principle A principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably ... of conduct, a law or fact of nature underlying the working of an artificial device. Principle as cause The principle of any Causality effect is the cause that produces it. Depending on the way the cause .... Principle of causality, as efficient cause The efficient cause is the one that produces the necessary ... can be established to explain what principle brought about the change effect. For this reason the principle of cause is considered to be a determining factor in the production of facts. The principle ... a cause. It was formulated by Aristotle as Everything that moves is moved by another . This principle, in conjunction with the principle that an infinite regress is not possible, has been used to argue for God s existence. The principle of causality is often associated with the similar, though distinct, principle of sufficient reason, according to which, there is a reason why everything is the particular way it is rather than some other way. Principle as a final cause Final cause is the end ... the goal. Science does not recognize the finality of the natural causes as a guiding principle of investigation. It is also understood therefore that the principle guides the action as a norm or rule of behavior, which produces two types of principles. Principle as law Principle as scientific law .... vague date December 2011 clarify date December 2011 Principle as moral law It represents a set of values ... of socialization . Principle as a juridic law It represents a set of values that inspire the written ... the State. The law establishes a legal obligation, in a coercive way it therefore acts as principle condition ing of the action that limits the liberty of the individuals. Principle as axiom or logical fundament Principle of sufficient reason This is based on the truth or intelligibility of the being ... the reason or fundament of being. Here is the ontological principle Every being has enough reason ... more details
A principle is a law or rule. Principle may also refer to Principle chemistry , a constituent of a substance Principle Pictures , an American documentary film company Persons with the name Principle Jamie Principle , an American musician of 1980s onwards See also lookfrom Principle intitle Principle , includes many articles with title ... principle Principal disambiguation , easily confused word dab ... more details
Substitution principle can refer to several things Substitution principle mathematics Substitution principle sustainability Liskov substitution principle computer science disambig ... more details
Pleasure Principle may refer to Pleasure principle psychology , a psychoanalytical term coined by Sigmund Freud Pleasure Principle fashion , a New York based fashion label designed by Diva Pittala and Adrian Cowen Pleasure Principle album Pleasure Principle album , a 1978 album by Parlet The Pleasure Principle Treat album The Pleasure Principle Treat album , 1986 The Pleasure Principle Gary Numan album The Pleasure Principle Gary Numan album , 1979 The Pleasure Principle song The Pleasure Principle song , a 1987 single by Janet Jackson The Pleasure Principle film The Pleasure Principle film , a 1991 film starring Peter Firth Pleasure Principle , a song from Jean Michel Jarre s 2003 album Geometry of Love The Pleasure Principle Le Principe du Plaisir , a painting by Ren Magritte disambiguation fr The Pleasure Principle it The Pleasure Principle hu The Pleasure Principle egy rtelm s t lap ... more details
In mathematics , contraction principle may refer to the Banach fixed point theorem , also known as the contraction mapping theorem principle the Contraction principle large deviations theory contraction principle in large deviations theory mathdab ... more details
Archimedean principle may refer to Archimedes principle , a principle relating buoyancy with displacement. Archimedean property , a mathematical property of numbers and other algebraic structures. disambig ... more details
Duality principle or principle of duality may refer to Duality projective geometry Duality order theory Duality principle Boolean algebra Duality principle for sets Duality principle optimization theory Lagrange duality Duality principle in functional analysis, used in the large sieve method of analytic number theory Wave particle duality See also Duality mathematics Duality disambiguation Dual disambiguation List of dualities mathdab ... more details
Regulative principle can refer to Regulative principle of worship , the concept in some Christian theologies that only what God has explicitly commanded in the Bible should be allowed in Christian worship Regulative principle philosophy , in philosophy after Kant refers to a principle for the conduct of inquiry, for instance, a heuristic or a norm philosophy norm disambig ... more details
Exclusion principle may refer to Exclusion principle philosophy , epistemological principle In economics , the exclusion principle states the owner of a private good may exclude others from use unless they pay. it excludes those who are unwilling or unable to pay for the private good, but does not apply to public goods that are known to be indivisible such goods need only to be available to obtain their benefits rather than purchased Pauli exclusion principle , quantum mechanical principle See also Exclusionary rule , legal principle Disambiguation sr vi Nguy n l lo i tr ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2008 unreferenced December 2009 Merge to Causality physics date May 2011 The concurrence principle principle of concurrence notes the concurrence co occurrence of certain Physical phenomenon physical phenomena , and postulates that they are Causality physics causally connected , or have a common origin. DEFAULTSORT Concurrence Principle Category Physics Physics stub ... more details
In law, an agreement in principle is a stepping stone to a contract . Such agreements with regard to the principle are usually considered fair and equitable. Even if not all details are known, an agreement in principle may, for example, outline a schedule of royalties. ref name Schatzki1999 cite web title Agreement in Principle url http www.negotiationdynamics.com NDir11.asp last Schatzki first Michael publisher Negotiation Dynamics accessdate 2012 03 13 ref References reflist External links http www.dep.state.fl.us secretary news 2002 acf011502.htm Agreement In Principle Reached For Tri State Water Allocation http contracts.corporate.findlaw.com agreements celerity futuretrakceleritymerger.html Merger Agreement in Principle FutureTrak International Inc. and Celerity Systems Inc. Apr 25, 1999 Category Legal terms law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The principle of disclosure is a concept in common law that guarantees that in a legal case, the prosecution will provide the defence legal defence with all information and evidence pertaining to the charges set out. Not all jurisdictions current accept the principle of disclosure such as China. DEFAULTSORT Principle Of Disclosure Category Common law Law stub ... more details
The destination principle is a concept of international taxation which allows for value added taxes to be retained by the country where the taxed product is being sold. ref http www personal.umich.edu alandear glossary d.html Destination Principle Deardorffs Glossary of International Economics Retrieved on 1 October 2010 ref They are collected on imports and rebated on exports . This principle also is applied to the Goods and Services Tax of several countries like Goods and Services Tax India India . References Reflist Category International taxation Econ stub ... more details
In Sigmund Freud Freudian psychology, the reality principle is the Psychoanalysis psychoanalytic concept describing circumstantial reality compelling a man or a woman to defer instant gratification . The reality principle is the factual governor of the actions taken by the Id, ego, and super ego Ego ego . Unlike the morality principle it does not always oppose the Pleasure principle psychology pleasure principle of the Id, ego, and super ego Id Id . In infancy and early childhood, the Id, ego, and super ego Id rules behavior by obeying only the pleasure principle. Maturity is learning to endure the suffering pain of deferred gratification, when reality requires it thus, the Psychoanalysis psychoanalytic Psychology psychologist Sigmund Freud proposes that an ego thus educated has become reasonable it no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure principle, but obeys the reality principle, which also, at bottom, seeks to obtain pleasure, but pleasure which is assured through taking account of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed and diminished . ref Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures 16.357. ref See also Columns list 2 Deferred gratification Id, ego, and super ego Ignacio Matte Blanco References Reflist Category Psychoanalytic terminology Category Motivation psychology stub bg de Realit tsprinzip fr Principe de r alit ja pt Princ pio de realidade fi Realiteettiperiaate ... more details
The term Congruence principle may refer to any undertaking that seeks to align apparently disparate things. Specifically, it may refer to In Economics , the principle of fiscal equivalence , ie, the false model in which the circle of buyers can be made to equate exactly with the circle of sellers. In Education , the notion that principles such as Bloom s Taxonomy assist in maintaining congruence among various educational undertakings. ref Applying the Congruence Principle of Bloom s Taxonomy to Designing Online Instruction. http www.eric.ed.gov ERICWebPortal custom portlets recordDetails detailmini.jsp? nfpb true& &ERICExtSearch SearchValue 0 EJ678087&ERICExtSearch SearchType 0 no&accno EJ678087 ref In Linguistics and Etymology , the principle that similar words may arise in different languages entirely independently of one another. ref See p. 48 in Zuckermann, Ghil ad, http www.zuckermann.org pdf Hybridity versus Revivability.pdf Hybridity versus Revivability Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns . In Journal of Language Contact , Varia 2 2009 , pp. 40 67. ref In Mathematics , the application of principles associated with Cavalieri s principle . In Medicine , the corollary principle of metabolism that holds that present day metabolism holds traces of the primitive chemistry and could serve as a valuable source of inspiration in the elaboration of theories. ref http sci.tech archive.net Archive sci.bio.evolution 2005 07 msg00579.html de Duve s Congruence Principle ref In Psychology , a corollary to the principle of cognitive dissonance , the notion that it is impossible for a person or organization to live too long where there is incongruence between a belief and a behavior. References references disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The principle of conferral is a fundamental principle of European Union law . According to this principle, the EU is a union of member states, and all its competence law competences are voluntarily conferred on it by its member states. The EU has no competences by right, and thus any areas of policy not explicitly agreed in treaties by all member states remain the domain of the member states. This principle has always underpinned the European Union , but it was explicitly specified for the first time in the failed Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe and carried over into its replacement, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . See also Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Devolution Subsidiarity Law stub Category European Union law Category Legal doctrines and principles de Prinzip der begrenzten Einzelerm chtigung fr Principe d attribution is L gm tisreglan Evr pusambandi ... more details
Original research date September 2008 This is a definition in philosophy. For another use of the term, see Humanitarian principles Humanity principle of humanity humanitarian The principle of humanity , states that when interpreting another speaker we must assume that his or her beliefs and desires are connected to each other and to reality in some way, and attribute to him or her the propositional attitudes one supposes one would have oneself in those circumstances Daniel Dennett , Mid Term Examination, in The Intentional Stance, p. 343 . The principle of humanity was named by Richard Grandy then an assistant professor of philosophy at Princeton University in 1973. See also Principle of charity External links http www.ruf.rice.edu rgrandy Richard Grandy s homepage at Rice University Category Principles ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Projection Principle is a stipulation proposed by Noam Chomsky as part of the Phrase Structure Component of Generative grammar Generative Transformational Grammar . Under the Projection Principle, the properties of lexical items must be preserved while generating the phrase structure of a sentence. The Principle, as formulated by Chomsky in Knowledge of Language Its Nature, Origin and Use 1986 , states that lexical structure must be represented categorically at every syntactic level . For example, the verb strangle , apart from the subject, has an obligatory argument, its object, which must appear in the sentence. The following subcategorization frame for the verb strangle specifies its properties the underlined gap for the location of the verb is followed by the noun phrase NP strangle Verb, NP It is out of this frame that a sentence like the following can be generated Fabio strangled Prince Jamal. A sentence without the object, in violation of the verb s subcategorization frame and the Projection Principle, would be ill formed sup sup Fabio strangled. Before the Projection Principle was proposed, phrase structures were generated in separation from the properties of lexical entries. These were hypothesized to enter the slots in pre generated structures waiting to be filled by the lexical material. According to more recent theories, phrase structures are not generated by phrase structure rules, but are projected from the lexical entries. The Projection Principle therefore obviates the need for phrase structure rules in the generative component. Category Grammar Category Noam Chomsky de Projektionsprinzip fr Principe de projection pa projection principle ... more details
An organizing principle is a core assumption from which everything else by proximity can derive a classification or a value. It is like a central reference point that allows all other objects to be located. Having an organizing principle might help one simplify and get a handle on a particularly complicated domain. On the other hand, it might create a deceptive prism that colors one s judgment. Examples In a The Brookings Institution article, James Steinberg describes how Counter terrorism has become the organizing principle of U.S. national security. ref cite web url http www.brookings.edu articles 2002 summer terrorism steinberg.aspx title Counterterrorism A New Organizing Principle for American National Security? accessdate October 14, 2008 author James B. Steinberg date October 14, 2008 publisher The Brookings Institution ref The idea of the solar system is based on the organizing principle that the sun is located at a central point, and all planets rotate around it. Most modern cities are based on the organizing principle of the Grid plan in order to better manage transportation and Address geography addressing . Most religions as opposed to cult cults can be described by social scientists as built around an organizing principle for example, the divinity of Christ that allow for the sustainable or improvable recursion of a unique population. References Reflist philosophy stub sociology stub Category Principles ... more details
The postcautionary principle is a principle of de facto environmental management formulated by John Paull in 2007 . ref Paull, John, http orgprints.org 11042 Certified Organic Forests & Timber the Hippocratic Opportunity , Proceedings ANZSEE Conference 2007, 1 14, 2007 ref It is suggested that the postcautionary principle, as the antithesis of the precautionary principle , has guided environmental management, as it is actually practised. Taking the Rio 1982 formulation of the pre cautionary principle as a guide, the post cautionary principle has been stated as follows Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, the lack of full scientific certainty shall be used as a reason for not implementing cost effective measures until after the environmental degradation has actually occurred http orgprints.org 11042 . Examples of this principle include the extinction of the thylacine Tasmanian tiger , which was, after decades of government bounty hunting starting in 1888 , declared a protected species on 10 July 1936 by the Fauna Board of Tasmania , only weeks before the last one died in captivity on 7 September 1936 and the 2003 Forestry Tasmania burning of Tasmania s largest tree El Grande , ref BBC, http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi asia pacific 3306655.stm Forestry officials admit killing biggest tree , BBC News, 10 December 2003 ref a tree protected under legislation, and its subsequent demise, after which new standard operating procedures were implemented. ref FPB, 2004, Derwent 02 03, Forest Practices Board, Hobart, Tasmania, 13 January 2004 ref See also wiktionarypar principle Precautionary principle Tombstone mentality Environmental management Thylacine References reflist DEFAULTSORT Postcautionary Principle Category European Union law Category Risk analysis Category Risk Category Waste management concepts environment stub ... more details
A variational principle is a scientific principle used within the calculus of variations , which develops general methods for finding functions which minimize or maximize the value of quantities that depend upon those functions. For example, to answer this question What is the shape of a chain suspended at both ends? we can use the variational principle that the shape must minimize the gravitational potential energy. According to Cornelius Lanczos , any physical law which can be expressed as a variational principle describes an expression which is Self adjoint operator self adjoint . These expressions are also called Hermitian . Such an expression describes an Invariant mathematics invariant under a Hermitian transformation. Felix Klein s Erlangen program attempted to identify such invariants under a group of transformations. In what is referred to in physics as Noether s theorem , the Poincar group of transformations what is now called a gauge group for general relativity defines symmetries under a group of transformations which depend on a variational principle, or Action physics action principle . Examples Ekeland s variational principle Variational principle of Ivar Ekeland Fermat s principle in geometrical optics . The principle of least action in mechanics , electromagnetic theory , and quantum mechanics . Maupertuis principle in classical mechanics . The Einstein equation also involves a variational principle, the Einstein Hilbert action . Gauss principle of least constraint . Gauss principle of least constraint Hertz s principle of least curvature Hertz s principle ... R.P. Feynman , The Principle of Least Action , an almost verbatim lecture transcript in Volume 2, Chapter ..., http venables.asu.edu quant varprin.html The Variational Principle and some applications . Dept of Physics ... James Williamson, http www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk ajw29 thesis node15.html The Variational Principle Quantum ... Tokunaga, http www.d3.dion.ne.jp kiyohisa tieca 26.htm Variational Principle for Electromagnetic ... more details
The Principle of Instantiation or Principle of Exemplification is a thesis in philosophy that states that there can be no uninstantiated or unexemplified property philosophy properties or Universal metaphysics universals . In other words, it is impossible for a property to exist which is not had by some object. Aristotle is well known for endorsing the principle and Plato for denying it. Consider a chair. Presumably chairs did not exist 150,000 years ago. Thus, according to the Principle of Instantiation, the property of being a chair did not exist 150,000 years ago either. Similarly and assuming objects are colored , if all red objects were to suddenly go out of existence, then the property of being red would likewise go out of existence. Those who endorse the Principle of Instantiation are known as in re realists or immanent realists . References Loux, Michael. 2006 Aristotle s Constituent Ontology in Oxford Studies in Metaphysics Oxford Oxford University Press . Category Philosophical concepts ... more details
Jamie Principle is a house music artist and Record producer producer born in Chicago , Illinois . ref name amg Allmusic class artist id p13990 pure url yes allmusic Jamie Principle Biography Bot generated title ref He is one of the early pioneers of house music when the genre first began in Chicago during the early 1980s. Principle later began having entries on the Billboard Hot Dance Music Club Play chart in the early 1990s ref IMO Records. http www.imorecords.co.uk house 2 house artists jamie principle biography Jamie Principle Biography , IMO Records Retrieved on 08 March 2011. ref , including Cold World Steve Silk Hurley and Jamie Principle song Cold World , a 22 dance hit that is a collaboration with Steven Hurley Steve Silk Hurley , the classic You re All I Waited For on the Smash Records label, or with CeCe Peniston s song I m Not Over You CeCe Peniston song I m Not Over You No.2 in US Dance , No.10 in US R&B that he would co write. Principle s 1984 song Your Love Frankie Knuckles song Your Love is recognised as one of the first house songs. The lyrics of the song come from a poem that Jamie Principle wrote for his girlfriend at the time, Lisa. Jamie added the music and recorded the song at home on his four track recorder. A friend of his, Jose Gomez decided to record the song onto tape and give a copy to a DJ that he knew named Frankie Knuckles . Knuckles liked the song ... You Scream. ref name Discogs http www.discogs.com artist Jamie Principle , Jamie Principle Discography. ref In 2004 Principle hit 1 on the US Dance Chart with Back N Da Day, which is a collaboration ... uGAmuSlyNrE History of House Mucis Pt4 Jamie Principle influence to house music References reflist Steve Silk Hurley credits Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Principle, Jamie ALTERNATIVE ... Principle, Jamie Category 1960 births Category Living people Category African American musicians ... stub music producer stub fr Jamie Principle ... more details
In welfare economics , the compensation principle refers to a decision rule used to select between pairs of alternative feasible social states. One of these states is the hypothetical point of departure the original state . According to the compensation principle, if the prospective gainers could compensate any prospective losers and leave no one worse off, the other state is to be selected Chipman, 1987, p. 524 . An example of a compensation principle is the Pareto efficiency Pareto criterion in which a change in states entails that such compensation is not merely feasible but required. Two variants are the Pareto principle, which requires any change such that all gain. the strong Pareto criterion, which requires any change such that at least one gains and no one loses from the change. In non hypothetical contexts such that the compensation occurs say in the marketplace , invoking the compensation principle is unnecessary to effect the change. But its use is more controversial and complex with some losers where full compensation is feasible but not made and in selecting among more than two feasible social states. In its specifics, it is also more controversial where the range of the decision rule itself is at issue. Uses for the compensation principle include comparisons between the welfare properties of perfect competition and imperfect competition the Pareto principle in Social Choice and Individual Values Conditions and theorem social choice theory cost benefit analysis . See also Compensating variation Cost benefit analysis Kaldor Hicks efficiency Pareto efficiency Social choice theory Welfare economics References John S. Chipman The New Palgrave A Dictionary of Economics 1987 2008 . compensation principle, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition. http www.dictionaryofeconomics.com article?id pde2008 C000260&q compensation 20principle&topicid &result ... 2008 . Pareto principle and competing principles, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd ... more details
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