Refimprove date June 2010 An apportionmentparadox exists when the rules for Apportionment politics apportionment ... observations, or paradox es. Several paradoxes related to apportionment, also called fair division , have been identified. In some cases, simple adjustments to an apportionment methodology ... but only 7 with a House size of 300. In general the term Alabama paradox refers to any apportionment ... population Population Paradox http www.ams.org featurecolumn archive apportionII3.html Apportionment Balinski and Young s Contribution References Reflist DEFAULTSORT ApportionmentParadox Category ... The Alabama paradox was discovered in 1880, when it was found that increasing the total number ... a state in 1907, a recomputation of apportionment showed that the number of seats due to other states ... increased by that number. Citation needed date June 2010 The method for apportionment used during ... In 1982 two mathematicians, Michel Balinski and Peyton Young , proved that any method of apportionment ... precisely, their theorem states that there is no apportionment system that has the following properties ... the Alabama paradox If the total number of seats is increased, no party s number of seats decreases. It does not have the population paradox If party A gets more votes and party B gets fewer votes, no seat will be transferred from A to B. Examples of paradoxes Alabama paradox The Alabama paradox was the first of the apportionment paradoxes to be discovered. The US House of Representatives is United ... are required every 10 years. The United States congressional apportionment size of the House is set ... States Census Bureau , computed United States Congressional Apportionment apportionments for all ... the Hamilton method examines which states have the largest fraction. New states paradox Given a fixed ... population. However, because of how the particular apportionment rules deal with rounding methods .... example needed Population paradox The population paradox is a counterintuitive result of some ... more details
update date November 2010 This article is about apportionment in law. See also apportionment politics The legal term apportionment French apportionement Med. Latin apportionamentum derived from Latin portio ... apportionment falls into two classes apportionment in respect of estate and apportionment in respect of time. Apportionment in respect of estate Apportionment in respect of estate law estate may result either from the act of the parties or from the operation of law. Apportionment by act of the parties ... just mentioned there is apportionment in respect of estate by act of the parties. Apportionment by operation of law Apportionment by operation of law may be brought about where by act of law ... the apportionment of rent which takes place under various statutes e.g. the Lands Clauses Consolidation ... Land Act 1903 61, apportionment of quit and The Crown crown rents . Apportionment in respect of time At common law, there was no apportionment of rent in respect of time. Such apportionment was, however, in certain cases allowed in England by the Distress for Rent Act 1737, and the Apportionment Act ... by the heir or other person who would, but for the apportionment, be entitled to the entire rent, and he holds it subject to distribution 4 . The Apportionment Act 1870 extends to payments ... 6 . Apportionment under the act can be excluded by express stipulation. The apportionment created by this statute is apportionment in respect of time. The cases to which it applies are mainly cases of either apportionment of rent due under leases where at a time between the dates fixed for payment the lessor or lessee dies, or some other alteration in the position of parties occurs or apportionment ... interest determines at a time between the date when such income became due. Apportionment of rent ... Apportionment of income With regard to the apportionment of income, the only points requiring notice ... wiktionary References reflist 1911 title apportionment Category Legal terms bg es Aporcionamiento ... more details
elections image caption Apportionment is the process of allocating the political power of a set of constituent voters among their representatives in a governing body. Apportionment in theory The simplest and most universal principle is that elections should give each voter s intentions equal weight. This is both intuitive and stated in historical documents such as the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution the Equal Protection Clause . However, there are a variety of historical and technical ... takes effect at the next scheduled election. Apportionment by district In some representative assemblies .... The basis for apportionment may be out of date. For example, in the United States, apportionment ... is disposed to voice their opinion in the governing body. Apportionment by party list Nations such as Israel ... might have no personal contact with their representatives. Mathematics of apportionment There are many different mathematical schemes for calculating apportionment, differing primarily in how they handle ... for the relevant party or sector. Additionally, all methods are subject to one or more apportionmentparadox anomalies . The article on the largest remainder method presents several schemes and discusses ... body. In nations with the Apportionment by proportional representation proportional representation ... apportionment The U.S. House of Representatives , by comparison, is required by Article I, Section ... people, not trees or acres. These cases also opened apportionment of state houses of representatives ... scripts fedrep federal e red appendices e.htm ref The apportionment method is to grant 1 seat to each .... See also United States congressional apportionmentApportionment in the European Parliament ... towards apportionment.html P.A. Madison s historical review of the 14th amendment s apportionment clause ... apportionment.html A guide to the various formulae for apportionment, and statistical differences between them http www.rules.house.gov archives RL31074.pdf The House of Representatives Apportionment ... more details
Electoral systems Biproportional apportionment is a Voting systems Multiple winner methods multiple winner voting system that provides proportional representation respecting two characteristics. That is, for two different partitions each part receives the proportional number of seats within the total number of seats. For instance, this method could give proportional results by party and by region, or by party and by gender ethnicity, or by any other pair of characteristics. Process Presume that the method is to be used to give proportional results by party and by region. Each party nominates a candidate list for every region. The voters vote for the party lists of their region. A highest averages method for example the Sainte Lagu method determines how many of all seats each party deserves due to the total of all their votes that is the sum of the votes for all regional lists of that party . Analogical, the same highest averages method is used to determine how many of all seats each region deserves. After that the biproportional apportionment distributes the seats to each regional party list respecting both, the apportionment of seats to the party, and the apportionment of seats to the regions. This can be seen as globally adjusting the voting power of each party s voters by the minimum amount necessary so that the region by region results become proportional by party. Usage The method was proposed in 2003 by german mathematician Friedrich Pukelsheim. It is used for municipal elections in some cantons of Switzerland e.g. Zurich since 2006 , Aargau and Schaffhausen since 2008 . Fair majority voting Fair majority voting is a biproportional apportionment method with single member regions called districts , so each district has exactly one representative. It was proposed in 2008 by Michel Balinski who also invented the single winner voting system called majority judgment as a way to eliminate the power of gerrymandering , especially in the United States. References Balinski ... more details
In corporate taxation, formulary apportionment is a method of allocating the profit earned, or loss incurred ... apportionment attributes profit or loss to each jurisdiction based on factors such as the proportion ... 12 ref When applied to a corporate group, formulary apportionment requires combined reporting of the group ... between the sub national jurisdictions in which they operate. In many US states formulary apportionment ..., depending on the state. The use of formulary apportionment in the United States dates back to the late ... income tax in 1911, it also used formulary apportionment based on property, cost of manufacture ... Formula had become a commonly used standard of formulary apportionment. The formula placed an equal ... apportionment is not used as a method of attributing profit between rather than within national tax jurisdictions. ref harvnb OECD 2010 para 1.16 ref The adoption of formulary apportionment has ... Jr. proposed the use of formulary apportionment within the European Union . ref harvnb McLure Weiner ... Revenue Service use formulary apportionment in the assessment of federal corporate tax in the United ... of assessing factors used in formulary apportionment worldwide unitary combination . California ... in their combined reporting. ref name MWp254 Critiques of formulary apportionment Advocates claim that transfer pricing issues increase compliance costs, that formulary apportionment reduces those ... that formulary apportionment leads to double taxation of the same profits unless there is agreement ... exchange rate movements could distort the results of the apportionment formulary apportionment does ... Apportionment publisher Brookings Institution series The Hamilton Project citation title Formulary apportionment for the internal market series Doctoral Series No. 17 publisher International Bureau ... Apportionment of Company income pages 243 292 last McLure first Charles E., Jr. last2 Weiner first2 ... EN web final version.pdf title Formulary Apportionment and Group Taxation in the European Union Insights ... more details
The Apportionment Act was a proposed United States federal law that would have fixed the size of the United States House of Representatives based on the United States Census of 1790 . The bill was veto ed by President George Washington on 5 April 1792 as unconstitutional, marking the first use of the U.S. President s veto power. Washington made two objections in a letter to the House describing the reason for his veto. The first objection made in the letter was that the bill did not have a uniform ratio to reach the numbers of representatives to population set forth in the bill. Secondly, the bill allotted to eight of the States more than one for every thirty thousand as delimited by Article One of the United States Constitution Clause 3 Apportionment of Representatives and taxes Article I Section II of the United States Constitution . ref The Library of Congress http lcweb2.loc.gov cgi bin ampage?collId llac&fileName 003 llac003.db&recNum 267 Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p.539 . Retrieved on 2008 10 3. ref The next day, the House attempted to override the President s veto but failed to reach the two thirds vote required and on 10 April efforts began to revise the bill a third time. ref James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9 Jan. 10 12. ref Review On March 26, the bill was presented to the President. There was great disagreement among Washington s advisors, and therefore he called upon Edmund Randolph, Thomas Jefferson ..., intitled, An Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the first ... Apportionment. Past, Present, and Future. Law and Contemporary Problems 17 2 268 275. James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American ... States proposed federal legislation Category Apportionment Act Category Veto ... more details
for the unratified Constitutional amendment Article the First The Apportionment Bill is an act passed by the Congress of the United States after each decennial census to determine the number of members which each state shall send to the United States House of Representatives . The number of the members of the first House was 65. Following the first decennial census the House was enlarged to approximate the Constitutional maximum of Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand . As the House would, at this ratio, have become much larger than today s 435 members, the ratio has been raised after most censuses, as will be seen from the accompanying table. class wikitable rowspan 2 Under colspan 2 Census colspan 2 Apportionment rowspan 2 Representatives Year Population Year Ratio Constitution 1787 align right n a 1789 align right 63,000 cn date January 2012 align right 65 United States Census, 1790 First Census 1790 align right 3,929,214 1793 align right 33,000 align right 105 United States Census, 1800 Second Census 1800 align right 5,308,483 1803 align right 33,000 align right 141 United States Census, 1810 Third Census 1810 align right 7,239,881 1813 align right 35,000 align right 181 United States Census, 1820 Fourth Census 1820 align right 9,633,822 1823 align right 40,000 align right 213 United States Census, 1830 Fifth Census 1830 align right 12,866,020 1833 align right 47,700 align right 240 United States Census, 1840 Sixth Census 1840 align right 17,069,453 1843 align right 70,680 align right 223 United States Census, 1850 Seventh Census 1850 align right 23,191,876 1853 align right 93,423 align right 234 United States Census, 1860 Eighth Census 1860 align right 31,443,321 1863 align right 127,381 align right 241 United States Census, 1870 ... an apportionment bill before the next congressional election, the votes of the whole state elect the additional ... Apportionment Amendment References 1911 Category United States federal government administration ... more details
technical date February 2012 Other uses See List of paradoxes A paradox is a wikt statement statement .... But many paradoxes, such as Curry s paradox , do not yet have universally accepted resolutions. The word paradox is often used interchangeably with contradiction . The logician Willard V. O. Quine ... of absurdities Veridical paradoxes , such as the birthday paradox , which are seeming absurdities that are nevertheless true because they are perfectly logical. ref cite book title The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays chapter The Ways of Paradox first Willard last Van Orman Quine authorlink ... type, typically counterintuitive outcomes of economic theory, such as Simpson s paradox . In literature a paradox can be any contradictory or obviously untrue statement, which resolves itself upon later inspection . Logical paradox See also List of paradoxes Common themes in paradoxes include ... of abstraction . Patrick Hughes artist Patrick Hughes outlines three laws of the paradox ref HughesBrecht1975 1 8 ref Self reference An example is This statement is false , a form of the liar paradox ... the barber shaves himself in the barber paradox . One more example would be Is the answer to this question ..., however, render the question answered without bringing about a paradox. The concept of nothingness is the simplest classical example of a self referential paradox The existence of the concept of nothingness invalidates it. It s the simplest paradox because it s a single word that means nothing ... son. The apparent paradox is caused by a hasty generalization if the surgeon is the boy s father, the statement cannot be true. The paradox is resolved if it is revealed that the surgeon is a woman, the boy ... ians and philosopher s. This sentence is false is an example of the famous liar paradox it is a sentence ... be false. Therefore, it can be concluded that it is Four valued logic unknowable . Russell s paradox ... . Thought experiment s can also yield interesting paradoxes. The grandfather paradox , for example, would ... more details
wiktionary paradox A paradox is a self contradictory or counter intuitive statement or argument. Paradox may also refer to TOC right Computing and technology Paradox database , a relational database management system PARADOX warez , a software cracking warez demo group Paradox theorem prover , an automated theorem proving system Paradox Interactive , a video game developer Literature and print media Paradox literature , a literary device Paradox magazine , a historical fiction magazine Paradox comics , a character appearing in the comic book series Marvel Preview Music Paradox John Kay and Steppenwolf album Paradox John Kay and Steppenwolf album , 1984 Paradox Nanase Aikawa album Paradox Royal Hunt album Paradox Balzac album Paradox artist , drum n bass musician Paradox Canadian band , a Canadian rock band from the late 1980 s Paradox Irish band , an alternative rock band formed in Cork in 1996 Paradox Thai band , an alternative rock band from Thailand formed in 1996 Paradox British band , an unsigned alternative rock band from Nottingham, England Place names Paradox Valley , a valley in Colorado, USA Paradox, Colorado , an unincorporated town in Paradox Valley Paradox, New York Paradox Basin , named after Paradox Valley Television Paradox TV series Paradox TV series , a science fiction crime drama by the BBC Welcome to Paradox , a 1998 science fiction television series Paradox film Paradox film , a 2010 television film starring Kevin Sorbo Professor Paradox is a recurring character on Ben 10 Alien Force . Other uses Faction Paradox , a fictional group in the Doctor Who universe Paradox Formation , a geological formation deriving its name from Paradox Valley Paradox horse , a British Thoroughbred racehorse See also List of paradoxes disambig de Paradox Begriffskl rung es Paradox it Paradox mk nl Paradox ja ro Paradox sk Paradox fi Paradox th Paradox tr Paradoks anlam ayr m ... more details
There are three different paradoxes called Joseph Louis Fran ois Bertrand Bertrand s paradox or the Bertrand paradox Bertrand paradox probability Bertrand paradox economics Bertrand s box paradox disambig ko nl Paradox van Bertrand ru uk ... more details
susceptible to the apportionmentparadox . Citation needed date November 2009 In 2008, however, a so ... of the United States Census, 1960 Eighteenth Census See also Apportionmentparadox Article the First ...United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives ... constitutionally mandated decennial United States Census census . Each state is Apportionment ... and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census. The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state s representation ... during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment during 2000 presidential election ... . Originally, the apportionment of United States House of Representatives House seats was commanded ... sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon reaching the U.S. ... voting rights bill date April 21, 2010 ref Apportionment methods Apart from the requirement that the number ... power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment methods ... Huntington Hill method The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions, ref Cite web title The History of Apportionment in America publisher American Mathematical Society ... web title Computing Apportionment publisher U.S. Census Bureau url http www.census.gov population www censusdata apportionment computing.html accessdate 2009 02 14 ref so called because it guarantees ... title The Mathematical Theory of the Apportionment of Representatives journal Proceedings of the National ... of the congressional districts. ref Cite web title Congressional Apportionment publisher NationalAtlas.gov ... url http www.census.gov population apportionment data files Priority 20Values 202010.pdf accessdate ... 02 21 url http www.census.gov population censusdata apportionment 00pvalues.txt accessdate 2008 ... See also Apportionment Bill United States congressional apportionment Changes following the 2010 ... more details
Paradox may refer to Paradox Canadian band , a Canadian rock band from the late 1980 s Paradox Irish band , an alternative rock band formed in Cork in 1996 Paradox Thai band , an alternative rock band from Thailand formed in 1996 Paradox British band , an unsigned alternative rock band from Nottingham, England Paradox German band , is a German thrash metal formed in 1986, Germany disambiguation ... more details
Schr dinger s paradox may refer to two ideas by Erwin Schr dinger Schr dinger s cat , a thought experiment relating to quantum physics Schr dinger s paradox, the paradox that living systems increase their organization despite the Second Law of Thermodynamics. See entropy and life . Disambiguation ... more details
An information paradox is a paradox about information . Such paradoxes include Arrow information paradox Arrow s information paradox &mdash the difficulty of selling information when describing the nature of the information to the buyer would, in itself, communicate the essential information. Black hole information paradox &mdash information may be lost when a black hole evaporates but this would violate the principles of quantum mechanics. Category Paradoxes de Informationsparadoxon ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Ohio Apportionment Board is an administrative body which draws the single member legislative districts for the Ohio Ohio General Assembly General Assembly every ten years following the census . Each of the 33 Ohio State Senate senate districts is composed of three contiguous of the 99 Ohio House of Representatives house of representatives district. The board has five members the Governor of Ohio , the Ohio Secretary of State , the Ohio State Auditor , a member selected by the Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives and the senate leader of the same party a member selected by the house and senate leaders of other party. This format ensures that no party can hold all five seats. At least one seat will belong to the minority party. In 2011, the board s members are Gov. John Kasich R State Auditor Dave Yost R Secretary of State Jon A. Husted R Assembly Republican Member Senator Tom Niehaus R , and Assembly Democratic Member Representative Armond Budish D Democrats controlled the Apportionment politics apportionment board in 1971 and 1981. Republicans controlled the apportionment board in 1991, 2001, 2011. The most recent apportionment plan has come under attack for being in violation of the Ohio Constitution, and the Supreme Court of Ohio is currently hearing the matter. Category Government of Ohio ... more details
Infobox U.S. legislation name Apportionment Act of 1911 fullname An Act For the apportionment of Representatives in Congress among the several States under the Thirteenth Census. acronym nickname Apportionment ... cite public law 62 5 cite statutes at large USStat 37 13 acts amended Apportionment Act of 1901 title ... v. Johnson 1966 br United States Dept. of Commerce v. Montana 1992 The Apportionment Act of 1911 , also ... of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states. Previous apportionment ... ten year census, Congress is required to create a law that establishes the process of Apportionment politics apportionment for the next ten years. After the first census, Congress began to pass legislation ... see Apportionment Act . ref 3 Annals of Cong. 539 1792 ref The D Hondt method D Hondt and Jefferson Jefferson method of apportionment had been in use after the first census of 1790 through the 1830 census ..., USStat 5 491 ref Prior to the Apportionment Act of 1911, the Alexander Hamilton Hamilton Samuel ... 31 733 ref In addition to setting the number of U.S. Representatives at 435, the Apportionment Act of 1911 returned to the Daniel Webster Webster method of apportionment of U.S. Representatives ... of Arizona and New Mexico shall become States in the Union before the apportionment ... are to that extent hereby repealed. Section 3. That in each State entitled under this apportionment ... State under this apportionment such additional Representative or Representatives shall be elected by the State ... as candidates for governor, unless otherwise provided by the laws of such State. Subsequent apportionment For the first and only time, Congress failed to pass an apportionment act after the 1920 ... and the maximum of 435 representatives. ref Act of June 18, 1929, USStat 46 21 ref The Apportionment Act of 1941 made the apportionment process self executing after each decennial census. ref Act of Nov. 15, 1941, USStat 55 761 762 ref This lifted Congress s responsibility to pass an apportionment ... more details
File Paradox gun bullets 001.jpg thumb 12 bore Paradox gun bullets, Hollow point left and Cross cut right A Paradox gun is a firearm made by Holland & Holland with the last two to three inches of the Muzzle firearm muzzle rifling rifled and the rest smoothbore smooth , intended to be used as both a rifle and shotgun . Paradox guns were originally meant to serve the needs of hunters in India and Africa who might encounter both small and large Game food game but needed to carry only a single gun. Fact date December 2008 A Paradox gun allowed the use of standard shotgun shell s for small game and Paradox bullets shot with a spin from the rifling for large game. Modern users of Paradox guns have the same advantage, especially in areas where the bird and deer hunting seasons overlap. Paradox cartridges have been loaded with either hollow point or solid bullets of varied composition. The current ... solid. History Holland & Holland The word Paradox has been used by Holland & Holland of London since ... ratchet style of rifling. Holland & Holland purchased the rights to the Paradox gun in 1885 from ... Press Release Holland & Holland re introduce the Paradox gun after nearly 70 years. publisher Holland ... . They chose the name Paradox because shotguns are defined by their smoothbore barrels, and a rifled shotgun was thus a paradox . Holland & Holland s Paradox and Nitro Paradox guns are not slug guns as they fire standard shotgun shells and cartridges with special Paradox bullets fully interchangeably. Over the years Holland & Holland manufactured Paradox guns in 20, 16, 12, 10, and 8 gauge. Today they continue to manufacture Paradox guns of 12 gauge in the famous Royal sidelock ejector as well as in their newer round action sidelock gun. File Paradox muzzle.JPG thumb 150px Muzzle of a 12 gauge Paradox gun Other manufacturers Unreferenced section date December 2008 Paradox type guns were ... www.classicshooting.com paradox ball and shot guns definition.htm The Amazing Paradox ClassicShooting.com ... more details
The New Jersey Apportionment Commission is a New Jersey Constitution constitutionally created ten member commission responsible for Apportionment politics apportioning the forty New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2001 apportionment districts of the New Jersey Legislature . The commission is convened after each decennial U.S. Census , and the districts are to be in use for the legislative elections in the following ten years. The commission s members are appointed by the two most successful political parties in the previous gubernatorial election. Each party appoints five members. If the commission cannot agree to an apportionment plan in a timely manner, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey is to appoint an eleventh member as a tie breaking vote. ref name NJconst s New Jersey Constitution of 1947 New Jersey Constitution of 1947 . Article IV, Section III ref The Apportionment Commission is not to be confused with the New Jersey Redistricting Commission which defines districts for the U.S. House of Representatives . The ten member commission has a deadline of either February 1 in the year following the Census or one month from the release of the census data for New Jersey, whichever is later, to produce the new district apportionment. If the ten member commission is unable to produce a new apportionment by that deadline, the Chief Justice is to appoint an eleventh member ... the new district apportionment. ref name NJconst 2011 Commission File New Jersey Legislative Districts ... Commission Membership accessdate 2011 02 18 publisher New Jersey Apportionment Commission ref On February ..., the ten member commission had until March 5, 2011 to produce the district apportionment. ref ... Keep our legislative districts intact, Hudson County politicians testify to Apportionment Commission ... The result is the New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2011 apportionment . A court case challenging ... Apportionment Commission website Category Government of New Jersey Category Politics ... more details
Mechanistic models for niche apportionment are biological models used to explain relative species abundance ... within species or the relative biomass of individuals within species. History Niche apportionment ... with purely statistical models , presenting instead 3 mechanistic niche apportionment models ..., M. 1990 Tokeshi, M. 1990 . Niche apportionment or random assortment species abundance patterns ... roughly 7 mechanistic niche apportionment models. These mechanistic models provide a useful starting point for describing the species composition of communities. Description A niche apportionment ... fragment Figure 2 . Niche apportionment models have been used in the primary literature to explain, and describe ... apportionment models than abundance measured strictly as the number of individuals. ref Gaston, K ... s mechanistic models of niche apportionment Seven mechanistic models that describe niche apportionment ... of niche apportionment the species colonize random portion between 50 and 100 of the smallest remaining ... . Modeling stream fish assemblages with niche apportionment models patterns. processes, and scale ... in niche apportionment over time and thus species appear to have no relationship between ... for acquisition. The random fraction model of niche apportionment is an extreme of the power ... stick model of niche apportionment, suggesting a relatively even distribution of freshwater ... relative to the niche apportionment models described above because the largest niche is always broken ... model exists when a combination of niche apportionment models are acting in different portions of the resource ... of freshwater Diptera , in that different niche apportionment models fit different functional ... niche apportionment models, thus the entire species assemblage was a combination of models in different regions of the species range. Fitting mechanistic models of niche apportionment to empirical data Mechanistic models of niche apportionment are intended to describe communities. Researchers ... more details
Infobox UK legislation short title The Apportionment Act 1820 ref The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by section 5 of, and Schedule 2 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948 . Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19 2 of the Interpretation Act 1978 . ref parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom long title An Act for enabling His Majesty to settle Annuities upon certain Branches of the British Royal Family Royal Family in lieu of Annuities which have ceased upon the Demise of His late Majesty. ref These words are printed against this Act in the second column of Schedule 2 to the Statute Law Revision Act 1948, which is headed Title . ref year 1820 statute book chapter 1 Geo 4 c 108 introduced by territorial extent royal assent commencement repeal date amendments related legislation repealing legislation status Repealed original text legislation history revised text The Apportionment Act 1820 1 Geo 4 c 108 was an Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The whole Act was repealed by section 1 1 of, and Part VII of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Repeals Act 1975 . References Halsbury s Statutes , Reflist UK legislation statute stub UK law stub Category United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1820 ... more details
The Paradox Formation Is a Pennsylvanian age formation stratigraphy formation which consists of abundant evaporite s with lesser interbedded shale , sandstone , and limestone . The evaporites are largely composed of gypsum , anhydrite , and halite . The formation is exposed in anticline s in eastern Utah and western Colorado . ref name BakerDane1933 A. A. Baker and C. H. Dane, Paradox Formation of Eastern Utah and Western Colorado, AAPG Bulletin, Volume 17 1933 doi 10.1306 3D932B92 16B1 11D7 8645000102C1865D ref The Paradox is part of the Hermosa Group which is overlain by the Permian Cutler Group . ref name USGS It occurs in the Black Mesa Basin Black Mesa , San Juan Basin San Juan and Paradox Basin s in outcrop and subsurface in southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona and northeastern New Mexico. ref name USGS http 3dparks.wr.usgs.gov coloradoplateau lexicon paradox.htm Geology of National Parks, Paradox Formation ref See also Paradox Valley References reflist Category Geologic formations of the United States geology stub utah stub colorado stub ... more details
WikiProject Musicians name Paradox image caption image size background non performing personnel birth name Dev Pandya alias Alaska & Paradox genre Drum and bass , drumfunk occupation years active label Paradox Music , Outsider record label Outsider , Esoteric record label Esoteric , Secret Operations associated acts website http www.paradoxmusic.com Paradox is the pseudonym of Dev Pandya, a producer ... , ref IMO Records http www.imorecords.co.uk drumandbass paradox biography Paradox Biography , IMO ... tracks as Paradox & DMR on the label Certificate 18 in the year 1998. Pandya runs four record labels Paradox Music , Esoteric record label Esoteric , Outsider record label Outsider , and Arctic Music .... Paradox released his first full length album Musician As Outsider in the year 2000 on Reinforced ... had a bonus CD with live PA footage from paradox s 2000 tour. There was a special Japan version of the CD ... The Unspoken Divide . In 2002 the second Paradox album, again on Reinforced Records came out, called ... The Esoteric Funk by Nucleus & Paradox was released on Reinforced Records. Nucleus real name is Dave Sims. Sims and Pandya have released a CD album before in 1997 which is called Noise & Paradox Transmograpfication . At that time Simms went by the name Noise . Paradox released the first CD Seba & Paradox Beats Me on his label Paradox Music in 2006 featuring tracks from Seba, Paradox and Seba & Paradox collaborations. In 2007 paradox released the first CD on his label Outsider called Paradox ... by Nucleus and CD 2 is mixed by DJ Trax. July 2006 saw the 100th release of Paradox. On this occasion the 12 release was a special red vinyl featuring remixes of the Paradox tracks The Unspoken Divide and Give The Drummer Some . In collaboration with Bill Laswell and Herbie Hancock Paradox is featured ... the track Panepha has Paradox programmed the drums, Hancock plays the keyboard and Laswell the bass. The track Humanoid has Paradox, again drum programmer, Toshinori Kondo on the trumpet, Bernie Worrell ... more details
The card paradox is a non self referential variant of the liar paradox constructed by Philip Jourdain . ref name OConnorRobertson2005 It is also known as the postcard paradox , Jourdain paradox or Jourdain s paradox . The paradox Suppose there is a card with statements printed on both sides class prettytable Front The sentence on the other side of this card is TRUE. Back The sentence on the other side of this card is FALSE. Trying to assign a truth value to either of them leads to a paradox . If the first statement is true, then so is the second. But if the second statement is true, then the first statement is false. It follows that if the first statement is true, then the first statement is false. If the first statement is false, then the second is false, too. But if the second statement is false, then the first statement is true. It follows that if the first statement is false, then the first statement is true. The same mechanism applies to the second statement. Neither of the sentences employs self reference , instead this is a case of circular reference . See Yablo s paradox for a variation of the liar paradox that does not even rely on circular reference. See also Liar paradox Yablo s paradox Self reference Circular reference List of paradoxes References reflist refs ref name OConnorRobertson2005 cite web url http www groups.dcs.st and.ac.uk history Biographies Jourdain.html title Philip Edward Bertrand Jourdain first1 John J. last1 O Connor first2 Edmund F. last2 Robertson authorlink1 Edmund F. Robertson authorlink2 John J. O Connor mathematician month February year 2005 work The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive publisher location accessdate 4 April 2010 ref Category Paradoxes philosophy stub logic stub ja ... more details
Mayfield s Paradox states that to keep everyone out of an information system requires an infinite amount of money, and to get everyone onto an information system also requires infinite money, while costs between these extremes are relatively low. ref Cite journal last Mayfield first coauthors Cvitanic title Mathematical Proofs of Mayfield s Paradox A Fundamental Principle of Information Security journal Information Systems Control Journal volume 2 issue pages publisher location year 2000 url http www.isaca.org Journal Past Issues 2001 Volume 2 Pages Mathematical Proofs of Mayfields Paradox A Fundamental Principle of Information Security.aspx issn accessdate 2010 07 12 ref The paradox is depicted as a U curve, where the cost of a system is on the vertical axis, and the percentage of humanity that can access the system is on the horizontal axis. Acceptance of this paradox by the information security community was immediate, because it was consistent with the professional experiences of this group. Mayfield s Paradox points out that, at some point of the curve, additional security becomes unrealistically expensive. Conversely, at some point of the curve, it becomes unrealistically expensive to add additional users. Based on the Paradox the Menz brothers developed the Menz Theorems of Information and Physical Security . The theorems present two formulas covering access and security of both information systems and physical facilities. They are used to help determine allocation of resources and response levels. Notes reflist Category Computer security Category Data security ... more details
The Paradox of flexibility is when a debt deflation shock creates a situation where increased price and wage flexibility results in decreased total demand. This term was introduced by economists Paul Krugman and Gauti Eggertsson in the paper Debt, Deleveraging, and the Liquidity Trap A Fisher Minsky Koo Approach . ref name krugmaneggertsson2011 Citation last1 Eggertsson first1 Gauti B. author link1 Gauti B. Eggertsson last2 Krugman first2 Paul author2 link Paul Krugman title Debt, Deleveraging, and the Liquidity Trap A Fisher Minsky Koo Approach date 14 February 2011 url http faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu gep575 seminars spring2011 EK.pdf doi accessdate 2011 12 15 ref The term was intended to complement the paradox of thrift , a concept resurrected by John Maynard Keynes and Eggertson s earlier work on the paradox of toil . ref name eggertsson2010a Cite journal last Eggertsson first Gauti authorlink Gauti Eggertsson title The Paradox of Toil journal NY Fed Staff Report issue 433 publisher Federal Reserve Bank of New York location New York, NY year 2010 month Feb url http www.newyorkfed.org research staff reports sr433.pdf doi accessdate 2011 12 15 ref Krugman and Eggertson proposed that the paradox of toil and the paradox of flexibility mean that wage and price flexibility do not facilitate recovery from recessions during a liquidity trap , but actually exacerbate them. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Paradox Of Flexibility Category Keynesian economics Category Economics paradoxes Macroeconomics stub ... more details
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