Image Khinalugian Suleyman 2007.jpg right 200px thumb An aqsaqal from Khinalug Image The Aksakal in front of his Yoort.jpg thumb Aksakal in 1909. Aqsaqal also transliteration transliterated aksakal in Turkic languages literally means white beard , and metaphorically refers to the male elders, the old and wise of the community. Traditionally an aqsaqal was the leader of a village or aul until the Soviet times. ref http www.bookrags.com research kishlak ema 03 Kishlak , Encyclopedia of Central Asia ref Acting as advisors or judges, these elders have or had a role in politics and the justice system in countries and tribes throughout Central Asia and Caucasus . For instance, there are aksakals courts in Kyrgyzstan . In Uzbekistan , which has traditionally been a more urban society the Uzbeks being sarts or town dwellers, as opposed to nomadic Turks , cities are divided up into mahallas . Each mahalla has an aqsaqal who acts as the district leader. Redevelopment of the aqsaqal courts in Kyrgyzstan In 1995, then President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akayev announced a decree to revitalize the aqsaqal courts. The courts would have jurisdiction over property, torts and family law. ref name JBeyer Judith Beyer, Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts Pluralistic Accounts of History, 53 J. OF L. PLURALISM 144 2006 ref The aqsaqal courts were eventually included under Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000 aqsaqal courts throughout Kyrgyzstan, including in the capital of Bishkek . ref name JBeyer Akaev linked the development of these courts to the rekindling of Kyrgyz national identity. In a 2005 speech, he connected the courts back to the country s nomadic past and extolled how the courts expressed the Kyrgyz ability of self governance. ref Former President Akaev, quoted in Beyer, Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts ref See also Customary law References Reflist Category Turkish culture Category Kyrgyz culture Category Uzbekistani culture Category Kazakhstani culture Category ... more details
a decree to revitalize the aqsaqal courts of village elders. The courts would have jurisdiction ..., 53 J. OF L. PLURALISM 144 2006 ref The aqsaqal courts were eventually included under Article 92 of the Kyrgyz constitution. As of 2006, there were approximately 1,000 aqsaqal courts throughout .... ref Former President Akaev, quoted in Beyer, Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts ref Similar aqsaqal courts ... Malays ethnic group Malay s of Nusantara Anglo Saxon law England Aqsaqal Central Asia Coutume France ... more details
, Dadhah Muhammad Amin Beg Bai Aqsaqal thus, it can also be read as History dedicated to Amin . Amin was the elder aqsaqal of the Russian subjects in Aksu and Uqturpan, and maintained correspondence ... more details
legal system in Kyrgyszstan where many villages are de facto ruled by councils of elders and aqsaqal ..., 2006 Handrahan, pp. 212 213. ref Aqsaqal courts, tasked with adjudicating family law, property and torts, often fail to take bride kidnapping seriously. In many cases, aqsaqal members are invited to the kidnapped ... more details
Infobox military person name Baurzhan Momyshuly image File Momyshuly.jpg 200px caption Senior Lieutenant Baurzhan Momyshuly, 1941. birth date Birth date 1910 12 24 df yes death date Death date and age 1982 06 10 1910 12 24 df yes placeofburial label placeofburial Kensai Cemetery, Almaty birth place Orak Balga in the contemporary Zhualy District , Syr Darya Oblast Syr Darya Region , Turkestan Krai Turkestan Province , Russian Empire death place Alma Ata , Kazakh SSR , Soviet Union placeofburial coordinates Coord LAT LONG display inline,title nickname Aqsaqal birth name allegiance flag USSR branch serviceyears 1932 1934 br 1936 1955 rank Colonel servicenumber unit commands 9th Guards Rifle Division battles German Soviet War battles label awards Military br Hero of the Soviet Union br Order of Lenin br Order of the Red Banner 2 br Order of the Red Star br Order of the Patriotic War br Medal For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941 1945 br Medal For the Defence of Moscow br Medal for Military Merit br Civilian br People s Hero of Kazakhstan br Order of the Red Banner of Labour br Order of Friendship of Peoples br Order of the Badge of Honour br relations laterwork Baurzhan Momyshuly , also spelled Baurjan Momish Uli ref group a While publications of the Kazakh government use the first version, all the English translations of Alexander Bek s books use the second. ref audio Baurzhan Momyshuly.ogg listen Kazakh language Kazakh , Russian language Russified OldStyleDate 24 December 1910 11 December 10 June, 1982 was a Kazakh people Kazakh Soviet Union Soviet military officer and author, posthumously awarded with the titles Hero of the Soviet Union and People s Hero of Kazakhstan . Biography Early life Momyshuly was born in Orak Balga, a now abandoned Aul in the modern Zhualy District in southern Kazakhstan, ref http visitkazakhstan.nur.kz ru guide news view 1488 100th Anniversary of Baurzhan Momyshuly . nur.kz. ref to a ... more details
facto ruled by councils of elders and aqsaqal courts following Custom law customary law , away from ... of History , Journal of Legal Pluralism , 2006 Handrahan, pp. 212 213. ref Aqsaqal courts, tasked ... cases, aqsaqal members are invited to the kidnapped bride s wedding and encourages the family ... more details
Image Redwood Castle.jpg thumb right 270px Redwood Castle Co. Tipperary , although built by the Normans , was later occupied by the MacEgan juristic family and served as a school of Irish law under them Early Irish law refers to the statutes that governed everyday life and politics in Early Medieval Ireland . They were partially eclipsed by the Norman invasion of Ireland Norman invasion of 1169, but underwent a resurgence in the 13th century, and survived into Early Modern Ireland in parallel with English law over the majority of the island until the 17th century. ref Andrew Lyall, Land Law in Ireland ISBN 1 85800 199 4 ref Early Irish Law was often, although not universally, referred to within the law texts as Fenechas , the law of the Feni , or the freemen of Gaelic Ireland mixed with Christian influence and juristic innovation. These secular laws existed in parallel, and occasionally in conflict, with Canon law Catholic Church Canon law throughout the Early Christian Ireland early Christian period . The laws were a Private law civil rather than a Criminal law criminal code, concerned with the payment of compensation for harm done and the regulation of property, inheritance and contracts the concept of state administered punishment for crime was foreign to Ireland s early jurists. They show Ireland in the early medieval period to have been a hierarchical society, taking great care to define social status, and the rights and duties that went with it, according to property, and the relationships between lords and their clients and serfs. The secular legal texts of Ireland were edited by D.A. Binchy in his six volume Corpus Iuris Hibernici . The oldest surviving law tracts date to the 8th century. Origins No single theory as to the origin of early Irish law is universally accepted. Early Irish law consisted of the accumulated decisions of the Brehon s, or judges, guided entirely by an oral tradition. Some of these laws were recorded in text form by Christian clerics. ... more details
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