Archaeogenetics , a term coined by Colin Renfrew , refers to the application of the techniques of molecular population genetics to the study of the human past. This can involve the analysis of DNA recovered from archaeology archaeological remains , i.e. ancient DNA the analysis of DNA from modern populations including humans and domestic plant and animal species in order to study human past and the genetic legacy of human interaction with the biosphere and the application of statistical methods developed by molecular geneticists to archaeological data. The topic has its origins in the study of Blood type human blood groups and the realisation that this classical genetic marker provides information about the relationships between Natural language linguistic and ethnic groupings. Early work in this field included that of Ludwik Hirszfeld Ludwik and Hanka Hirszfeld , William C. Boyd William Boyd and Arthur Mourant . From the 1960s onwards, Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza Luca Cavalli Sforza used classical genetic markers to examine the Prehistory prehistoric population of Europe , culminating in the publication of The History and Geography of Human Genes in 1994. Since then, the genetic history of all of our major domestic plants e.g., wheat, rice, maize and animals e.g., cattle, goats, pigs, horses has been analysed. Models for the timing and biogeography of their domestication and subsequent husbandry have been put forward, mainly based on mitochondrial DNA variation, though other markers are currently being analysed to supplement the genetic narrative e.g., the Y chromosome for describing the history of the male Lineage evolution lineage . The same expression was also used by Antonio ... of historical and famous figures Race and genetics Col 3 Archaeogenetics of the Near East Genetics and archaeogenetics ... Press. Renfrew, A.C., and Boyle, K.V., Eds , 2000, Archaeogenetics DNA and the population prehistory ... 008 0002 x pmid 18560169 http www.ias.ac.in jgenet Vol87No1 temp jgen08 00038.pdf Amorim A 1999 Archaeogenetics ... more details
The study of the genetics and archaeogenetics of the Ethnic groups of South Asia ethnic groups of South Asia aims at uncovering these groups genetic history . The geographic position of India makes Indian populations important for the study of the early dispersal of all human populations on the Eurasian continent . Studies based on mtDNA variation have reported genetic similarities amongst the various Indian sub populations. ref Trends in Molecular Anthropological Studies in India, Vikal Tripathy, A. Nirmala and B. Mohan Reddy, 2008 ref Newly published research based on the use of autosomal markers indicates that a major admixture event between two divergent populations happened 1,200 to 3,500 years ago, overlapping with the time period when Indo European languages first began to be spoken in the subcontinent. ref http www.biomedsearch.com attachments 00 19 07 72 19077280 1471 2156 9 86.pdf Genetic variation in South Indian castes evidence from Y chromosome, mitochondrial, and autosomal polymorphisms ref ref http www.nature.com nature journal v461 n7263 abs nature08365.html Reconstructing Indian population history ref ref http www.ichg2011.org cgi bin showdetail.pl?absno 20758 Estimating a date of mixture of ancestral South Asian populations ref It is generally believed that the first Indo European speakers from West Eurasia entered India in a recent wave of migration from the Northwest and spread across the subcontinent, mixing with indigenous Dravidian speaking people. It has been found that the ancestral node of the phylogenetic tree of all the mtDNA types typically found in Central Asia , the Middle East and Europe are also to be found in South Asia at relatively high frequencies. The inferred divergence of this common ancestral node is estimated to have occurred slightly ... Asia Early human migrations Peopling of India Archaeogenetics Genetic history of indigenous peoples ... Human genetics South Asia Use dmy dates date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Genetics And Archaeogenetics ... more details
For a non technical introduction to genetics in general Introduction to genetics The archaeogenetics of the Near East involves the study of aDNA or ancient DNA , identifying haplogroups and haplotypes of ancient skeletal remains from both YDNA and mtDNA for populations of the Ancient Near East the modern Middle East , i.e. Egypt , Arabia , the Levant , Mesopotamia , Anatolia and Persia . To date, isolation of mtDNA has been most successful. Developments in DNA sequencing in the 1970s and 1980s provided researchers with the tools needed to study human genetic variation and the population genetics genetics of human populations to discover founder effect founder populations of modern people groups and human migrations. In 2005, National Geographic launched The Genographic Project , led by 12 prominent scientists and researchers, to study and map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the world. Levant see Phoenicia Phoenicianism Canaanites Samaritans Zalloua and Wells 2004 , under the auspices of a grant from National Geographic Magazine examined the origins of the Phoenicians . The debate between Wells and Zalloua was whether haplogroup Haplogroup J2 Y DNA J2 M172 should be identified as that of the Phoenicians or that of its parent haplogroup M89 on the YDNA phylogenetic tree. ref http ycc.biosci.arizona.edu nomenclature system fig1.html C Documents and Settings agellon My Documents GATC Files YCC Web 2002 genres Fig 1.htm Bot generated title ref Initial consensus suggested that Haplogroup J2 Y DNA J2 be identified with the Canaanite Phoenician Northwest Semitic population, with avenues open for future research. ref National Geographic Magazine, October 2004. Available online http ngm.nationalgeographic.com ... biology Ancient DNA Ancient Near East Archaeogenetics Ethnic groups of the Middle East Genetic history ... Archaeogenetics Of The Near East Category Modern human genetic history Near East Category History of the Middle ... more details
File Haplogroups europe.png thumb 300px Y haplogroups in Europe genetic genealogy The following articles are lists of human Y chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations around the world. Y DNA haplogroups by ethnic group Y DNA haplogroups in European populations Y DNA haplogroups by populations of Near East and North Africa Y DNA haplogroups by populations of Sub Saharan Africa Y DNA haplogroups by populations of the Caucasus Y DNA haplogroups in South Asian populations Y DNA haplogroups by populations of East and Southeast Asia Y DNA haplogroups in Central and North Asian populations Y DNA haplogroups in Oceanian populations Y DNA haplogroups in Indigenous peoples of the Americas List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures See also Recent African origin of modern humans Archaeogenetics of the Near East Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Genetic history of Europe Genetic history of Italy Genetic history of North Africa Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula Genetic history of the British Isles Y DNA External links Commons category Human Y DNA haplogroups http www.isogg.org tree ISOGG Y DNA Haplogroup Tree http www.scs.uiuc.edu mcdonald WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf Map of Y Haplogroups http www.eupedia.com europe european y dna haplogroups.shtml Distribution of European Y chromosome DNA Y DNA haplogroups by region in percentage Category Human Y DNA haplogroups ... more details
genetic genealogy This is a list of genetic genealogy topics . Important concepts Genetic genealogy Genealogical DNA test Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups Human Y chromosome DNA haplogroups Allele Allele frequency Electropherogram Genetic recombination Haplogroup Haplotype haplogroup Most recent common ancestor Short tandem repeat STR Single nucleotide polymorphism SNP Y STR Y chromosome short tandem repeat Related fields Archaeogenetics Genealogy Genetics Genetic fingerprinting DNA sequencing Population genetics Molecular genetics Patrilineal relationships Patrilineality XY sex determination system Y chromosomal Adam Y chromosomal Aaron Adam s Curse Paternal mtDNA transmission RecLOH Matrilineal relationships Matrilineality Mitochondrion Mitochondrial DNA Human mitochondrial genetics Mitochondrial Eve X chromosome Biogeography, ethnicity and migration Human migration Population genetics Multiregional hypothesis Single origin hypothesis Projects Human Genome Project International HapMap Project Molecular Genealogy Research Project Surname DNA project The Genographic Project Lists List of Y STR public databases List of Y chromosome databases List of DNA tested mummies List of DNA tested historical figures List of genetic results derived from historical figures Y chromosome haplogroups by populations See also List of genetics related topics human genetics Category Genetic genealogy Category Biology lists Genetic genealogy Category Outlines Genetic genealogy topics Category Outlines ... more details
see also Index of genetics articles The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to genetics Genetics &ndash science of gene s, heredity , and genetic variation variation in living organism s. ref name griffiths2000sect60 cite book editor1 first Anthony J. F. editor1 last Griffiths editor2 first Jeffrey H. editor2 last Miller editor3 first David T. editor3 last Suzuki editor4 first Richard C. editor4 last Lewontin editor5 last Gelbart title An Introduction to Genetic Analysis year 2000 isbn 0 7167 3520 2 edition 7th publisher W. H. Freeman location New York chapterurl http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid iga.section.60 chapter Genetics and the Organism Introduction editor first William M. ref ref name Hartl and Jones Hartl D, Jones E 2005 ref Genetics deals with the molecular Genetics molecular structure and function of genes, and gene behavior in context of a cell biology cell or organism e.g. dominance genetics dominance and epigenetics , patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring, and gene distribution, variation and change in population genetics populations . Essence of genetics main Genetics Introduction to genetics Chromosome DNA Genetic variation Heredity Branches of genetics Behavioural genetics Classical genetics Developmental genetics Conservation genetics Ecological genetics Evolutionary genetics Genetic engineering Metagenics Genetics of intelligence Genomics Human genetics Human evolutionary genetics Human mitochondrial genetics Medical genetics Microbial genetics Molecular genetics Population genetics Archaeogenetics Archaeogenetics of the Near East Psychiatric genetics Quantitative genetics Multi disciplinary fields that include genetics Evolutionary anthropology History of genetics Main article History of genetics Heredity Ancient Concepts of Heredity Ancient Concepts of Heredity History of evolutionary thought History of plant systematics Experiments on Plant Hybridization Genomics History of the field History o ... more details
Year nav topic4 2000 archaeology science The year 2000 in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below. Excavations International excavations of the Middle Stone Age occupation cave sites at Pinnacle Point near Mossel Bay in South Africa begin. ref cite journal author Marean, C.W. et al. year 2004 title Paleoanthropological investigations of Middle Stone Age sites at Pinnacle Point, Mossel Bay South Africa archaeology and hominid remains from the 2000 field season journal Paleoanthropology volume 1 pages 14 83 ref Publications Wayne D. Cocroft Dangerous Energy the archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture . London English Heritage . ISBN 1 85074 718 0 James Cuno Who Owns Antiquity? museums and the battle over our ancient heritage . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978 0 691 13712 4 A. F. Harding European Societies in the Bronze Age . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 36477 9 Richard Hodges archaeologist Richard Hodges Towns and Trade in the Age of Charlemagne . London Duckworth. ISBN 0 7156 2965 4 Adrienne Mayor The First Fossil Hunters paleontology in Greek and Roman times . Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 691 05863 6 Mark Redknap Vikings in Wales an archaeological quest . Cardiff National Museum Wales National Museums & Galleries of Wales . ISBN 0 7200 0486 1 Colin Renfrew and K. V. Boyle ed. Archaeogenetics DNA and the population prehistory of Europe . Cambridge McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 1 902937 08 2 Michael Stratton and Barrie Trinder Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology . London E & FN Spon. ISBN 0 419 24680 0 Richard Talbert Richard J. A. Talbert ed. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World . Princeton University Press. ISBN 0 691 03169 X Finds Spring Clive Cussler s National Underwater and Marine Agency discovers the wreck of RMS Carpathia sunk 1918 convert 120 mi km abbr on west of Fastnet Rock . ref cite web url http www.titanic titanic.com carpathia found.shtml title Discov ... more details
The Druhyu s lang sa were a people of Ancient India . They are mentioned in the Rigveda, ref e.g. RV 1.108.8 7.18 8.10.5 6.46.8 ref often together with the Anu tribe. Some early scholars have placed them in the northwestern region. ref Macdonell Keith, Vedic Index 1912, vol. I p. 395 ref The Epic and the Puranas say that they are located in the north that is, Gandhara , and are settled in Gandhara, Aratta and Setu. Vishnu Purana IV.17 The Druhyus were driven out of the land of the seven rivers by Mandhatr and their next king Gandhara settled in a north western region which became known as Gandh ra . The sons of the later Druhyu king Pracetas too settle in the northern ud cya region Bhagavata 9.23.15 16 Visnu 4.17.5 Vayu 99.11 12 Brahmanda 3.74.11 12 and Matsya 48.9. . More recently, scholars have theorised that the Druhyu could be ancestors of Zoroastrian, Iranian, Greek or European peoples, or more likely, the Celtic Druid class ref name Sudhakar Raje India Divine http www.indiadivine.org audarya vedic culture 203103 sanskrit english.html Sanskrit in English ref . Particularly, as the Rg Veda describes this proto Indo European tribe as migrating North ref name Sudhakar Raje India Divine http www.indiadivine.org audarya vedic culture 203103 sanskrit english.html Sanskrit in English ref . Of particular note, vid in Druid comes from the same root as Veda which means knowledge in both cultures ref name Peter Berresford Ellis Hinduism Today http dedanaan.com vedic origins children of danu our druid cousins Our Druid Cousins ref . Evidence from archaeogenetics also support the pan indian origin of the proto indo europeans ref http www.nature.com ejhg journal v18 n4 full ejhg2009194a.html underhill et al. separating post glacial ancestry ref . Notes references References Rig Veda Vishnu Purana David Frawley Frawley David The Rig Veda and the History of India, 2001. Aditya Prakashan , ISBN 81 7742 039 9 Pargiter, F.E. 1922 1979. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. ... more details
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to archaeology Archaeology &ndash study of Homo genus human culture s through the recovery, documentation, and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture , Artifact archaeology artifacts , Biofact archaeology biofact s, human remains, and landscapes . Essence of archaeology Main Archaeology Archaeological record Archaeological science Archaeological site Archaeological theory Artifact archaeology Artifact s Biofact archaeology Biofact s Excavation archaeology Excavation Branches of archaeology Archaeological practice Cultural Resources Management Archaeological ethics Urban archaeology Archaeological science Main Archaeological science Archaeometry Dendrochronology Isotope analysis Palynology Radiocarbon dating Zooarchaeology Geoarchaeology Bioarchaeology Archaeogenetics Computational archaeology Archaeological subdisciplines Ethnoarchaeology Taphonomy By location African archaeology Archaeology of the Americas Australian archaeology European archaeology Russian archaeology By time period Industrial archaeology Near Eastern archaeology Biblical archaeology Medieval archaeology Historical archaeology Post medieval archaeology Industrial archaeology Contemporary archaeology Specialities Aerial archaeology Archaeoastronomy Archaeological science Archaeozoology Archaeobotany or paleoethnobotany Battlefield archaeology Computational archaeology Experimental archaeology Environmental archaeology Forensic archaeology Landscape archaeology Maritime archaeology Museum Museum studies Palaeoarchaeology Paleopathology History of archaeology Main History of archaeology List of years in archaeology Archaeological methods Excavation archaeology Archaeological excavation Archaeological field survey Archaeological geophysics Underwater archaeology Archaeological theory Main Archaeological theory Great ages archaeology Functionalism sociology Functionalism Processualism New Archaeol ... more details
Infobox haplogroup name R0 origin date 23,600 to 54,900 YBP ref name soares cite journal title Correcting for Purifying Selection An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock year 2009 url http www.cell.com AJHG abstract S0002 9297 09 00163 3 doi 10.1016 j.ajhg.2009.05.001 pmid 19500773 last1 Soares first1 P last2 Ermini first2 L last3 Thomson first3 N last4 Mormina first4 M last5 Rito first5 T last6 R hl first6 A last7 Salas first7 A last8 Oppenheimer first8 S last9 MacAulay first9 V volume 84 issue 6 pages 740 59 pmc 2694979 journal American journal of human genetics ref origin place Asia ancestor Haplogroup R mtDNA R descendants Haplogroup HV mtDNA HV , R0a mutations 73, 11719 ref name vanOven cite journal title Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation journal Human Mutation date 13 Oct 2008 first Mannis last van Oven coauthors Manfred Kayser volume 30 issue 2 pages E386 E394 doi 10.1002 humu.20921 url http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 121449735 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 format accessdate 2009 05 20 pmid 18853457 ref In human mitochondrial genetics , Haplogroup R0 formerly known as Haplogroup pre HV ref http www.familytreedna.com hclade2.html Haplogroup H Sub clades , Family Tree DNA ref is a Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup mitochondrial DNA mtDNA haplogroup . Origin Haplogroup R0 derives from the haplogroup R mtDNA macro haplogroup R . It is an ancestral haplogroup to R0a and Haplogroup HV mtDNA Haplogroup HV and therefore to Haplogroup H mtDNA Haplogroup H and Haplogroup V mtDNA Haplogroup V . Distribution Haplogroup R0 occurs frequently in the Arabian Plate with its highest frequency in Socotra Socotri Population 50,000 Yemen 38 ref name Cerny Viktor Cerny et al. 2008, http citeulike.org user Archaeogenetics article 3801223 Out of Arabia The Settlement of Island Soqotra as Revealed by Mitochondrial and Y Chromosome Genetic Diversity. ref and its also found in a high frequency in the Kalash Population 6,0 ... more details
Synthesis date May 2010 See Genetic history of Europe Archaeogenetics of the Near East In population genetics the question has been debated whether the modern Turks Turkish population is significantly related to other Turkic peoples , or whether they are rather derived from indigenous populations of Anatolia which were Turkification culturally assimilated during the Middle Ages. The discussion of the question in population genetics has historically been marred by Turkish nationalism which postulates a Pan Turkic identity emphasizing Central Asian roots. ref The paradox of Turkish nationalism and the construction of official identity. Author Aye Kadiolu. DOI 10.1080 00263209608701110, Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 32, Issue 2 April 1996 , pages 177 193 ref ref The role of culture, history and language in Turkish national identity building An overemphasis on Central Asian roots, Didem Mersin Alici, Boazii University, Istanbul, DOI 10.1080 02634939608400947, Central Asian Survey, Volume 15, Issue 2 June 1996 , pages 217 231. ref Contrary to nationalist dogma, studies of population genetics have indicated that the modern Anatolian Turks are genetically influenced by indigenous pre Islamic Anatolian populations. ref Studies show that Turks of Turkey are genetically 64 Caucasian, 21 Asian and 15 other background. William Z. Ripley and Carleton S. Coon , The Races of Europe , see http carnby.altervista.org troe 12 17.htm The Osmanli Turks. ref Testing the Elite dominance language replacement hypothesis Turkish people Turkish populations are atypical among Altaic speakers in having low frequencies of Asian people Asiatic haplotype s. Rather, these two Turkic speaking groups seem to be closer to populations from the Middle East , Caucasus and the Balkans . This finding is consistent ... Turkish diaspora Col 3 Archaeogenetics of the Near East Genetic history of the British Isles Genetic ... and archaeogenetics of South Asia Col 3 Portal box Molecular Anthropology Evolutionary biology ... more details
Andrew Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn , Doctor of Philosophy Ph.D. , British Academy FBA , Society of Antiquaries of London FSA , Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Fellowship HonFSAScot born 25 July 1937 in Stockton on Tees is a prominent United Kingdom British archaeologist and highly regarded academic, noted for his work on radiocarbon dating , the paleolinguistics prehistory of languages , archaeogenetics , and the prevention of Illicit antiquities looting at archaeological sites . He developed the Anatolian hypothesis Renfrew Hypothesis , which argues that Proto Indo Europeans lived 2,000 years before the Kurgan hypothesis Kurgan s, in Anatolia , later diffusing throughout the Mediterranean and into Central and Northern Europe. This hypothesis contradicted the work of archaeologist Marija Gimbutas who, as early as 1958 in an article entitled Culture Change in Europe at the Start of the Second Millennium B.C. A Contribution to the Indo European Problem had postulated that the Indo Europeans had migrated into Europe from the north, leading to the demise of the Goddess worshipping cultures of Old Europe. Along with fellow Archaeologist Paul Bahn , Renfrew has come up with the Renfrew and Bahns indicator of Religion and Ritual , a definition to determine whether the actions or conducts of Archaeological civilizations were a religious ritual. Professor Renfrew was formerly the Disney Professor of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge and Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and is now a Senior Fellow of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Biography Renfrew was educated at St Albans School Hertfordshire St Albans School , Hertfordshire where one of the houses is named after him and from 1956 to 1958 did National Service in the Royal Air Force . He then went up to St John s College, Cambridge where he read Archaeology and Anthropology , graduating in 1962. In 1965 he completed his PhD thesis Neolithic and Bron ... more details
See also Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia History of India Peopling of India History of South India History of Sri Lanka Genetic studies on Sinhalese Sinhalisation Although Sri Lankan Tamils are culturally and linguistically distinct, genetics genetic studies indicate that they are closely related to other ethnic groups in the island while being related to the Indian Tamils from South India as well. There are various studies that indicate varying degrees of connections between Sri Lankan Tamils, Sinhalese and Indian ethnic groups. According to a genetic admixture study by Dr. Gautam K. Kshatriya in 1995, the Sri Lankan Tamil are closely related to the Sinhalese people Sinhalese and to a lesser extent, Bengali people Bengalis and Tamil people Indian Tamils . Kshatriya found the Sri Lankan Tamils to have a greater contribution from the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka 55.20 9.47 than Indian Tamils 16.63 8.73 . But Kshatriya also found the Sinhalese had the greatest contribution from South Indian Tamils 69.86 0.61 , followed by Bengalis from the North East India 25.41 0.51 . With both the Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhalese sharing a common gene pool of 55 . They are farthest from the indigenous Veddahs . ref name GKK cite journal author Kshatriya, G.K. year 1995 title Genetic affinities of Sri Lankan populations journal Human Biology volume 67 issue 6 pages 843 66 pmid 8543296 publisher American Association of Anthropological Genetics ref This close relationship between the Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhalese makes sense, as the two populations have been in close proximity to each other historically, linguistically, and culturally for over 2000 years. ref name GKK Image Sri Lankan Tamil Admixture.PNG 350px thumb Genetic admixture of Sri Lankan Tamil by Dr. Gautam K. Kshatriya.. Image Genetic Admixture.PNG 350px thumb Genetic admixture of Sinhalese by Dr. Gautam K. Kshatriya. This is also supported by a genetic distance study, which showed low differences in genetic distance between ... more details
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