update date November 2010 This article is about apportionment in law. See also apportionment politics The legal term apportionment French apportionement Med. Latin apportionamentum derived from Latin portio ... apportionment falls into two classes apportionment in respect of estate and apportionment in respect of time. Apportionment in respect of estate Apportionment in respect of estate law estate may result either from the act of the parties or from the operation of law. Apportionment by act of the parties ... just mentioned there is apportionment in respect of estate by act of the parties. Apportionment by operation of law Apportionment by operation of law may be brought about where by act of law ... the apportionment of rent which takes place under various statutes e.g. the Lands Clauses Consolidation ... Land Act 1903 61, apportionment of quit and The Crown crown rents . Apportionment in respect of time At common law, there was no apportionment of rent in respect of time. Such apportionment was, however, in certain cases allowed in England by the Distress for Rent Act 1737, and the Apportionment Act ... by the heir or other person who would, but for the apportionment, be entitled to the entire rent, and he holds it subject to distribution 4 . The Apportionment Act 1870 extends to payments ... 6 . Apportionment under the act can be excluded by express stipulation. The apportionment created by this statute is apportionment in respect of time. The cases to which it applies are mainly cases of either apportionment of rent due under leases where at a time between the dates fixed for payment the lessor or lessee dies, or some other alteration in the position of parties occurs or apportionment ... interest determines at a time between the date when such income became due. Apportionment of rent ... Apportionment of income With regard to the apportionment of income, the only points requiring notice ... wiktionary References reflist 1911 title apportionment Category Legal terms bg es Aporcionamiento ... more details
Electoral systems Biproportional apportionment is a Voting systems Multiple winner methods multiple winner voting system that provides proportional representation respecting two characteristics. That is, for two different partitions each part receives the proportional number of seats within the total number of seats. For instance, this method could give proportional results by party and by region, or by party and by gender ethnicity, or by any other pair of characteristics. Process Presume that the method is to be used to give proportional results by party and by region. Each party nominates a candidate list for every region. The voters vote for the party lists of their region. A highest averages method for example the Sainte Lagu method determines how many of all seats each party deserves due to the total of all their votes that is the sum of the votes for all regional lists of that party . Analogical, the same highest averages method is used to determine how many of all seats each region deserves. After that the biproportional apportionment distributes the seats to each regional party list respecting both, the apportionment of seats to the party, and the apportionment of seats to the regions. This can be seen as globally adjusting the voting power of each party s voters by the minimum amount necessary so that the region by region results become proportional by party. Usage The method was proposed in 2003 by german mathematician Friedrich Pukelsheim. It is used for municipal elections in some cantons of Switzerland e.g. Zurich since 2006 , Aargau and Schaffhausen since 2008 . Fair majority voting Fair majority voting is a biproportional apportionment method with single member regions called districts , so each district has exactly one representative. It was proposed in 2008 by Michel Balinski who also invented the single winner voting system called majority judgment as a way to eliminate the power of gerrymandering , especially in the United States. References Balinski ... more details
Refimprove date June 2010 An apportionment paradox exists when the rules for Apportionment politics apportionment in a political system produce results which are unexpected or seem to violate common sense . To apportion is to divide into parts according to some rule, the rule typically being one of proportionality mathematics proportion . Certain quantities, like milk, can be divided in any proportion ... observations, or paradox es. Several paradoxes related to apportionment, also called fair division , have been identified. In some cases, simple adjustments to an apportionment methodology ... a state in 1907, a recomputation of apportionment showed that the number of seats due to other states ... increased by that number. Citation needed date June 2010 The method for apportionment used during ... In 1982 two mathematicians, Michel Balinski and Peyton Young , proved that any method of apportionment ... precisely, their theorem states that there is no apportionment system that has the following properties ... of the apportionment paradoxes to be discovered. The US House of Representatives is United ... are required every 10 years. The United States congressional apportionment size of the House is set ... States Census Bureau , computed United States Congressional Apportionment apportionments for all ... but only 7 with a House size of 300. In general the term Alabama paradox refers to any apportionment ... population. However, because of how the particular apportionment rules deal with rounding methods ... procedures for apportionment. When two states have populations increasing at different rates, a small ... arises because of rounding in the procedure for dividing the seats. See the apportionment rules for the United States Congress for an example. See also United States congressional apportionment Monotonicity ... population Population Paradox http www.ams.org featurecolumn archive apportionII3.html Apportionment Balinski and Young s Contribution References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Apportionment Paradox Category ... more details
In corporate taxation, formulary apportionment is a method of allocating the profit earned, or loss incurred ... apportionment attributes profit or loss to each jurisdiction based on factors such as the proportion ... 12 ref When applied to a corporate group, formulary apportionment requires combined reporting of the group ... between the sub national jurisdictions in which they operate. In many US states formulary apportionment ..., depending on the state. The use of formulary apportionment in the United States dates back to the late ... income tax in 1911, it also used formulary apportionment based on property, cost of manufacture ... Formula had become a commonly used standard of formulary apportionment. The formula placed an equal ... apportionment is not used as a method of attributing profit between rather than within national tax jurisdictions. ref harvnb OECD 2010 para 1.16 ref The adoption of formulary apportionment has ... Jr. proposed the use of formulary apportionment within the European Union . ref harvnb McLure Weiner ... Revenue Service use formulary apportionment in the assessment of federal corporate tax in the United ... of assessing factors used in formulary apportionment worldwide unitary combination . California ... in their combined reporting. ref name MWp254 Critiques of formulary apportionment Advocates claim that transfer pricing issues increase compliance costs, that formulary apportionment reduces those ... that formulary apportionment leads to double taxation of the same profits unless there is agreement ... exchange rate movements could distort the results of the apportionment formulary apportionment does ... Apportionment publisher Brookings Institution series The Hamilton Project citation title Formulary apportionment for the internal market series Doctoral Series No. 17 publisher International Bureau ... Apportionment of Company income pages 243 292 last McLure first Charles E., Jr. last2 Weiner first2 ... EN web final version.pdf title Formulary Apportionment and Group Taxation in the European Union Insights ... more details
The Apportionment Act was a proposed United States federal law that would have fixed the size of the United States House of Representatives based on the United States Census of 1790 . The bill was veto ed by President George Washington on 5 April 1792 as unconstitutional, marking the first use of the U.S. President s veto power. Washington made two objections in a letter to the House describing the reason for his veto. The first objection made in the letter was that the bill did not have a uniform ratio to reach the numbers of representatives to population set forth in the bill. Secondly, the bill allotted to eight of the States more than one for every thirty thousand as delimited by Article One of the United States Constitution Clause 3 Apportionment of Representatives and taxes Article I Section II of the United States Constitution . ref The Library of Congress http lcweb2.loc.gov cgi bin ampage?collId llac&fileName 003 llac003.db&recNum 267 Annals of Congress, House of Representatives, 2nd Congress, 1st Session, p.539 . Retrieved on 2008 10 3. ref The next day, the House attempted to override the President s veto but failed to reach the two thirds vote required and on 10 April efforts began to revise the bill a third time. ref James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 9 Jan. 10 12. ref Review On March 26, the bill was presented to the President. There was great disagreement among Washington s advisors, and therefore he called upon Edmund Randolph, Thomas Jefferson ..., intitled, An Act for an apportionment of Representatives among the several States according to the first ... Apportionment. Past, Present, and Future. Law and Contemporary Problems 17 2 268 275. James, Edmund J. 1897. The First Apportionment of Federal Representatives in the United States. Annals of the American ... States proposed federal legislation Category Apportionment Act Category Veto ... more details
for the unratified Constitutional amendment Article the First The Apportionment Bill is an act passed by the Congress of the United States after each decennial census to determine the number of members which each state shall send to the United States House of Representatives . The number of the members of the first House was 65. Following the first decennial census the House was enlarged to approximate the Constitutional maximum of Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand . As the House would, at this ratio, have become much larger than today s 435 members, the ratio has been raised after most censuses, as will be seen from the accompanying table. class wikitable rowspan 2 Under colspan 2 Census colspan 2 Apportionment rowspan 2 Representatives Year Population Year Ratio Constitution 1787 align right n a 1789 align right 63,000 cn date January 2012 align right 65 United States Census, 1790 First Census 1790 align right 3,929,214 1793 align right 33,000 align right 105 United States Census, 1800 Second Census 1800 align right 5,308,483 1803 align right 33,000 align right 141 United States Census, 1810 Third Census 1810 align right 7,239,881 1813 align right 35,000 align right 181 United States Census, 1820 Fourth Census 1820 align right 9,633,822 1823 align right 40,000 align right 213 United States Census, 1830 Fifth Census 1830 align right 12,866,020 1833 align right 47,700 align right 240 United States Census, 1840 Sixth Census 1840 align right 17,069,453 1843 align right 70,680 align right 223 United States Census, 1850 Seventh Census 1850 align right 23,191,876 1853 align right 93,423 align right 234 United States Census, 1860 Eighth Census 1860 align right 31,443,321 1863 align right 127,381 align right 241 United States Census, 1870 ... an apportionment bill before the next congressional election, the votes of the whole state elect the additional ... Apportionment Amendment References 1911 Category United States federal government administration ... more details
elections image caption Apportionment is the process of allocating the political power of a set of constituent voters among their representatives in a governing body. Apportionment in theory The simplest and most universal principle is that elections should give each voter s intentions equal weight. This is both intuitive and stated in historical documents such as the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution the Equal Protection Clause . However, there are a variety of historical and technical reasons why this principle is not followed absolutely or as a first priority. Common problems ... takes effect at the next scheduled election. Apportionment by district In some representative assemblies .... The basis for apportionment may be out of date. For example, in the United States, apportionment ... is disposed to voice their opinion in the governing body. Apportionment by party list Nations such as Israel ... might have no personal contact with their representatives. Mathematics of apportionment There are many different mathematical schemes for calculating apportionment, differing primarily in how they handle ... for the relevant party or sector. Additionally, all methods are subject to one or more apportionment ... body. In nations with the Apportionment by proportional representation proportional representation ... apportionment The U.S. House of Representatives , by comparison, is required by Article I, Section ... people, not trees or acres. These cases also opened apportionment of state houses of representatives ... scripts fedrep federal e red appendices e.htm ref The apportionment method is to grant 1 seat to each .... See also United States congressional apportionmentApportionment in the European Parliament ... towards apportionment.html P.A. Madison s historical review of the 14th amendment s apportionment clause ... apportionment.html A guide to the various formulae for apportionment, and statistical differences between them http www.rules.house.gov archives RL31074.pdf The House of Representatives Apportionment ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Ohio Apportionment Board is an administrative body which draws the single member legislative districts for the Ohio Ohio General Assembly General Assembly every ten years following the census . Each of the 33 Ohio State Senate senate districts is composed of three contiguous of the 99 Ohio House of Representatives house of representatives district. The board has five members the Governor of Ohio , the Ohio Secretary of State , the Ohio State Auditor , a member selected by the Speaker of the Ohio House of Representatives and the senate leader of the same party a member selected by the house and senate leaders of other party. This format ensures that no party can hold all five seats. At least one seat will belong to the minority party. In 2011, the board s members are Gov. John Kasich R State Auditor Dave Yost R Secretary of State Jon A. Husted R Assembly Republican Member Senator Tom Niehaus R , and Assembly Democratic Member Representative Armond Budish D Democrats controlled the Apportionment politics apportionment board in 1971 and 1981. Republicans controlled the apportionment board in 1991, 2001, 2011. The most recent apportionment plan has come under attack for being in violation of the Ohio Constitution, and the Supreme Court of Ohio is currently hearing the matter. Category Government of Ohio ... more details
Infobox U.S. legislation name Apportionment Act of 1911 fullname An Act For the apportionment of Representatives in Congress among the several States under the Thirteenth Census. acronym nickname Apportionment ... cite public law 62 5 cite statutes at large USStat 37 13 acts amended Apportionment Act of 1901 title ... v. Johnson 1966 br United States Dept. of Commerce v. Montana 1992 The Apportionment Act of 1911 , also ... of one seat each for Arizona and New Mexico when they became states. Previous apportionment ... ten year census, Congress is required to create a law that establishes the process of Apportionment politics apportionment for the next ten years. After the first census, Congress began to pass legislation ... see Apportionment Act . ref 3 Annals of Cong. 539 1792 ref The D Hondt method D Hondt and Jefferson Jefferson method of apportionment had been in use after the first census of 1790 through the 1830 census ..., USStat 5 491 ref Prior to the Apportionment Act of 1911, the Alexander Hamilton Hamilton Samuel ... 31 733 ref In addition to setting the number of U.S. Representatives at 435, the Apportionment Act of 1911 returned to the Daniel Webster Webster method of apportionment of U.S. Representatives ... of Arizona and New Mexico shall become States in the Union before the apportionment ... are to that extent hereby repealed. Section 3. That in each State entitled under this apportionment ... State under this apportionment such additional Representative or Representatives shall be elected by the State ... as candidates for governor, unless otherwise provided by the laws of such State. Subsequent apportionment For the first and only time, Congress failed to pass an apportionment act after the 1920 ... and the maximum of 435 representatives. ref Act of June 18, 1929, USStat 46 21 ref The Apportionment Act of 1941 made the apportionment process self executing after each decennial census. ref Act of Nov. 15, 1941, USStat 55 761 762 ref This lifted Congress s responsibility to pass an apportionment ... more details
The New Jersey Apportionment Commission is a New Jersey Constitution constitutionally created ten member commission responsible for Apportionment politics apportioning the forty New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2001 apportionment districts of the New Jersey Legislature . The commission is convened after each decennial U.S. Census , and the districts are to be in use for the legislative elections in the following ten years. The commission s members are appointed by the two most successful political parties in the previous gubernatorial election. Each party appoints five members. If the commission cannot agree to an apportionment plan in a timely manner, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey is to appoint an eleventh member as a tie breaking vote. ref name NJconst s New Jersey Constitution of 1947 New Jersey Constitution of 1947 . Article IV, Section III ref The Apportionment Commission is not to be confused with the New Jersey Redistricting Commission which defines districts for the U.S. House of Representatives . The ten member commission has a deadline of either February 1 in the year following the Census or one month from the release of the census data for New Jersey, whichever is later, to produce the new district apportionment. If the ten member commission is unable to produce a new apportionment by that deadline, the Chief Justice is to appoint an eleventh member ... the new district apportionment. ref name NJconst 2011 Commission File New Jersey Legislative Districts ... Commission Membership accessdate 2011 02 18 publisher New Jersey Apportionment Commission ref On February ..., the ten member commission had until March 5, 2011 to produce the district apportionment. ref ... Keep our legislative districts intact, Hudson County politicians testify to Apportionment Commission ... The result is the New Jersey Legislative Districts, 2011 apportionment . A court case challenging ... Apportionment Commission website Category Government of New Jersey Category Politics ... more details
Mechanistic models for niche apportionment are biological models used to explain relative species abundance ... within species or the relative biomass of individuals within species. History Niche apportionment ... with purely statistical models , presenting instead 3 mechanistic niche apportionment models ..., M. 1990 Tokeshi, M. 1990 . Niche apportionment or random assortment species abundance patterns ... roughly 7 mechanistic niche apportionment models. These mechanistic models provide a useful starting point for describing the species composition of communities. Description A niche apportionment ... fragment Figure 2 . Niche apportionment models have been used in the primary literature to explain, and describe ... apportionment models than abundance measured strictly as the number of individuals. ref Gaston, K ... s mechanistic models of niche apportionment Seven mechanistic models that describe niche apportionment ... of niche apportionment the species colonize random portion between 50 and 100 of the smallest remaining ... . Modeling stream fish assemblages with niche apportionment models patterns. processes, and scale ... in niche apportionment over time and thus species appear to have no relationship between ... for acquisition. The random fraction model of niche apportionment is an extreme of the power ... stick model of niche apportionment, suggesting a relatively even distribution of freshwater ... relative to the niche apportionment models described above because the largest niche is always broken ... model exists when a combination of niche apportionment models are acting in different portions of the resource ... of freshwater Diptera , in that different niche apportionment models fit different functional ... niche apportionment models, thus the entire species assemblage was a combination of models in different regions of the species range. Fitting mechanistic models of niche apportionment to empirical data Mechanistic models of niche apportionment are intended to describe communities. Researchers ... more details
Infobox UK legislation short title The Apportionment Act 1820 ref The citation of this Act by this short title was authorised by section 5 of, and Schedule 2 to, the Statute Law Revision Act 1948 . Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19 2 of the Interpretation Act 1978 . ref parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom long title An Act for enabling His Majesty to settle Annuities upon certain Branches of the British Royal Family Royal Family in lieu of Annuities which have ceased upon the Demise of His late Majesty. ref These words are printed against this Act in the second column of Schedule 2 to the Statute Law Revision Act 1948, which is headed Title . ref year 1820 statute book chapter 1 Geo 4 c 108 introduced by territorial extent royal assent commencement repeal date amendments related legislation repealing legislation status Repealed original text legislation history revised text The Apportionment Act 1820 1 Geo 4 c 108 was an Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . The whole Act was repealed by section 1 1 of, and Part VII of the Schedule to, the Statute Law Repeals Act 1975 . References Halsbury s Statutes , Reflist UK legislation statute stub UK law stub Category United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1820 ... more details
United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives ... constitutionally mandated decennial United States Census census . Each state is Apportionment ... and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census. The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state s representation ... during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment during 2000 presidential election ... . Originally, the apportionment of United States House of Representatives House seats was commanded ... sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon reaching the U.S. ... voting rights bill date April 21, 2010 ref Apportionment methods Apart from the requirement that the number ... power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment methods ... susceptible to the apportionment paradox . Citation needed date November 2009 In 2008, however, a so ... Huntington Hill method The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions, ref Cite web title The History of Apportionment in America publisher American Mathematical Society ... web title Computing Apportionment publisher U.S. Census Bureau url http www.census.gov population www censusdata apportionment computing.html accessdate 2009 02 14 ref so called because it guarantees ... title The Mathematical Theory of the Apportionment of Representatives journal Proceedings of the National ... of the congressional districts. ref Cite web title Congressional Apportionment publisher NationalAtlas.gov ... url http www.census.gov population apportionment data files Priority 20Values 202010.pdf accessdate ... 02 21 url http www.census.gov population censusdata apportionment 00pvalues.txt accessdate 2008 ... See also Apportionment Bill United States congressional apportionment Changes following the 2010 census On December 21, 2010 the U.S. Census Bureau released its official apportionment results for congressional ... more details
Politics of the European Union The apportionment politics apportionment of seats within the European Parliament to each European Union member state member state of the European Union is set out by the Treaties of the European Union EU treaties . The apportionment of seats is not proportional to each state s population, nor does it reflect any particular mathematical formula however it is stated in the treaties that distribution of seats should be degressively proportional to the population of the member states. The process can be compared to the composition of the Electoral College United States electoral college used to elect the President of the United States of America in that, pro rata , the smaller state received more places in the electoral college than the more populous states. As of January 2012, the total number of members of the European Parliament MEPs is 752, two fewer than the current maximum number of MEPs which the coming into force of a recent amendment to the EU s treaties set as 754. Background When the Parliament was established in the 1950s as the 78 member Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community the smaller states Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands were concerned about being underrepresented and hence they were granted more seats than their population would have allowed. Membership increased to 142 with the Assembly expanded to cover the European Economic Community Economic and Euratom Atomic Energy Communities . ref name ENA COMP cite web title Composition of the European Parliament publisher European NAvigator url http www.ena.lu ... to 736. Current apportionment The current apportionment of members in the European Parliament reflect ... 20071008IPR11353 10 10 2007 2007 false default en.htm accessdate 10 October 2001 ref Apportionment ... See also United States Congressional apportionment Leveling seat Europarl Category European Parliament apportionment fr Distribution des si ges du Parlement europ en ... more details
The Uniform Apportionment of Tort Responsibility Act UATRA , and its periodic revisions, is one of the Uniform Act s drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws NCCUSL with the intention of harmonizing state law s in force in the U.S. state states . Purpose The UATRA is meant to be a successor to the Uniform Comparative Fault Act as a way to apportion legal liability liability in negligence cases. The UATRA was designed to overcome the low popularity of the Uniform Comparative Fault Act by modifying the usage of joint and several liability among multiple tortfeasors. ref Henderson, J.A. et al. The Torts Process, Seventh Edition. Aspen Publishers, New York NY, 2007, p. 374 ref Adoption The UATRA was promulgated in 2002. It has not yet been adopted by any states, but it has been introduced in North Carolina in 2009. ref http www.nccusl.org Update uniformact factsheets uniformacts fs uatra.asp NCCUSL Fact Sheet on the UATRA ref References reflist External links http www.law.upenn.edu bll archives ulc uatla 2003final.htm Text of the UATRA at the NCCUSL http www.nccusl.org nccusl uniformact summaries uniformacts s uatra.asp Discussion of the UATRA and the UCFA at the NCCUSL Category Uniform Acts ... more details
Politics of Sweden The electoral system in Sweden is Proportional representation proportional . Of the 349 seats in the national diet, the unicameral Parliament of Sweden Riksdag , 310 are fixed constituency seats lang sv valkretsmandat allocated to constituencies in relation to the number of people entitled to vote in each constituency lang sv valkrets . The remaining 39 leveling seat s lang sv utj mningsmandat are used to correct the deviations from proportional national distribution that may arise when allocating the fixed constituency seats. There is a constraint in the system that means that only a party that has received at least four per cent of the votes in the whole country participates in the distribution of seats. However, a party that has received at least twelve per cent of the votes in a constituency participates in the distribution of the fixed constituency seats in that constituency. ref See e.g. http www.regeringen.se sb d 10025 a 117744 SOU 2008 125 En reformerad grundlag Constitutional Reform , Prime Ministers Office. ref Apportionment of fixed constituency seats class wikitable style font size 90 white space nowrap text align right Constituency 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 ref Preliminary apportionment, See e.g. http allehanda.se start harnosand 1.861758 L net tappar ett mandat , rnsk ldsviks Allehanda, March 20, 2009. ref style background F0F0F0 text align left Stockholms kommun 31 29 27 26 26 25 25 25 25 26 27 27 27 style background F0F0F0 text align left Stockholms l n 24 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 33 34 35 36 37 style background F0F0F0 text align left Uppsala l n ref By the election in 2006, Heby Municipality was transferred from V stmanlands l n to Uppsala l n. ref 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 style background F0F0F0 text align left S dermanlands l n 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 style background F0F0F0 text align left sterg tlands l n 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 style background F0F0F0 text align lef ... more details
Infobox legislature background color F0DC82 text color 000080 name New Jersey Legislature coa pic Seal of New Jersey.svg coa pic session room New Jersey State House.jpg legislature 215th through 219th Legislatures house type Bicameral houses New Jersey Senate Senate br New Jersey General Assembly General Assembly leader1 type President of the Senate leader1 party1 election1 leader2 type Speaker of the General Assembly leader2 party2 election2 members 120 political groups1 Democratic Party United States Democratic Party br Republican Party United States Republican Party last election1 meeting place New Jersey State House , Trenton, New Jersey Trenton , New Jersey website http www.njleg.state.nj.us njleg.state.nj.us Image New Jersey Legislative Districts Map 2011 .svg thumb right 255px as per 2011 redistricting The members of the New Jersey Legislature are chosen from 40 electoral districts. Each district elects one New Jersey Senate Senator and two New Jersey General Assembly Assemblymen . New Jersey is one of only seven U.S. states states with Nesting voting districts nested state legislative districts , in which two or more state House are coextensive with a single state Senate seat. In New Jersey, each district elects one Senator and two Assembly members. States which have similar practices are Arizona , Idaho , Maryland , North Dakota , South Dakota and Washington U.S. state Washington . Districts are reapportioned decennially by the New Jersey Apportionment Commission following each United States Census , as provided by Article IV, Section III of the New Jersey Constitution state Constitution . The most recent changes to the legislative districts were in effect in the primary elections held in June 2011 and the general elections of November 2011, following the 2010 United States Census . ref cite web title Municipalities sorted by legislative districts url http www.njelections.org 2011 legislative districts towns district.pdf work www.njelections.org publisher D ... more details
orphan date August 2009 The Wyoming Rule is a proposal to increase the United States congressional apportionment size of the United States House of Representatives so that the standard Representative to population ratio would be that of the smallest entitled unit, which is currently Wyoming . Under Article One of the United States Constitution Clause 3 Apportionment of Representatives and taxes Article I of the U.S. Constitution , each U.S. state is guaranteed at least one Representative. If the disparity between the population of the most and least populous states continues to grow, the disproportionality of the House will continue to increase unless the House is expanded. A House size of 569 would be required to implement the Wyoming Rule, based on the 2000 Census results. ref http fruitsandvotes.com ?p 328 Increase the size of the House via the Wyoming Rule , Matthew S berg Shugart , Fruits and Votes , Dec. 1, 2005. ref However, the 2010 United States Census saw Wyoming s population increase by a greater percentage than the U.S. as a whole as a result, the required House size to implement the Wyoming Rule was reduced to 547. See also United States Constitution Article One of the United States Constitution United States congressional apportionment United States House of Representatives List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution List of U.S. states and territories by population Apportionment politics Apportionment US election stub References reflist Category Electoral reform in the United States ... more details
blockquote In 1842 the debate on apportionment in the House began in the customary way with a jockeying ... instead an apportionment of 223 members using Webster s method. In the House John Quincy Adams ... Amendment to the United States Constitution dramatically increased the apportionment population ... census. The reapportionment of 1872 created a house size of 292. No particular apportionment method ... of the House was calculated in such a way as to ensure that no state lost a seat due to shifts in apportionment ... members out of their districts. ref http www.census.gov history www apportionment 011651.html Apportionment ... apportionment Redistricting United States Congress References reflist External links Wood v Broom ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 See also 1929 in Zimbabwe , 1930 other events of 1930 , 1931 in Zimbabwe and Years in Zimbabwe . Events The Land Apportionment Act is passed and divides Southern Rhodesia into African and European areas Births Empty section date January 2011 Deaths DEFAULTSORT 1930 In Zimbabwe Category Years in Zimbabwe Category 1930 by country Zimbabwe Category 1930 in Africa Zimbabwe, 1930 In Category 1930 in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe hist stub ... more details
Clemons v. Department of Commerce see also United States congressional apportionment Controversy and history was a lawsuit filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi on September 17, 2009, and unsuccessfully appealed to the United States Supreme Court , that challenged the constitutionality of the Public Law 62 5 law setting membership in the United States House of Representatives at 435 members. The case The case, in brief, asked the court to decide three major points Does the Constitution s requirement of One man, one vote one person, one vote see also Reynolds v. Sims apply to the interstate apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives? Does the current level of inequality violate this standard? Does Congress need to increase the size of the House to remediate this inequality? ref Jurisdictional Statement, August 26, 2010, http apportionment.us JurisdictionalStatement.pdf ref Based on the principle of One man, one vote one person, one vote , the suit cited a lack of compliance with Article I of the United States Constitution Section 2 House of Representatives Article I, Section 2 and 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution Apportionment of Representatives Amendment XIV, Section 2 of the United States Constitution that Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers and asked that the court declare the current apportionment system to be unconstitutional. History of the case and current status On July 7, 2010, the three judge panel in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi ruled that Congress has discretion to set the size of the United States House of Representatives , even if significant voter inequality results. The plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal to the United States Supreme Court on August 26, 2010. On November 17, 2010, the government filed ... United States congressional apportionment United States congressional apportionment Controversy and history ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 Degressive proportionality is a type of formula for electing the members of a legislature or other decision making body. If a body is elected by a number of regions, states or other subdivisions, degressive proportionality means that while the subdivisions do not each elect an equal number of members, smaller subdivision are overrepresented in terms of their population. If the equal representation of subdivisions is used, then each subdivision elects the same number of members. On the other hand if apportionment on the basis of population is used, then each subdivision elects a number of members strictly proportionate to its population. Degressive proportionality means any intermediate method that is a compromise between these two approaches. As a term it does not describe any one particular formula. European parliament Main Apportionment in the European Parliament Under the Treaty of Lisbon , the European Parliament uses a system of degressive proportionality to allocate its 750 seats among the member states of the European Union . Treaty negotiations, rather than a specific formula, determine the apportionment between member states. Minimum seats Any system that reserves a minimum number seats for a sub body is to some extent degressively proportional. The most famous example is perhaps the election of the Electoral College United States US presidential Electoral College . As each state has a minimum of three members of the college, smaller states such as Wyoming and Vermont effectively have disproportionally more say in the election than larger states, the extreme being California. Advantages Empty section date July 2010 Disadvantages Empty section date July 2010 Methods for allocating weights Penrose method square root of the population Category Voting Election stub ... more details
Two referendum s were held simultaneously in the Republic of Ireland on 16 October 1968, each on a proposed amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Irish constitution relating to the electoral system. Both proposals were rejected. Third amendment, 1968 main Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1968 Ireland The Third Amendment, 1968 proposed to specify more precisely the system of Apportionment politics apportionment in the drawing of constituency boundaries. Referendum title Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 1968 no 656,803 nopct 60.76 yes 424,185 yespct 39.24 valid 1,080,988 validpct 95.71 invalid 48,489 invalidpct 4.29 total 1,129,477 turnoutpct 65.77 electorate 1,717,389 Fourth amendment, 1968 main Fourth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1968 Ireland The Fourth Amendment, 1968 proposed to alter the electoral system for elections to D il ireann from proportional representation under the Single transferable vote to the British Plurality voting system First Past the Post system. Referendum title Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill, 1968 no 657,898 nopct 60.84 yes 423,496 yespct 39.16 valid 1,081,394 validpct 95.73 invalid 48,212 invalidpct 4.27 total 1,129,606 turnoutpct 65.77 electorate 1,717,389 See also Constitutional amendment Politics of the Republic of Ireland History of the Republic of Ireland Irish elections Category 1968 in Ireland Category 1968 referendums Category 1960s in Irish politics Category Referendums in the Republic of Ireland Ireland 1968 ... more details
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