s hypothesis in English http www.damninteresting.com ?p 164 A condensed description of the phantom timehypothesis Chronology DEFAULTSORT Phantom TimeHypothesis Category Pseudoarchaeology Category Pseudohistory .... By the time the Gregorian calendar was introduced in AD 1582, Illig alleges that the old Julian ... the hypothesis There are several dating methods which contradict the theory. Observations in ancient astronomy agree with current observations with no phantom time added the end of the Greco Persian ... than support, phantom time. Regarding the Gregorian reform It was never intended to bring the calendar ... needed date January 2012 the time of the First Council of Nicaea Council of Nicaea , which had ... equinox to what it had been at the time of the institution of the Julian calendar in 45 ... more details
Apparent may refer to Apparent magnitude , measure of brightness of a celestial body as seen by an observer on Earth Heir apparent , person who is first in line of succession Apparent death , an antipredator behavior known as playing dead Apparent wind , wind experienced by a moving object Eire Apparent , band from Northern Irela Apparent authority or ostensible authority relates to the doctrines of the law of agency disambiguation ... more details
The apparent sun is simply the true sun as seen by an observer on Earth or whatever planet the observer is on . The term apparent sun is used in contrast to mean sun which refers to an average of the sun s position , to correspond with the terms apparent solar time and mean solar time . ref http www.websters dictionary online.net tr true sun.html Webster s Online Dictionary ref ref http www.astro.uvic.ca tatum celmechs celm6.pdf Celestial Mechanics Chapter 6 , J.B. Tatum, University of Victoria ref See also Solar time References reflist Category Time in astronomy Category Timekeeping sun stub ... more details
The wrong place of an object physics object is the position in space as seen by the observer. Because of physical and or geometrical effects it has a deviation from the true position . In astronomy the term apparent places of star s means the visual or photographic position of the star, as seen from the moving Earth. For instance, its speed of 30 km per second around the Sun causes an annual aberration of about 20 10 4 because the Earth s velocity is about 0.01 percent of the speed of light . Other effects are the parallax different angle to the star during the year , or the daily aberration because of the Earth s rotation , and the Earth s precession a monotonic changing of the direction of the Earth s axis, which causes an analogous slow turning of the coordinate system s which we use on Earth and in space. The Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars commonly abbreviated APFS is an astronomical yearbook , which is published one year in advance by the Astronomisches Rechen Institut in Heidelberg , Germany. It lists the apparent place of about 1000 fundamental star s for every 10 days and is published as a book and in a more extensive version on the Internet . See also Improper motion Astrometry dUT1 Geodetic astronomy Local apparent time Meridian circle Navigation Passage instrument Star position Zenith camera UTC External links http www.ari.uni heidelberg.de publikationen apf Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars Category Astrometry Category Geodesy de Apparent Places es Posici n aparente pt Posi o aparente ... more details
Expert subject Physics date November 2008 Disputed date March 2008 In general relativity , an apparent horizon is a surface that is the Boundary topology boundary between light rays that are directed outwards and moving outwards, and those directed outwards but moving inwards. Apparent horizons are not invariant properties of a spacetime. They are observer dependent, and in particular they are distinct from absolute horizon s. See, however, the articles on ergosphere , Cauchy horizon , the Reissner Nordstr m solution , photon sphere , Killing horizon and naked singularity the notion of a horizon in general relativity is subtle, and depends on fine distinctions. Definition The notion of an apparent horizon begins with the notion of a trapped null surface . A Compact space compact , Orientability orientable , Spacetime Spacetime intervals spacelike surface always has 2 independent forward in time pointing, lightlike , Surface normal normal directions. For example, a spacelike sphere in Minkowski ... fill up the black hole. The apparent horizon is then defined as the boundary of these surfaces ... hole is defined with respect to the event horizon , which is not always the same as the apparent horizon. Any apparent horizon is observer dependent. Differences from the Absolute Event Horizon ... horizon . Much confusion seems to arise concerning the differences between an apparent ... horizon forms before an apparent horizon. ref name HawkingEllis cite book title The large scale structure of space time author S. W. Hawking and G. F. R. Ellis publisher Cambridge University Press ... become the same surface. If the AH exists, it is necessarily inside of the EH. Apparent horizons .... That is, the location and even existence of an apparent horizon depends on the way spacetime is divided into space and time. For example, it is possible to slice the Schwarzschild geometry in such a way that there is no apparent horizon, ever, despite the fact that there is certainly an event ... more details
, even an only daughter will not be her father s or mother s heiress apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would be heir apparent. Hence, she is an heiress presumptive ...For the fantasy novel by Vivian Vande Velde Heir Apparent novel For the game expansion Europa Universalis III An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in line of succession and cannot ... a title but whose claim can be displaced at any time in legal terms, is subject to divestiture upon ... occasionally found used as a title, where it usually is capitalized Heir Apparent . Most monarchies give or gave the heir apparent the title of Crown Prince or a more specific title, such as Prince .... See crown prince for more examples. This article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary ... the heir. Heir apparent versus heir presumptive File Crowd awaiting Crown Prince Tokyo Dec1916.jpg ... apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne Japanese Imperial Throne New York Times , 1916. In a hereditary system governed by some form of primogeniture , an heir apparent is easily identifiable ... time they produce children, they the offspring of the title holder rank ahead of whatever more distant ... sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Daughters in male preference ... Sovereigns 1547 1952 Bot generated title ref Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was possible even if unlikely. Women as heirs apparent In a system of absolute primogeniture that does not consider gender, female heirs apparent occur. Several European monarchies that have adopted such systems ... heir apparent Princess Catharina Amalia of the Netherlands , Princess Elisabeth of Belgium , and Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway are all heirs apparent to their fathers who are in each case heir apparent to their respective countries thrones . Victoria was not heiress apparent from birth ... brother Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V rmland Carl Philip born 1979 was thus heir apparent for a few ... more details
Image DiagramApparentWind.gif thumb 325px V boat speed, H head wind, W true wind, A apparent wind, pointing angle, angle of apparent wind Apparent wind is the wind experienced by a moving object. Definition of apparent wind The Apparent wind is the wind experienced by an observer in motion and is the relative velocity of the wind in relation to the observer. Apparent wind velocity is the vector ... in still air is Additive inverse inverse of the object s velocity, therefore the apparent wind can ... that you are moving through the air. This is the apparent wind. On the windless day, the apparent ... an apparent wind of 15 mph from the north. But if you pedal 10 mph due south, you will feel an apparent wind of 5 mph from the south. The apparent wind is not only different in speed than the true ... wind which makes it easy to calculate of apparent wind. When the motion is not parallel to the wind, one must use vectors and trigonometry to calculate apparent wind. Apparent wind in sailing In sailing , the apparent wind is the actual flow of air acting upon a sail . It is the wind as it appears ... by a stationary observer. In nautical terminology , these properties of the apparent wind are normally ... math A math apparent wind velocity always 0 The above formula is derived from the Law of cosines and using math cos alpha cos 180 text alpha cos alpha math . The angle of apparent wind math beta ... of the apparent wind are known, for instance from a Apparent wind Instruments measurement , the true ... right math Instruments The apparent wind on board is often quoted as a speed measured by a Mast sailing .... Modern instrumentation can calculate the true wind velocity when the apparent wind and boat velocity ... , apparent wind is a vital factor, when determining the points of sail a sail boat can effectively ... , apparent wind is what is experienced on board and it determines the necessary speeds for take off ... apparent wind and reduce the necessary take off velocity. Land based airport traffic, as well as most ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name Eire Apparent image caption image size background group or band birth name alias origin Belfast , Northern Ireland instrument genre occupation years active 1967&ndash 1970 label Track Records br Buddah Records associated acts website past members Ernie Graham br Davy Lutton br Chris Stewart br Henry McCullough br Mick Cox br David Tiger Taylor br Peter Tolson br Steve Jolly notable instruments Eire Apparent was a band from Northern Ireland ... of Eire Apparent s album Sunrise url http www.allmusic.com album sunrise r36461 publisher Allmusic ... on rhythm guitar and backing vocals. ref name kinema http www.kinemagigz.com e .htm Eire Apparent Eire Apparent biography at The Famous Kinema Ballroom Dunfermline ref ref name ird http www.irishrock.org irodb bands eireapparent.html Eire Apparent biography at the Irish Rock Discography ref The People ... Bruce title Biography of Eire Apparent url http www.allmusic.com artist eire apparent p17265 biography ... Belfast. At the time they were using a stand in guitarist in place of O Hara and hoping to recruit ... developed a strong reputation on the Blackpool and then briefly the Dublin music scenes. Eire Apparent ... Jeffery manager Mike Jeffery , who changed the band s name to Eire Apparent ref name AM EA Jeffery wanted to exploit the Irish dimension and his wife came up with the new name. Eire Apparent were briefly ... recorded the band s only List of Peel Sessions Peel Session . ref cite web title Eire Apparent url ... In May 1969, Beat Instrumental reported that they were recording tracks for a second Eire Apparent ... , before he too spent time playing with Frankie Miller. He has also released several solo albums ... Stuttgart January 19, 1969 1st Show Eire Apparent were the support act Gloria Yes, I Need Someone ... bgeire.htm Eire Apparent at Irish Showbands.net http www.irishrock.org irodb bands eireapparent.html Eire Apparent at Irish Rock.org Category Rock music groups from Northern Ireland Category Musical ... more details
The apparent magnitude m of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer ... eye Apparent br magnitude Brightness br relative br to Vega Number of stars br brighter than br apparent ... star of the celestial sphere , has an apparent magnitude of 1.4. The modern scale includes the Moon and the Sun . The full Moon has a mean apparent magnitude of 12.74 ref name moon fact and the Sun has an apparent magnitude of 26.74. ref name sun fact The Hubble Space Telescope has located stars ... stars in the infrared. clear Table of notable celestial objects class wikitable Apparent visual magnitudes ... unit . It is seen as a large very bright bluish scorching ball of 35 apparent diameter. 30.30 Sirius ... Sirius 0.83 Eta Carinae apparent brightness as a supernova impostor in April 1843 0.72 Second ... VISTA . This nebula has an apparent magnitude of 8. As the amount of light received actually depends on the thickness of the Earth s atmosphere in the line of sight to the object, the apparent magnitudes ... appears, the higher its apparent magnitude. Note that brightness varies with distance an extremely ... System is the apparent magnitude it would have if it were 10 parsec s 32.6 light years away that of a planet or other Solar System body is the apparent magnitude it would have if it were 1 astronomical ... aevans PHY523 classnotes523 useful definitions pp.pdf accessdate 2009 07 12 ref The apparent magnitude ... band x, such as the Vega star s for example. See Apparent magnitude References Aller et al. 1982 ... The apparent magnitude of the Sun is 26.74, and the mean apparent magnitude of the full moon is 12.74 ... 400,000 In terms of apparent magnitude, the Sun is about 400,000 times brighter than the full moon ... f m b x math math 2.512 x math variation in brightness The apparent magnitude of Sirius is 1.44, and the apparent ... In terms of apparent magnitude, Sirius is approximately 23.1 times brighter than Polaris the North ... s time this was thought to be true see Weber Fechner law , but it is now believed that the response ... more details
Apparent motion may refer to In astronomy Apparent retrograde motion , the appearance that objects in the night sky move against the typical direction of motion Improper motion , any effect which appears to cause the position of a celestial object to move Aberration of light , improper motion due to the finite speed of light and the motion of Earth in its orbit around the Sun Diurnal motion , improper motion due to the Earth s rotation on its axis Parallax , improper motion caused by the Earth s orbit around the sun In perceptual illusions Beta movement , an illusion of movement where two or more still images are combined by the brain into surmised motion Illusory motion , the appearance of movement in a static image Phi phenomenon , an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession Stroboscopic effect , a phenomenon that occurs when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples Wagon wheel effect , temporal aliasing effect in which a spoked wheel appears to rotate differently from its true rotation The illusion of movement deliberately sought by certain forms of op art optical art Other uses Optical flow , a term used in computer science for the apparent motion of objects in a scene caused by the relative motion between an observer and the scene The motion of objects observed from a non inertial reference frame disambig ... more details
Apparent leukonychia is a cutaneous condition characterized by white discoloration of the nail that fades with pressure. ref name Bolognia cite book author Rapini, Ronald P. Bolognia, Jean L. Jorizzo, Joseph L. title Dermatology 2 Volume Set publisher Mosby location St. Louis year 2007 pages isbn 1 4160 2999 0 oclc doi accessdate ref See also Nail anatomy List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Dermatology stub Category Conditions of the skin appendages ... more details
Apparent authority also called ostensible authority relates to the doctrines of the law of agency . It is relevant particularly in corporate law and constitutional law. Apparent authority refers to a situation where a reasonable person would understand that an agent had authority to act. This means a principal is bound by the agent s actions, even though the agent had no actual authority, whether express or implied. It raises an estoppel because the third party is given an assurance, which he relies on and would be inequitable for the principal to deny the authority given. Apparent authority can legally be found, even though actually authority has not been given. ref name Garner cite book first1 Bryan A., ed. in chief last1 Garner authorlink Bryan A. Garner title Black s Law Dictionary edition 7th location St. Paul, MN publisher West Group page 128 isbn 0 314 22864 0 ISBN 0 314 24130 2 deluxe ... dictionary.thefreedictionary.com apparent authority Legal Dictionary Entry on Apparent Authority ... has the authority to bind the principal. Apparent authority can also occur where a principal ... lingering apparent authority. Business owners can avoid being liable by giving public notice ... reason to know of such authority. In relation to company law companies , the apparent authority of board ... authority . Apparent authority issues also arise in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution ... ssrn.com abstract 1532243 When is a Parent s Authority Apparent? Reconsidering Third Party Consent Searches ... authority. In law, apparent authority refers to the authority of an agent as it appears to others, ref ... are in reality only a sub set of the rules relating to apparent authority and the agency law ... . The apparent authority must not be undermined by any limitations on the company s capacity ..., but it requires the third party to establish the fact of authority, actual or apparent, in the first ... Engineers v. Hydrolevel Corp. Notes Refs 2 DEFAULTSORT Apparent Authority Category Agency law Category ... more details
Infobox book name Air Apparent image Image Air apparent first edition.png caption First edition cover author Piers Anthony country United States language English Language English cover artist genre Fantasy novel publisher Tor Books TOR Books release date October 16, 2007 media type Print Hardcover and Paperback pages 316 isbn 978 0 7653 0410 0 dewey 813 .54 22 congress PS3551.N73 A75 2007 oclc 124075006 preceded by Stork Naked followed by Two to the Fifth Air Apparent is the thirty first book of the Xanth series by Piers Anthony , which was first mentioned in the Author s Note in Currant Events . Piers Anthony stated that notions from his readers have already been set aside for use in this installment in the same Author s Note. Plot introduction Piers Anthony has stated that the book is set as a murder mystery. It has, typical for Xanth books, many puns. Readers also get a better understanding of the nature of Ida s moons. Air Apparent includes a character known as a Debra who is a 13 year old girl who is constantly pressured to take off her bra. To De Bra so to speak. She is based on a real girl. Debra Kawaguchi was a huge fan of the Xanth series and after her death in 2004, her father wrote Piers and asked him to include Debra in his cast of characters. After Piers explained to Debra s father that the only way he could think to include Debra in the book was through the De Bra ing pun, Mr. Kawaguchi agreed that Debra would have been delighted to be a character in Xanth and would have loved the pun. Piers mentions Mr. Kawaguchi in the author notes as the inspiration for Debra. Debra is depicted on the front cover of the hardback book as a flying centaur. Review The Xanth books constitute Anthony s longest and most successful series . . . . They are intended to be kind spirited, fun reading, a series of wondrous beasts and beings, and most of all, an endless succession ... Air Apparent and the http us.macmillan.com series Xanth Xanth series at the http us.macmillan.com ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 Apparent viscosity sometimes denoted ref name F M is a rheological property calculated from rheometer readings performed by a Mud engineer on drilling fluid . It is normally abbreviated as AV. It is expressed in cP centipoise . Centipoise is the amount of force required to move one layer of fluid in relation to another. One centipoise is equal to one hundredth of a poise . A more conventional unit is the SI derived unit mPa s millipascal second 1 mPa s 1 cP . Definition In non Newtonian fluid s, the shear stress due to viscosity, math tau xy math , is modeled by math tau xy k left frac du dy right n math where k is the consistency index n is the flow behavior index du dy is the shear rate, with velocity u and position y To ensure that math tau xy math has the same sign as du dy , this is often written as math tau yx k left frac du dy right n 1 frac du dy eta frac du dy math where the term math eta k left frac du dy right n 1 math is defined as the apparent viscosity. ref name F M cite book last1 Fox first1 Robert last2 McDonald first2 Alan last3 Pritchard first3 Philip title Fluid Mechanics edition 8 year 2012 publisher John Wiley & Sons isbn 978 1 118 02641 0 pages 76 83 ref Scope For this article, apparent viscosity is described, as used in drilling fluid applications in the Oil industry Oil exploration industry . There may be other applications in other fields of study such as fluid mechanics The study of the movement of fluid or fluid dynamics The study of the flow of fluid . Application The apparent viscosity is but one of many calculations derived from tests performed on the drilling fluid . These calculations and tests help the mud engineer develop and maintain the properties of the drilling fluid to the specifications required. See also Fluid Dynamics Drilling mud Rheology Mud engineer Mud Engineer Petroleum Engineering Drilling rig ... gas field References reflist DEFAULTSORT Apparent Viscosity Category Fluid dynamics Category Petroleum ... more details
Playing possum redirects here. For the 1975 album by Carly Simon, see Playing Possum . Apparent death , colloquially known as playing dead or playing possum , is a behavior observed in a wide range of animals in which they take on the appearance of being death dead to an observer. This could either be an involuntary reflex action, as in tonic immobility or an adaptive behavior as in thanatosis , which is used both as a defense mechanism biology defense mechanism and as a form of aggressive mimicry . Tonic immobility Image Geotrupidae 12 12 2008.JPG right thumb Apparent death of a beetle Tonic immobility is a natural state of paralysis that animals enter, in most cases when presented with a threat. Some scientists relate it to mating in certain animals like the shark. Some sharks can be placed in a catatonia tonic state. ref name Henningsen, 1994 Henningsen, A.D., 1994 . Tonic immobility in 12 elasmobranchs use as an aid in captive husbandry. Zoo Biology, 13 325 332 DOI 10.1002 zoo.1430130406 ref The shark remains in this state of paralysis for an average of fifteen minute s before it recovers. Scientists have exploited this phenomenon to study shark behaviour. The effects of chemical shark repellent have been studied to test effectiveness and to narrow down dose sizes, concentrations, and time to awaken. ref cite web title Tonic Immobility work Shark defense Chemical repellents url http www.sharkdefense.com Repellents Tonic Immobility tonic immobility.html accessdate January 28 ..., 1981 Jones, B. and Faure, J.M. 1981 . Tonic immobility righting time in laying hens housed in cages ... of time, e.g. 15 seconds. This is done either on a firm, flat surface or sometimes in a purpose built ... called the righting time . Tonic immobility has been used to show that hens in cages are more fearful ... righting time in laying hens housed in cages and pens. Applied Animal Ethology 7 369 372 ref hens .... DEFAULTSORT Apparent Death Category Ethology Category English phrases Category Antipredator adaptations ... more details
Apparent temperature is the general term for the perceived outdoor temperature, caused by the combined effects of air temperature , relative humidity and wind speed . The Heat index measures the effect of humidity on the perception of temperature. In humid conditions, the air feels hotter than it actually is, because of the reduction in evaporation of perspiration . The Wind chill measures the effect of wind speed on the perception of temperature. In windy conditions, the air feels cooler than it actually is, because of the increase in evaporation of perspiration. The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature WBGT combines the effects of radiation, humidity, temperature and wind speed on the perception of temperature. It is not often used as the resulting figure is very location specific eg cloud cover and or wind shielding . Category Temperature ... more details
Apparent weight is a property in physics where the normal conceived weight of an object is changed, generally due to a force in the upward or downward direction. It is also known as the force the body exerts on whatever it rests on. ref cite book title Schaum s outline of theory and problems of applied physics last Beiser first Arthur authorlink coauthors year 2004 publisher McGraw Hill Professional location isbn page pages 59 60 url http books.google.com books?id soKguvJDgmsC&pg PA59&dq 22apparent weight 22&hl en&sa X&ei Po3zTqjjFcKniQKQwPjFDg&ved 0CEcQ6AEwBA v onepage&q 22apparent 20weight 22&f false accessdate December 22, 2011 ref This property is exhibited when an object is partially or completely immersed in a fluid , where there is an upthrust from the liquid that is working against the force of gravity . ref cite book title Physics for Flash Games, Animation, and Simulations last Ramtal first Dev authorlink coauthors Dobre, Adrian year 2011 publisher Apress location isbn page pages 196 197 url http books.google.com books?id F690GsJn3s8C&pg PA196&dq 22apparent weight 22&hl en&sa X&ei Po3zTqjjFcKniQKQwPjFDg&ved 0CDwQ6AEwAg v onepage&q 22apparent 20weight 22&f false accessdate December 22, 2011 ref An opposite example is when an object or person is riding in an elevator. When the elevator begins rising, the object begins experiencing a force in the downward direction. If a scale was used, it would be seen that the weight of the object is becoming heavier because of the downward force, changing the apparent weight. ref cite book title How to solve physics problems last Oman first Robert M. authorlink coauthors Oman, Daniel M. year 1997 publisher McGraw Hill Professional location isbn page pages 71 75 url http books.google.com books?id S0z 4ZyLiFwC&pg PA71&dq 22apparent weight 22&hl en&sa X&ei 0IzzTs7OC8mniALlkc2dDg&ved 0CDEQ6AEwAA v onepage&q 22apparent 20weight 22&f false accessdate December 22, 2011 ref The role of apparent weight is also important in fluidization ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2011 Named after the Hindu god of destruction, the Shiva Hypothesis is a hypothesis that purports to explain an apparent pattern in mass extinctions caused by impact event s. The hypothesis, created by Michael Rampino of New York University , says that gravitational disturbances caused by the Solar System crossing the plane of the Milky Way galaxy are enough to disturb comets in the Oort cloud surrounding the Solar System. This sends comets in towards the inner Solar System, which raises the chance of an impact. According to the hypothesis, this results in the Earth experiencing large impact events about every 30 million years such as the Cretaceous Paleogene extinction event . See also Extinction event Local Bubble Nemesis hypothetical star Tyche hypothetical planet References reflist External links http abob.libs.uga.edu bobk ccc cc020298.html A description of the Shiva hypothesis by Michael Rampino http users.tpg.com.au users tps seti crater.html Asteroid Comet Impact Craters and Mass Extinctions and Shiva Hypothesis of Periodic Mass Extinctions , by Michael Paine http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1996EM 26P...72..441R The Shiva Hypothesis Impacts, Mass Extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino and Haggerty http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1998PlR....18....6R The Shiva hypothesis impacts, mass extinctions, and the Galaxy , by Rampino, M. R. http adsabs.harvard.edu abs 1999PPMtO..18..405S The correlation between mas extinctions and impacts of near Earth objects. The review of Shiva hypothesis , by Yang Su, Yi Xia and Yanan Zhang. Category Impact events astronomy stub geology stub disaster stub es Hip tesis Shiva it Ipotesi di Shiva ... more details
coin is fair i.e. that on average it lands heads up 50 of the time . A potential null hypothesis is this coin ...For the periodical Null Hypothesis The Journal of Unlikely Science The practice of science involves formulating and testing hypothesis hypotheses , assertions that are Falsifiability capable of being proven false using a test of observed data. The null hypothesis typically corresponds to a general or default position. For example, the null hypothesis might be that there is no relationship between two ... title null hypothesis definition publisher Businessdictionary.com date accessdate 2010 07 29 ref ... cite web url http statistics.berkeley.edu stark SticiGui Text gloss.htm null hypothesis title Glossary ... R. A. Fisher, The Design of Experiments ii. 19, We may speak of this hypothesis as the null hypothesis , and it should be noted that the null hypothesis is never proved or established, but is possibly disproved, in the course of experimentation. ref It is typically paired with a second hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis , which asserts a particular relationship between the phenomena. Jerzy Neyman ... negation of the null hypothesis it predicts the results from the experiment if the alternative hypothesis ... standard. It is important to understand that the null hypothesis can never be proven . A set of data can only reject a null hypothesis or fail to reject it . For example, if comparison of two groups ... to reject the null hypothesis in other words, the experiment fails to reject the null hypothesis . ref cite web url http stattrek.com Lesson5 HypothesisTesting.aspx title Can We Accept the Null Hypothesis? publisher StatTrek.com accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Principle Hypothesis testing works by Sampling ... hypothesis is true. If the data set is very unlikely, defined as belonging to a set of data that only rarely will be observed usually in less than either 5 of the time or 1 of the time , the experimenter rejects the null hypothesis concluding it probably is false. If the data do not contradict the null ... more details
a theory in the history of the Romanian language R sler theory , see Origin of Romanians Migration from the south a theory Renfrew 1999 placing Proto Indo European proper in the Balkans at a time of around 5000 BC, see Anatolian hypothesis . disambig ... more details
Apparent polar wander APW is the imaginary movement of the Earth s Poles of astronomical bodies magnetic pole s relative to a continent while regarding the continent being studied as fixed in position, as determined by paleomagnetism paleomagnetic data. ref name Kearey 2009 p67 Cite book first Philip last Kearey first2 Keith A. last2 Klepeis first3 Frederick J. last3 Vine year 2009 title Global Tectonics edition 3 pages 67 place Chichester publisher Wiley isbn 978 1 4051 0777 8 ref It is used in the study of plate tectonics to interpret how continents move, join and split as they drift across the Earth s surface. ref name Kearey 2009 p67 Apparent polar wander can be displayed on a map as an apparent polar wander curve a line tracing the path of the magnetic pole throughout a given time period which is superimposed on a fixed representation of a continent. In reality it is unlikely that the magnetic poles wander significantly away from the geographic pole s of the Earth, although they do undergo periodic geomagnetic reversal , because theory shows that the Earth s magnetic field remains aligned to the Earth s rotational axis when averaged over time. ref name Kearey 2009 p67 ref name Butler 1992 ch01 cite book chapterurl http www.geo.arizona.edu Paleomag book chap01.pdf chapter Chapter 1 Introduction to Geomagnetism last Butler first R.F. year 1992 title Paleomagnetism Magnetic domains to geologic terranes publisher Blackwell accessdate 23 February 2010 ref Instead the continents drift across the surface of the Earth, driven by the mechanisms of plate tectonics. Although an apparent polar wander curve does not show the real situation, it has the advantages of not implying knowledge ... 2009 p67 Apparent polar wander curves can show how a supercontinent breaks up. Two or more joined continents ... Magnetic domains to geologic terranes publisher Blackwell accessdate 24 February 2010 ref At this time ... the rotation of the entire Earth relative to its axis of rotation, a hypothesis known as true ... more details
challenge to the hypothesis involves the apparent lack of cultural or artistic practices being ... Before Present BP , Cr t du Charnier, Solutr Pouilly , Sa ne et Loire , France The Solutrean hypothesis ... gIQA4mriiR story.html ref In this hypothesis, people associated with the Solutrean culture migrated ... the basis for later Clovis technology found throughout North America. The hypothesis rests ... migrated. The hypothesis has been challenged by archaeologists and oceanographers. A recent DNA study challenges a genetic argument often made in favor of the hypothesis. The study argues against ... Across Atlantic Ice, make a variety of claims in support of the Solutrean hypothesis. Among ... Image CLIMAP.jpg thumb Water temperatures during the last glacial maximum, according to CLIMAP . The hypothesis ..., and using pinniped seal blubber as heating fuel. Among other evidence backing up this hypothesis is the discovery ... styles Supporters of the hypothesis suggest that stone tools found at Cactus Hill an early American ... in Brazil argued against the Solutrean hypothesis. Our results strongly support the hypothesis ... haplogroup independent migrations, such as the migration from Europe posed by the Solutrean hypothesis ... by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial Solutrean hypothesis of an Atlantic ... hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America. subscription ref Archaeological and oceanographic challenges to the Solutrean hypothesis Arthur J. Jelinek, an anthropologist who ... that crossing the Atlantic with the technology of the time would have been difficult if not impossible ... in Cantabria , which was not coastal at the time of Solutreans, finding seashell s and estuarine ... hypothesis. ref cite web last Viegas first Jennifer title Earliest Mammoth Art Mammoth ... of relevant Oceanography oceanographic data from the time period in question, Kieran Westley and Justin ... Atlantic Hypothesis. Although ice use and sea mammal hunting may have been important ... more details
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