IPstack The EchoProtocol is a service in the Internet Protocol Suite defined in RFC 862. It was originally proposed for testing and measurement of round trip times Citation needed date November 2009 in IP networks. A host may connect to a server that supports the EchoProtocol using the Transmission Control Protocol TCP or the User Datagram Protocol UDP on the List of well known ports computing well known port number 7. The server sends back an identical copy of the data it received. The functionality of the EchoProtocol was superseded by the echo request of the Internet Control Message Protocol and the corresponding ping utility. Inetd implementation On UNIX like operating systems an echo server is built into the inetd daemon computer software daemon . The echo service is usually not enabled by default. It may be enabled by adding the following lines to the file tt etc inetd.conf tt and telling inetd to reload its configuration echo stream tcp nowait root internal echo dgram udp wait root internal See also Discard Protocol Daytime Protocol Character Generator Protocol Time Protocol External links RFC 347 Echo Process RFC 862 EchoProtocol Category Internet protocols Category Application layer protocols cs ECHOprotocol da Echo protokol de Echo Netzwerkdienst ... more details
. AppleTalkEchoProtocol AEP AppleTalkEchoProtocol is a transport layer protocol designed to test ... Protocol AFP Session layer Session Zone Information Protocol Zone Information Protocol ZIP br AppleTalk Session Protocol ASP br AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol ADSP Transport layer Transport AppleTalk Transaction Protocol ATP br AppleTalkEchoProtocol AEP br Name Binding Protocol Name Binding Protocol ...AppleTalk is a proprietary protocol proprietary protocol stack suite of networking protocols developed ... on that protocol, and AppleTalk became unsupported as of the release of Mac OS X v10.6 in 2009 ... address resolution protocol AARP allowed AppleTalk hosts to automatically generate their own network ... the LocalTalk Link Access Protocol LLAP and later the AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol, AARP ... purposes specific to the AppleTalkprotocol itself. Apart from these, all application level protocols .... Protocols AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol AARP resolves AppleTalk addresses to link layer , usually ... Data Stream Protocol This was a comparatively late addition to the AppleTalkprotocol suite, done when ... Filing Protocol The Apple Filing Protocol AFP , formerly AppleTalk Filing Protocol, is the protocol for communicating with AppleShare file servers. Built on top of AppleTalk Session Protocol for legacy ... to the client. AppleTalk Transaction Protocol ATP was the original reliable transport level protocol ... Information Protocol ZIP was the protocol by which AppleTalk network numbers were associated with zone ... The initial default hardware implementation for AppleTalk was a high speed serial protocol known ... AppleTalk version Apple Filing Protocol Corresponds to Notes 56 System 7.0 57.0.4 System 7.12 58.1.1 ... which was discontinued by CA in 2007. Group Logic continues to bundle its AppleTalkprotocol with its ... implementation of the AppleTalkprotocol stack, as part of their HELIOS UB2 server. This is essentially ..., Columbia University released the Columbia AppleTalk Package CAP which implemented the protocol ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 AppleTalk Remote Access , or ATRA , was a protocol stack that allowed AppleTalk to be run over modem s. It became a fairly major product for Apple Computer in the early to mid 1990s when their first portable and laptop computers were available and very popular . ARA slowly disappeared in the late 1990s when TCP IP took over the vast majority of networking needs, notably remote access. Most networking protocol s have strong layering that separates the various jobs inside the protocol to different pieces of software. This allows them to be run on top of any hardware by replacing the lowest level software, the hardware drivers. For instance, IP can be made to run on a variety of Ethernet cards or even IBM token ring TokenRing with little effort. For slower speeds, like on modems, things become somewhat more difficult, as the protocols often have invisible assumptions about timing and performance that make it inefficient with very limited bandwidth. AppleTalk included a number of features that made this even more difficult. In particular AppleTalk had a number of internal tasks for discovery and naming that ran all the time and made the protocol chatty . This added to the bandwidth problems, making it even less efficient in this case. Thus ARA was considerably more complex than similar solutions for IP, replacing many parts of the AppleTalk stack and seriously modifying others. As a result ARA was quite large, larger than the basic AppleTalk stack, and somewhat memory hungry. It was also slow, a problem it shared with IP at similar speeds. Nevertheless, ARA was the only protocol available, and also shared the typical Apple properties of being easy to install, set up and run. It became a fairly profitable product on its own, and was sold widely ... Remote Access. Later versions supported AppleTalk connections over ARAP and TCP IP connections over ... to IP, and includes remote access software for free. DEFAULTSORT Appletalk Remote Access Category ... more details
wiktionary echoEcho most commonly refers to Echo phenomenon , the reflection of a sound. It may also refer to Science and technology Echo satellite , one of the first communications satellites EChO , a proposed European Space Agency mission to study exoplanet atmospheres. Echo sounding , a way to measure water depth Light echo , a visual phenomenon Signal reflection , a concept in telecommunications ECHO Clearinghouse , NASA s registry of Earth Science data and services, an early SOA example An Echo is a multiple reflection of sound which can happen in a covered area Computing Echo command , a Unix, DOS and Microsoft Windows command to display a line of text Echo computing , a feature of telecommunications protocols Echo framework , a web framework for Java programming The EchoProtocol , an Internet protocol largely superseded by ICMP A command in programming language s to output one or more strings A discussion forum on FidoNet Medicine ECHO echocardiography , an imaging technique used ... echo , involuntary repetition or imitation, as in echolalia and echopraxia Fiction and mythology Echo mythology , a nymph Echo Marvel Comics , a superheroine in the Marvel universe Echo DC Comics , a name that has been used by a number of different characters in works published by DC Comics. Query and Echo ... EchoEcho Dollhouse Echo Dollhouse , the protagonist of science fiction TV series Dollhouse Echo comic book Echo comic book , a comic book title by Terry Moore, launched in 2008 Echo 1997 film Echo 1997 film , a 1997 TV film Echo 2003 film Echo 2003 film , a 2003 short film directed by Tom Oesch Echo 2007 film Echo 2007 film , a 2007 Danish film Echo novel Echo novel , a 2000 fantasy novel by Francesca Lia Block Echo Secrets of the Lost Cavern , a video game A race of aliens from the UK TV series Invasion Earth TV series Invasion Earth TV series Echo Nightray, a female character in the anime and manga Pandora Hearts Music Echo music award The Echo venue The Echo Label , a record label Echo Orbiter ... more details
The Echo may refer to The Echo novel The Echo novel , a novel by Minette Walters The Echo , a 1998 TV movie based on the above novel directed by Diarmuid Lawrence and starring Clive Owen and Joely Richardson The Echo 1915 film The Echo 1915 film , an American silent short romantic drama directed by Tom Ricketts Sigaw , a Filipino horror film, released internationally as The Echo The Echo 2008 film The Echo 2008 film , a horror film based on the Filipino film starring Jesse Bradford and Iza Calzado The Echo , an opera by Frank Patterson premiered in June 1925 with tenor Forrest Lamont and soprano Marie Rappold The Echo venue , a live music venue in Los Angeles, California The Echo Irish newspaper The Echo Irish newspaper Liverpool Echo , Liverpool newspaper Southern Daily Echo , English newspaper, commonly known as the Daily Echo or simply The Echo The Echo , common name for the South Wales Echo , a newspaper in Cardiff, Wales The Echo , a Broadway musical that introduced the song, Skidamarink disamb it The Echo ... more details
ECHO may stand for ECHO European Commission , the European Community Humanitarian aid Office ECHO music award , a German music award Echo 1 communications satellite Shortened Echocardiography Echovirus Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan virus ECHO Lake Aquarium and Science Center in Burlington, Vermont Extended Care Health Option , a supplemental insurance program for disabled dependents of U.S. uniformed service members ECHO IV, Electronic Computer for Home Operation , an experimental home computer from 1966 See also Echo disambiguation Eck disambig es ECHO ... more details
refimprove date March 2011 Wikify date March 2011 The Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory EChO is a proposed space telescope that has been selected for further studies as part of the Cosmic Vision roadmap of the European Space Agency , and is competing with three other missions for the M3 slot in the programme. EChO will be the first dedicated mission to investigate exoplanetary atmospheres, addressing the suitability of those planets for life and placing our Solar System in context. EChO will provide high resolution, multi wavelength spectroscopic observations. It will measure the atmospheric composition, temperature and albedo of a representative sample of known exoplanets, constrain models of their internal structure and improve our understanding of how planets form and evolve. It will orbit around the L2 Lagrange point, 1.5 million km from Earth in the anti sunward direction. See also MarcoPolo R LOFT References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links Official site http www.echo spacemission.eu http sci.esa.int science e www object index.cfm?fobjectid 48467 ESA Announcement Article European Space Agency Space observatories Category European Space Agency probes Category Spaceflight Category Unmanned vehicles Category Proposed spacecraft Category Space telescopes ESA stub fr Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory ru EChO ... more details
for2 the Ben 10 alien List of Ben 10 aliens EchoEcho List of Ben 10 aliens Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name EchoEcho Type Album Artist Carbon Leaf Cover Echo Echo.jpg Released March 31, 2001 Genre adult album alternative Length 71 01 Label Vanguard Records Producer John Morand Last album Ether Electrified Porch Music br 1999 This album EchoEcho br 2001 Next album 5 Alive br 2003 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1Score Rating 4 5 ref Allmusic class album id r538693 pure url yes ref EchoEcho is Carbon Leaf s fourth album. It was released in 2001 by the band s own label, Constant Ivy Records. Track listing The Boxer 3 26 Wandrin Around 4 00 On Any Given Day 5 04 Torn to Tattered 5 29 Mellow Tone 4 18 Shine 3 36 Mary Mac 2 57 I Know the Reason 4 27 Lonesome Pine 4 02 Follow the Lady 5 33 Desperation Song 5 26 Toy Soldiers 4 37 Maybe Today 10 29 Dear 7 37 Bonus Track Release The Boxer went on to bring Carbon Leaf local, regional, and even some national recognition. In January 2002 Carbon Leaf won the first ever American Music Award s Presents the Coca Cola New Music Award for The Boxer. Fact date June 2009 As part of winning they performed The Boxer live on the AMAs to 80 million television viewers worldwide. Following this appearance, The Boxer entered regular rotation on radio stations including Washington, DC s DC101 WWDC FM WWDC 101.1 FM . Fact date June 2009 Notes reflist Category 2001 albums Category Carbon Leaf albums 2000s indie rock album stub ... more details
Wiktionary Protocol may refer to TOCright Society Protocol, etiquette Protocol diplomacy , the etiquette of diplomacy and affairs of state Protocol politics , a formal agreement between nation states The Protocols of the Elders of Zion , an antisemitic tract Kyoto Protocol , a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Protocol I , an amendment to the Geneva Conventions Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees , a United Nations convention on the status of refugees The arts Protocol band , British band Protocol film , a 1984 comedy film Protocol album , the d but album EP from Simon Phillips Science Protocol natural sciences , a predefined written procedural method of conducting experiments Clinical trial protocol , a document that plans a clinical trial Medical protocol disambiguation , various meanings, most prominently including guidelines for medical treatment Communications Communications protocol , a set of rules & regulations that determine how data is transmitted in telecommunications and computer networking Cryptographic protocol , a protocol for encrypting messages Proprietary protocol , a telecommunications protocol that is patented Quantum cryptography protocol , a protocol for encrypting messages Simple Mail Transfer Protocol , a set of rules for the design of an electronic mail system Computer related AAA protocol , a computer security protocolProtocol Buffers , a serialization format of computer software Protocol object oriented programming , a common means for unrelated objects to communicate with each other Routing protocol , a set of rules that determines how routers shall route communications URI scheme , often referred to as protocol See also Proto List of network protocols disambiguation ar bg ca Protocol cs Protokol da Protokol de Protokoll Begriffskl rung es Protocolo eo Protokolo fr Protocole gl Protocolo ja ko io Protokolo it Protocollo he lt Protokolas reik m s ... more details
Echo I may refer to an Echo class submarine Echo class submarine of the Soviet Navy Project EchoEcho satellite , NASA s first communications satellite disambig ... more details
Echo II may refer to an Echo class submarine Echo class submarine of the Soviet Navy Project EchoEcho satellite , NASA s first communications satellite disambig ... more details
communications protocol a local echoprotocol operates on top of a full duplex underlying protocol. The Transmission Control Protocol TCP connection over which the TELNET protocol is layered provides a full duplex connection, with no echo, across which data may be sent in either direction simultaneously. sfn Socolofsky Kale 1991 p 24 Whereas the Network Virtual Terminal that the TELNET protocol itself incorporates is a half duplex device with by default local echo. sfn IBM 1995 p 2 sfn Postel Reynolds 1983 p 2 The devices that echo locally terminal telecommunication terminal s are one of the things ...for the computer command line interpreter command named tt echo tt echo command In computer telecommunications , echo is the display or return of sent data at or to the sending end of a transmission. Echo can be either local echo , where the sending device itself displays the sent data, or remote echo ... simply no local echo from the point of view of the sending device itself . sfn Graf 1999 p 230 sfn ... at the remote end of a communications line are the same as data sent, is also known as echoplex , echo ... echo check p. 478 sfn Weik 2000 loc echoplex p.479 sfn Jordan Churchill 1987 p 24 sfn Hill Associates 2002 p 341 Terminological confusion echo is not duplex Whilst local echo and remote echo are sometimes ..., and are misleading. See duplex telecommunications for their correct meanings. Whilst local echo is often .... A full duplex communications channel can still employ local echo, and a half duplex channel can still albeit wastefully employ remote echo, or no echo at all. sfn Daintith 2004 p 171 sfn Jordan Churchill .... Similarly, on BSD version 4, local echo is performed by the operating system kernel s terminal device ... should have their local echo facilities switched off so that they operate in no echo mode , lest passwords .... sfn Duffy 2002 p 43 sfn Da Cruz Gianone 1997 p 158&ndash 159 Controlling local echo Terminal emulators Most terminal emulator programs have the ability to perform echo locally which sometimes they mis ... more details
Echo Bay may refer to Echo Bay, British Columbia Echo Bay, Nevada Echo Bay, Ontario Echo Bay, Saskatchewan See also Echo Bay Mines Port Radium, Northwest Territories , previously Echo Bay geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages de Echo Bay ... more details
Echo is a web application framework that was created by the company NextApp. It originally started as a request response web application framework that leveraged the Swing Java Swing object model to improve the speed of application development. Through the use of the swing model, Echo was able to employ concepts such as components and event driven programming that removed much of the pain of web application development . Echo2 In late 2005, NextApp formally announced the release of their new Ajax programming AJAX based web application platform, Echo2 . This framework built on the concepts of Echo well known Application programming interface API , total web Abstraction computer science abstraction but delivered the additional benefit of being an AJAX environment. NextApp believed that this approach ... also claimed that this reincarnation of the Echo framework provided dramatic Computer performance ... as native Javascript objects, with an XML based state synchronization protocol between client web browser ... to developers of Object oriented object oriented languages. Competitors Echo is often compared to frameworks such as Google Web Toolkit GWT Google Web Toolkit as both Echo and GWT among others offer ... Echo differs substantially from GWT in the way it interacts with JavaScript . GWT essentially ... to JavaScript and fully executed on the client side. Echo on the other hand offers since version 3 a dual ... A project based around Echo 2 dedicated to the furthering the development of the framework Echo2Struts http echostruts.free.fr A struts compatible implementation of Echo2 Hibernate Spring Echo ... Echo2 Google maps for Echo2 http sourceforge.net projects googlemaps echo Google maps v3 for Echo2 ... of the original Echo framework as rendering engine. Aejaks http aejaks.sourceforge.net A Java Tcl Jacl ... Echo Framework Home Page ECMAScript Application frameworks Widget toolkits Category Web application frameworks Category Java enterprise platform fr Echo Framework zh Echo ... more details
Echo Township may refer to one of the following places in the United States Echo Township, Michigan Echo Township, Minnesota geodis Category Township name disambiguation pages de Echo Township ... more details
Echo , in comics , may refer to Echo Marvel Comics Echo DC Comics Query and Echo , the team of henchmen for the Riddler that featured the fifth character in DC Comics named EchoEcho comic book , an independently published comic series by Terry Moore See also Echo disambiguation SIA comics ... more details
Echo Park can refer to Echo Park, Los Angeles , in the United States Echo Park Colorado , at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers in Dinosaur National Monument Echo Park album Echo Park album , a 2001 album by the British band Feeder Echo Park novel Echo Park novel , a mystery released in 2006 by Michael Connelly Echo Park film Echo Park film , a 1986 film by Robert Dornhelm Echo Park , the second episode of the television series Law & Order Los Angeles Echo Park song , a song by American musician Keith Barbour and written by Buzz Clifford disambig fr Echo Park it Echo Park sk Echo Park ... more details
Glen Echo may refer to Glen Echo Ellabelle, Georgia , National Register of Historic Places listings in Bryan County, Georgia listed on the NRHP in Bryan County, Georgia Glen Echo, Maryland Carousel at Glen Echo Park , Glen Echo, Maryland, NRHP listed Glen Echo Park Historic District , Glen Echo, Maryland, NRHP listed Glen Echo Historic District Normandy and Glen Echo Park, Missouri , National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Louis County, Missouri listed on the NRHP in St. Louis County, Missouri Glen Echo, Columbus, Ohio , NRHP listed Glen Echo Franklin, Tennessee , National Register of Historic Places listings in Williamson County, Tennessee listed on the NRHP in Williamson County, Tennessee disambig de Glen Echo it Glen Echo ... more details
Echo Lake may refer to Canada Echo Lake Ontario , a lake in the Muskoka region of Ontario, Canada Echo Lake Provincial Park , in British Columbia Echo Lake Saskatchewan , a lake in Qu Appelle Valley region of Saskatchewan, Canada Echo Lake Provincial Park Saskatchewan Echo Lake Provincial Park , in Saskatchewan United States Echo Lake, California , a town Echo Lake California , a lake near the town Echo Lake Colorado , a lake in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado Echo Lake Park , a park on the Rocky Mountains lake Echo Lake Illinois , a lake near Lake Zurich, Illinois Echo Lake Massachusetts , a drinking water Reservoir Direct water supply reservoir servicing Milford, MA . Echo Lake Minnesota , a lake in McLeod County, Minnesota Echo Lake in List of lakes in Granite County, Montana Granite County, Montana Echo Lake Franconia Notch , a lake in Franconia Notch State Park in New Hampshire Echo Lake North Conway , in the eastern White Mountains of New Hampshire Echo Lake in Mountainside, New Jersey Echo Lake Nevada , in the Ruby Mountains Echo Lake New York , a mountain lake within the Indian Head Wilderness of the Catskill Mountains of New York Echo Lake Pennsylvania , small town in Monroe County PA. Echo Lake, Washington , a community Echo Lake School , an elementary school in Glen Allen, VA Echo Lake, one of several themed areas in the Disney s Hollywood Studios theme park. Other uses Echo Lake software Echo lake band disambig ... more details
IPstack The Time Protocol is a network protocol in the Internet Protocol Suite defined in 1983 in RFC 868. Its purpose is to provide a site independent, machine readable date and time. The Time Protocol may be implemented over the Transmission Control Protocol TCP or the User Datagram Protocol UDP . A host connects to a server that supports the Time Protocol on port 37. The server then sends the time as a 32 bit unsigned integer in binary format and in network byte order , representing the number of seconds since 00 00 midnight 1 January, 1900 GMT, and closes the connection. Operation over UDP requires the sending of any datagram to the server port, as there is no connection setup for UDP. The fixed 32 bit data format means that the timestamp rolls over approximately every 136 years, with the first such occurrence on 7 February 2036. Programs that use the Time Protocol must be carefully designed to use context dependent information to distinguish these dates from those in 1900. Many Unix like operating systems used the Time Protocol to monitor and or synchronize their clocks using the rdate utility, but this functionality was superseded by the Network Time Protocol NTP and the corresponding ntpdate utility, which report times with sub second accuracy and accounts for clock drift automatically. Inetd implementation On most UNIX like operating systems a Time Protocol server is built into the inetd or xinetd daemon computer software daemon . The service is usually not enabled by default. It may be enabled by adding the following lines to the file tt etc inetd.conf tt and reloading the configuration. time stream tcp nowait root internal time dgram udp wait root internal See also EchoProtocol Discard Protocol Daytime Protocol Character Generator Protocol rdate , a tool for querying ... Time Protocol http freestone group.com fg time sync.htm freestone group.com FG Time Sync Category ... Time Protocol simple TIME protocol zh ... more details
The Daily Echo is the name of two daily tabloid newspapers in southern England owned by Newsquest . Bournemouth Daily Echo , covers south east Dorset . Southern Daily Echo , covers south central Hampshire . disambig ... more details
IPstack The Discard Protocol is a service in the Internet Protocol Suite defined in RFC 863. It is intended for testing, debugging, and measurement purposes. A host may send data to a host that supports the Discard Protocol on either Transmission Control Protocol TCP or User Datagram Protocol UDP port number 9. The data sent to the server is simply discarded. No response is returned. Inetd implementation On most UNIX like operating systems a discard server is built into the inetd or xinetd daemon computer software daemon . The discard service is usually not enabled by default. It may be enabled by adding the following lines to the file tt etc inetd.conf tt and reloading the configuration discard stream tcp nowait root internal discard dgram udp wait root internal The Discard Protocol is the TCP UDP equivalent of the Unix filesystem node dev null . Such a service is guaranteed to receive what is sent to it and can be used for debugging TCP and or UDP code requiring a guaranteed reception of payload sent. See also EchoProtocol Daytime Protocol Character Generator Protocol Time Protocol External links RFC 348, The Discard process RFC 863, The Discard protocol Category Internet protocols Category Application layer protocols ... more details
lowercase In computing , code echo code is a command computing command in DOS , OS 2 , Microsoft Windows , Singularity operating system Singularity , Unix and Unix like operating systems that places a String computer science string on the computer terminal . It is typically used in shell script s and batch file s to output status text to the screen or a file. Usage example source lang bash echo This is a test. This is a test. echo This is a test. . test.txt cat . test.txt This is a test. source Some variants of Unix support options such as code n code and code e code . These are not standard ref http www.opengroup.org onlinepubs 009695399 utilities echo.html IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004, documentation for echo ref due to historical incompatibilities between BSD and System V the code printf code command can be used in situations where this is a problem. Using ANSI escape code SGR sequences, compatible terminals can print out colored text source lang bash FGRED echo 033 31m FGCYAN echo 033 36m BGRED echo 033 41m FGBLUE echo 033 35m BGGREEN echo 033 42m NORMAL echo 033 m and after echo FGBLUE Text in blue NORMAL echo Text normal echo BGRED Background in red echo BGGREEN Background in Green and back to Normal NORMAL source Implementation example The code echo code command can be implemented ... lang c include stdlib.h include stdio.h echo command line arguments 1st version int main int argc ... EXIT SUCCESS source Perl can also emulate echo quite simply source lang perl usr bin env perl print join , ARGV source References reflist External links man cu echo SUS write arguments to standard output http technet.microsoft.com en us library bb490897.aspx Microsoft TechNet Echo article See also ... Category Unix SUS2008 utilities Category Computing commands cs Echo Unix de Echo Informatik el Echo es Echo inform tica fr Echo Unix fa Echo ko Echo it Echo Unix lt Echo kompiuteriai hu Echo parancs ja pl Echo CLI pt Echo Unix ro Echo comand ru Echo uk Echo vi Echo l nh ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Eudonia echo image Eudonia echo.jpg image width 220px image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a subphylum Hexapoda classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Crambidae tribus genus Eudonia species E. echo binomial Eudonia echo binomial authority Dyar, 1929 synonyms Scoparia echo small Dyar, 1929 small Eudonia echo gartrelli small Munroe, 1972 small Eudonia echo is a moth of the Crambidae family. It is found from British Columbia to California . The wingspan is about 15 mm. Adults are on wing from August to October in California. Subspecies Eudonia echoecho Vancouver Island, north western Washington Eudonia echo gartrelli British Columbia to California External links http bugguide.net node view 167004 Bug Guide http mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu species.php?hodges 4735 Images Commons Eudonia echo Category Scopariinae Scopariinae stub vi Eudonia echo ... more details
families Various protocol stack s or families PARC Universal Packet PUP Internet protocol suite AppleTalk ...In computer network networking , a communications protocol or network protocol is the specification of a set of rules for a particular type of communication . Multiple Protocol computing protocols often ... are known as a protocol suite when implemented in software they are a protocol stack . The terms are often intermingled people may use the term protocol to refer to a software implementation, or use protocol stack to refer to the specification. Most recent protocols are assigned by the IETF for Internet .... Network protocol design principles Systems engineering principles have been applied to create a set of common network protocol design principles . Protocol layering In modern protocol design, network protocol protocols are layered . Layering is a design principle which divides the protocol design ... with the other parts of the protocol only in a small number of well defined ways. For example, one layer ... with the Internet s simple mail transfer protocol , for example , while another may detect and retry errors with the Internet s transmission control protocol , another handles addressing say with IP, the Internet Protocol , another handles the encapsulation of that data into a stream of bits for example, with the point to point protocol , and another handles the electrical encoding of the bits, with a V.42 modem , for example . Layering allows the parts of a protocol to be designed and tested ... also permits familiar protocols to be adapted to unusual circumstances. For example, the mail protocol above can be adapted to send messages to aircraft. Just change the V.42 modem protocol to the INMARS LAPD data protocol used by the international marine radio satellites. The reference model usually used for layering is the OSI seven layer model , which can be applied to any protocol, not just the OSI protocols. In particular, the Internet Protocol can be analysed using the OSI model . Error detection ... more details
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