An architectural educator is one who education educates draws out others about architecture the latter being the broad subject of the design of constructed built environment environment s. Architectural Education has both public architectural education and professional architectural education stakeholder groups. The career of an architectural educator usually develops from a career in architecture or developed interest and practise in architecture and or education about architecture. Educating people about architecture as a system of placing things in the world, which was once considered an elite or sacred form of knowledge . Architecture was archaically defined in Western history, for example, by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio Rome c. 40 BC as a culturally higher order . Yet in writing De Re Architectura Libri Decem On Architecture, in Ten Books , Vitruvius also formalised written Western architectural education. Many other cultures have aural and tactile non textual architectural education traditions. Contemporary education about the order and placement of things can equally be regarded as a hermeneutic ... of arrangements of people and things in particular human environments. Architectural educators may work in the service of the architectural profession or in the wider community. In the architectural profession, architectural education in many countries is guided or regulated by validation or School accreditation accreditation . In the community, architectural educators may work to aid ... in its ownership and custodianship . Architectural Educators are represented by national and regional ... of the work of a lesser known figure such as Anupama Kundoo see below Some architectural educators ... External links Professional architectural education http www.architecture.com EducationAndCareers Home.aspx Community architectural education http architecture.about.com , http www.london.wea.org.uk artsonline architecture.html Category Architectural education ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2010 Architectural Animation is a short architectural movie created on a computer. A computer generated building is created along with landscaping and sometimes moving people and vehicles. Unlike an architectural rendering, which is a single image from a single point of view, an architectural animation is a series of hundreds or even thousands of still images. When these images are assembled and played back they produce a movie effect much like a real movie camera except all images are artificially created by computer. It is possible to add a computer created environment around the building to enhance reality and to better convey its relationship to the surrounding area this can all be done before the project is built giving designers and stakeholders a realistic view of the completed project. Architectural renderings are often used along with architectural animation. Who uses it Commercial demand for computer generated rendering is on the rise, but three dimensional ... studios. Future Architectural animation is not considered to be the ambition of most small computer ... sequence. Some smaller companies specialize in high quality single frame computer renderings. Architectural ... longer time frame is required to complete an animation project. However, many architectural firms are now using architectural animation because it attracts investors and customers who may not know much about building designs. Architectural animation is considered to have a bright future ahead ... programs. Architectural visualization 3D rendering 3D walk through 3D demo of city planning ... computer graphics Architectural rendering External links http www.aia.org American Institute of Architects ... of http www.bc media.co.uk 3d design 3d architectural rendering.htm architectural animation Samples of http www.dhrendering.com Architectural Animation Modeling Rendering Illustration Category Architectural design Category Computer aided design ... more details
File JM EstorilSol 008.jpg thumb Example of an exterior architectural photograph File London Street, Reading, c. 1845.jpg thumb Early architectural style photograph by William Henry Fox Talbot File Nikkor PC E.jpg thumb Detachable perspective control lens Architectural photography is the photographing ... of their subjects. Architectural photographers , are usually skilled in the use of specialized techniques ... Ni pce , was also the first architectural photograph as it was a view of buildings. Similarly ... and its cultural significance. By the 1860s, architectural photography started to become ..., architectural photography also evolved. During the early to mid 20th century, architectural photography ... for commissioned work, resulting in architectural photography being viewed as more of an art form. ref name AP Lowe cite book last Lowe first Jim title Architectural Photography year 2006 publisher ... of architectural photography is the use of controlled perspective, with an emphasis on vertical ..., View camera view cameras have been used for architectural photography as they allow for the lens ... been used in the field of architectural photography. These cameras also employ detachable, tilt shift lenses of varying usually fixed focal lengths. Exterior and interior Architectural photography is typically ... require different equipment. Exterior Exterior architectural photography usually takes advantage ... an it environment. An architectural photographer will often include flowers, tree, fountains ... into the composition and to its main subject, the building. Interior Interior architectural photography ... as interior lighting fixtures. Frequently though, architectural photographers will use supplemental ... hot lights can be used. Trade organizations The architectural photography profession is primarily represented by three trade organizations, which strive to spread best practices amongst architectural ... protection. The American Society of Media Photographers ASMP The Association of Independent Architectural ... more details
Infobox Journal title Architectural History cover File Architectural History.gif editor Prof. Judi Loach discipline History of architecture language English language English publisher SAHGB Publications Ltd country UK frequency Annually history 1958 present impact impact year website http www.sahgb.org.uk index.cfm display page Publications link1 http www.jstor.org action showPublication?journalCode archhist link1 name JSTOR.org JSTOR OCLC 62483180 LCCN 2005 237367 CODEN ISSN 0066 622X Architectural History is the main journal of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain SAHGB . ref http www.sahgb.org.uk index.cfm display page Publications Publications Architectural History , Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain . ref The journal is published each autumn. The architecture of the British Isles is a major theme of the journal, although it includes more general papers on the history of architecture . Member of SAHBG receive a copy of the journal. Older issues from 1958 onwards are available online through JSTOR . ref http www.jstor.org action showPublication?journalCode archhist Architectural History , JSTOR . ISSN 0066622X . ref The editor, Professor Judi Loach, is Director of the Researcher and Graduate School in Humanities at Cardiff University . ref http www.walesonline.co.uk news wales news 2009 07 18 why we have to protect our modern buildings 91466 24172488 Why we have to protect our modern buildings , Western Mail Wales Western Mail , 18 July 2009 ref References reflist Category Architecture journals Category History journals Category Architectural history Category Publications established in 1958 Category Annual journals Category English language journals journal stub ... more details
s and WIKT mast mast s as load bearing devices. Architectural engineering , also known as building ... . Definitions of an architectural engineer may refer to An engineer in the structural engineering ... is literally translated as architectural engineer. Engineering for building Structural engineering ... of materials and in the seismic design of structures covered by earthquake engineering . Architectural ... and control system s, as well as Architectural lighting design lighting systems . The architectural engineer PE in the United States Main Architectural engineer PE In many jurisdictions of the United States, the architectural engineer is a Professional engineer licensed engineering professional, ref http www.ncees.org Licensure.php ref usually a graduate of an architectural engineering university ... of integrated architectural requirements. Formal architectural engineering ... architectural engineering NCEES Professional Engineer ing registration examination in the 1990s, and first offering in April 2003, architectural engineering became recognized as a distinct engineering discipline in the United States. Architectural engineers are not entitled to practice architecture unless they are also licensed as architects. The architect as architectural engineer See also ... architectural services , is sometimes referred to as architectural engineering . In others, such as in Japan ... eng about a e.html Architects 20and 20Engineers Architectural Institute of Japan ref The practice ... translated as architectural engineer . In some countries, an architectural engineer such as the ingegnere ... See Engineer s degree The architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical engineering branches ... program. Architectural engineering as a single integrated field of study Main Building engineering education What differentiates architectural engineering as a separate and single, integrated ... systems within its overall building design. Architectural engineering includes the design of building ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The architectural state is the part of the Central processing unit CPU which holds the state of a process, this includes Control register s Instruction Flag Registers such as EFLAGS in x86 Interrupt Mask Registers Memory management unit Registers Status register s General purpose registers such as AX,BX,CX,DX,etc. in x86 Adder Registers Address Registers Counter Registers Index Registers Stack Registers String Registers This does not include actual computation units as an Arithmetic logic unit ALU for instance. DEFAULTSORT Architectural State Category Central processing unit Computer hardware stub ja Architectural state ... more details
other uses Trophy disambiguation File Prager Burghof Tropaion.jpg thumb Trophy in the 1st courtyard of Prague Castle File 1.jpg thumb Trophy at the gate of the General Staff Building Saint Petersburg A trophy is an architectural ornament representing a group of weapons, banners and armour. ref Osborne, Harold, The Oxford Companion to Art , Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1990, p. 1161 2 ref Similar decorative vertical arrangements of hunting accessories, musical instruments or other objects are also commonly referred to as trophies . The term comes from the ancient Greek Tropaion and Roman equivalent Tropaeum , military victories which were commemorated with a display of captured weapon arms , armour and Heraldic standard standards . The use of trophies as an architectural element started becoming popular during the baroque era, being either depicted as sculptures on gates to castles, as ornaments on victory monuments, or in a more two dimensional stylised form on walls or even indoors in rooms. References reflist External links commonscat inline Trophy architectural Category Architectural elements Category Victory monuments architecture stub de Troph e Ornament es Trofeo arquitectura ... more details
File Architectes.medievaux.png thumb 200px Architectural discourse from the illustrated fr s Dictionnaire ... by Eug ne Viollet le Duc Architectural theory is the act of thinking, discussing, and writing about architecture . Architectural theory is taught in most architecture schools and is practiced by the world ..., the treatise or book, and the paper project or architectural design competition competition entry . Architectural theory is often didactic, and theorists tend to stay close to or work from within schools ..., architectural theory gained an increased richness. Books, magazines, and journals published an unprecedented ... in the 21st century. History Antiquity There is little information or evidence about major architectural ... , and engineer active in the 1st century BCE. He was the most prominent architectural theorist in the Roman ... Ages, architectural knowledge was passed by transcription, word of mouth and technically in master ..., few examples of architectural theory were penned in this time period. Most works that from this period were theological, and were transcriptions of the bible, so the architectural theories were the notes ... , was an architectural document that emerged with gothic architecture . Another was Villard de Honnecourt ... Fashi in 1103, which was an architectural treatise that codified elements of Chinese architecture ... Renaissance The first great work of architectural theory of this period belongs to Leon Battista Alberti ... The Age of the Enlightenment witnessed considerable development in architectural theory on the European ..., European Architecture 1750 1890, Oxford University Press, 2000.l, ref Major architectural theorists ... Semper provided the springboard for enormous vitality of thought dedicated to architectural innovation ... s use of the concept of Realismus , and they are thus labelled proponents of architectural realism . Among the most active Architectural Realists were Georg Heuser , Rudolf Redtenbacher , Constantin ... translated as City Planning According to Artistic Principles which was not exactly a criticism of architectural ... more details
Not be confused with Software Architectural Model Image Architectural model condo highrise.jpg right thumb Architectural model promoting highrise condominium. An architectural model is a type of a scale ... of an Architecture architectural design or to communicate design ideas to clients, committees, and the general public. Architectural models are a tool which may be used for show, presentation, fundraising ... Kong Architectural models are used by architects for a range of purposes Quick, ad hoc models are sometimes ... thumb Model of a museum building. Image Architectural model condo interior.jpg right thumb Model of a building ... in architectural model building were card stock, balsa wood , basswood and other woods. Modern professional architectural model builders are taking advantage of twenty first century materials, such as Taskboard ... filebox.vt.edu users brmill12 Academic p91.pdf Rapid prototyping for architectural models PDF University .... Other rapid prototyping technology, also CAD based, which become very useful for architectural ... boards up to 10 x 4 topography for architectural or urban model . Recently a small profile CNC carving ... For Architects and GIS Professionals ref Scales Architectural models are being constructed at much smaller Scale ratio scale than their 1 1 counterpart. Standard architectural scales are different, although ... allow us to provide high quality scenery elements for architectural models. Sometimes model ... information about standard architectural scales and to help with scale selection. The scales and their architectural ... employ a professional model maker or model making company to create such models. Paper Architectural Model Image House Model.JPG thumb right Paper Architectural Models of left to right a Bungalow , an Office and a House . Today, printable architectural models exist and are like origami . This takes ... date December 2010 See also Scale model Maquette Architectural rendering Building model non architectural Origamic Architecture OA References Reflist External links Commons category Architectural models ... more details
Architectural determinism also sometimes referred to as environmental determinism though that term has a broader meaning is a theory employed in urbanism , sociology and environmental psychology which claims the built environment is the chief or even sole determinant of social behaviour . A. S. Baum defines the notion thus In its most extreme form, this position argues that the environment causes certain behaviours, denying any interaction between environment and behaviour. Architectural determinism poses the idea that people can adapt to any arrangement of space and that behaviour in a given environment is caused entirely by the characteristics of the environment. ref Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioural Science, article on Environmental Psychology, p. 510 ref The origins of the concept may be traced in Jeremy Bentham s Panopticon and in the Enlightenment wikt bienfaisance bienfaisance as expressed in the institutional reform of prisons and hospitals. However the notion only gained generally currency and universal applicability with the rise of Behaviourism , Functionalism architecture Functionalism and the utopian social programme of the Modernist architectural movement. The term was first coined by Maurice Broady in his 1966 paper Social theory in Architectural Design ref Arena The Architectural Association Journal, 81, 1966 p 149 154 ref which also roundly criticised the authoritarian nature of this belief. Few architects have espoused the view that design can control behaviour but it has long been an assumption amongsts urbanists and architects that architecture can limit and channel behaviour in a predictable manner. This weaker, positivist view was articulated by Adolf Behne when he asserted you can kill a man with a building just as easily as with an axe. ref quoted in Sources of architectural form,Mark Gelernter, p251. ref The determinist belief ... Concepts, Themes, and Practices, 1994. Category Architectural theory ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 More Nonbuilding structure File Adamson House, Malibu.jpg thumb 200px Building structure House in Malibu, California . File O Shaughnessy Dam.jpg thumb 200px Nonbuilding structure O Shaughnessy Dam in Yosemite National Park, California. An architectural structure is a free standing, immobile outdoor Construction constructed element. The structure may be temporary or permanent. Structures include building s occupied habitable and nonbuilding structure s non occupied non habitable . Examples of building structures include house s, town hall s, library libraries , and skyscraper s. Examples of nonbuilding structures include bridge s, monument s and memorials , dam s, windmill s, and lookout tower s. Structure or building Often the words architectural structure and buildings are confused, because in many languages one word covers both. However, a building is a type of architectural structure used for supporting and sheltering continuous occupancy or habitation. Building structures buildings are therefore usually enclosed and or roofed structures. Nonbuilding structures structures may be open to the environment, part of landscape design elements, and or part of infrastructure systems transport, water, energy . Temporary structures Some structures are temporary, built for ephemeral events such as trade shows , Business conference conferences , or theatre , and often dismantled after use. Temporary structures have fewer constraints relating to future use and durability, and often comprise lightweight forms such as tent s or reusable such as boxcars, which are quicker to erect, take down, and use at another site or recycle. Commons category multi Structures Buildings See also Category Buildings and structures by type Index Buildings and structures by type Nonbuilding structure s List of human habitation forms Structural engineering Structural system TBSW DEFAULTSORT Architectural Structure Category Buildings and structures Category Architectu ... more details
File Arch Sculpt CA 09.jpg thumb 350px right sculpted pediment Architectural sculpture is the term for the use of sculpture by an architect and or sculptor in the design of a building, bridge, mausoleum or other such project. The sculpture is usually integrated with the structure, but freestanding works that are part of the original design are also considered to be architectural sculpture. It has also been defined as, an integral part of a building or sculpture created especially to decorate or embellish an architectural structure. ref www.selectartusa.com gloss.htm ref Architectural sculpture has been employed by builders throughout history, and in virtually every continent on earth save pre colonial Australia. Egyptian Main article Ancient Egyptian architecture File LuxTempleObelisk.JPG left ... deal of architectural sculpture inside and out engaged statues, carved columns and pillars, and wall ... The Fertile Crescent architectural sculptural tradition began when Ashurnasirpal II moved ... contributing factor in the development of architectural sculpture were the small carved seals that had ... BC Classical Greek architecture, like the prototypical Parthenon , incorporate architectural sculpture ... , the caryatid , the quadriga , acroteria , etc. Greek examples of architectural sculpture are distinguished ... architecture Main Inca architecture Post contact North and South America United States Main Architectural ... to need architectural sculpture. The Philadelphia City Hall , constructed 1871 through 1901, is recognized .... In 1926 the pre eminent American architectural sculptor, Lee Lawrie , with his longtime friend ... building activity. The old building trades disbanded. By the postwar years the aesthetic of architectural ... in the career of Raymond Kaskey . See also Portal Architecture List of architectural sculpture ... Architectural history Category Landscape design history Category Architecture Category Garden features Category American sculpture Category Sculpture Category Artisans Category American architectural ... more details
File Heidelberg Schloss Plan MK1888.png thumb 320px Heidelberg Schloss Plan, 1888. An architectural plan is a plan for architecture , and the documentation of written and graphic descriptions of the architectural ... Architectural plan can have multiple related meanings Plan for an architectural project Documentation of written and graphic descriptions of the architectural elements of a building project including ... www.tucsonaz.gov rionuevo pdf origin Volume 202 20Architectural 20Plan.pdf Architectural plan at tucsonaz.gov. Retrieved 17 February 2009. ref architectural design Floor plan Scale drawing of a structure, for example the architectural plans for City Hall were on file ref cite web url http www.memidex.com architectural plan title architectural plan work Memidex WordNet Dictionary Thesaurus accessdate 2011 04 14 ref This article will focus on the general meaning of architectural plan as a plan and documentation for a building project. An architectural plan is a type of plan for architecture ... technical drawing technical architectural drawing s and documentation, and are drawn or printed ... enough information to allow a builder or manufacturer to realize a design. Types of architectural ... plan is an architectural plan, and a detailed engineering drawing of proposed improvements to a given ... 2009. ref A site plan is an architectural plan, and a detailed engineering drawing of proposed improvements ... A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival , 2000. ISBN 0 8133 3952 9 ref Architectural plan topics ... plan File Architectural Sketch of Victoria Hospital for Sick Children.JPG Hospital plan File Sp nga ... Palace plan File Santo Domingo de Silos cat .png Religious building plan File Architectural measured ... plan File Teatro Sabbioneta Scamozzi.jpg Theater plan File Architectural sketch of original Toronto ... See also multicol Archaeological plan Architectural drawing Engineering drawing multicol break Interior design Technical drawing Trimo Urban Crash multicol end References commonscat Architectural ... more details
Image architects office.jpg thumb 250px right A 1940s architectural office. An architectural firm is a company which employs one or more licensure licensed architect s and practices the profession of architecture . History Architects master builders have existed since early in recorded history. The earliest recorded architects include Imhotep c. 2600 BCE and Senemut c. 1470 BCE . No writings exist to describe how these architects performed their work. However, as nobles it is reasonable to assume they had staffs of assistants and retainers to help refine and implement their work. The oldest surviving book on architecture, De architectura by the Roman architecture Roman architect Vitruvius describes the design and construction of buildings, towns, clocks, and machines, but provides no information about the organization of the architect s assistants. It is generally accepted that throughout most of human history, most architects were wealthy individuals who derived their primary income from activities other than design and who practiced design as a part time pursuit, employing assistants on a project by project basis. It was only in the 19th century that architecture began to be practiced as a full time profession . In the Architecture of the United States United States , Charles Bulfinch is the first person believed to have worked as a full time professional architect. Henry Hobson ... may have been among the first to resemble the large, modern architectural firm. ref Stanny The Gilded ... www.architectstocanada.raic.org Intro E.html Canadian Architectural Registration Board ref ref http www.architecture.com.au i cms?page 13462 Australian Architectural Registration Boards ref Licensure ... architectural services. Others merely require that the architectural work of the firm be performed ... to provide architectural services provided that a licensed employee of the firm serves as architect ... on architectural firms in all parts of the world remain to be seen. See also List of architecture ... more details
Naming Conventions Some additional examples of architectural patterns http commons.wikimedia.org ... last Avgeriou first Paris coauthors Uwe Zdun title Architectural patterns revisited a pattern language ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2009 mergeto reprography date April 2012 Architectural reprography , the reprography of architectural drawing s, covers a variety of technologies, media, and supports typically used to make multiple copies of original technical drawing s and related records created by architects , landscape architect s, engineers , surveying surveyors , cartography mapmakers and other professionals in building and engineering trades. Within the context of Preservation Library and Archival Science archival preservation , the custodians of architectural records must consider many aspects .... As well, architectural reprographic drawings are often in very large formats, making storage and handling ... architecture in the second half of the 19th century, the field of architectural reprography and the corresponding ... turned to analog architectural reprography to create accurate, to scale reproductions of original ... of architectural records, traditional reprographic formats are now often seen as historic ... support paper or plastic and the image type are used to identify the specific processes used in architectural ... are the most common reprographic format encountered in late 20th century architectural collections ..., and repairing For large collections of architectural materials, conservation work can address ... in friable media. Storage Rolled storage The most common form of storage for architectural ... may be used. Professional resources The Society of American Archivists supports many architectural archivists in their professional responsibilities. In particular, the SAA s Architectural Records ..., conservation, and digital preservation of a wide variety of architectural documentation. References ... and New York Focal Press. Kissel, E. & Vigneau, E. 1999 . Architectural Photoreproductions a manual for identification and care. New Castle, Del. Oak Knoll Press. Lowell, W. & Nelb, T. R. 2006 . Architectural ... of Architectural and Engineering Drawings creating guidelines for identification. Book and Paper Group ... more details
Leonard van Gendt, illustration published 1888. An architectural drawing or architect s drawing ... . Architectural drawings are used by architect s and others for a number of purposes to develop ..., and to make a record of a building that already exists. Architectural drawings are drawn according .... ref ref http wordnetweb.princeton.edu perl webwn?s architectural 20plan ref Size and scale main Paper ... the largest paper size used in modern architectural practice is ISO A0 convert 841 1189 mm in 1 abbr ... 0470116501 ref Architectural drawings are drawn to scale, so that relative sizes are correctly ..., to guard against errors arising in the copying process. Standard views used in architectural drawing File Architectural drawing 001.png thumb left Standard views used in architects drawings. This section deals with the conventional views used to represent a building or structure. See the Types of architectural ... plan is the most fundamental architectural diagram , a view from above showing the arrangement ... closely faces north. ref Citation first Frank last Ching author link title Architectural Graphics ... of architectural detailing. ref ref http www.donhead.com Look 20Inside Mckay2.pdf Sample pages ... and architectural textbooks, ref name McKay but has virtually disappeared from general use. An Axonometric ... products, methods and possible solutions. Architectural perspective File Dercy House drawing ... from above or below. The normal convention is architectural perspective is to use two point perspective ..., photographic snapshot effect. In professional architectural photography , conversely, a view camera .... Types of architectural drawing Architectural drawings are produced for a specific purpose .... An architectural illustrator or graphic designer may be employed to prepare specialist presentation ..., assembly and component drawings. ref name Thompson Arthur Thompson, Architectural Design Procedures, Second Edition. Architectural Press Elsevier 2007. ISBN 978 0340719411 ref Location drawings ... more details
Architectural metals used in buildings and structures comprise several distinctive metallic materials. Metals serve a wide variety of uses in the built landscape, including structural features, such as nails and trusses, as well as decorative features, such as doorknobs and cladding. Some metals discovered by early civilizations are still in use today. Scientific study has brought a greater understanding of the performance and limits of the various types of metals used in buildings. Metal Types Lead The low melting point of lead permitted its use on a wide scale throughout human history. Water pipes were frequently constructed of lead, until its health hazards were publicized in the late 19th century. Lead has been a popular roofing material for centuries, being used for roofing, flashing, gutters, downspouts, and conductor heads. Lead was best suited for low pitched roofs, as steep roofs ... to concerns of lead poisoning. Tin The principal architectural uses of tin fall into two categories ... metals, such as tinplated iron or steel. Architectural bronzes usually contain about 90 copper and 10 ... of architectural material consisting of sheet iron coated with tin. Tin roofs, a type of tinplate .... Decorative architectural elements were frequently cast in zinc, since it molded readily, was inexpensive ... of buildings. Creep has been reduced by the introduction of titanium in most architectural ... 22 34 ref Copper was also used for decorative purposes, including architectural ornaments or sculptures ... color. Nickel and Nickel Alloys Although somewhat rare, nickel has been used for plating architectural ... steel. The first architectural use of Monel was for roofing of the Pennsylvania Railroad Terminal ... , 1980, pages 35 40 ref Iron and Iron Alloys Iron has become an important architectural building ... for general architectural use until after the beginning of the 20th century. Architectural use ... References reflist Category Architectural history Category Building materials Category Construction ... more details
architectural terra cotta glazed terracotta , or faience as it is known in Britain, which does not attract ... See also Glazed architectural terra cotta Sources Brick A World History , James W P Campbell & Will Pryce ... more details
The Review can refer to An English language weekly newspaper that covers Glengarry Prescott Russell , Ontario, Canada. The student newspaper of the University of Delaware see University of Delaware Media A season 1 episode of Entourage see List of Entourage episodes Season 1 2004 Short name for Weekend City Press Review , publishing a weekly summary of business, corporate and economical news in the United Kingdom disambig ... more details
A fleuron in architecture may have a number of meanings. It is a collective noun for the ornamental termination at the ridge of a roof such as a crop, finial or pi . It is also a form of stylised late gothic decoration in the form of a four leafed square, often seen on crocket s and Molding decorative cavetto mouldings . It can be the ornament in the middle of each concave face of a Corinthian abacus. Finally it can be a form of Anthemion , the decorative Greek floral decoration. ref name Curl cite book last Curl first James Stevens authorlink coauthors editor others title A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture year 2006 origmonth url format Paperback accessdate edition Second date month publisher Oxford University Press location isbn 0198606788 doi pages 880 pages chapter chapterurl quote ref References This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http meta.wikimedia.org wiki Cite Cite.php reflist Category Architectural elements de Fleuron fr Fleuron hu Fleuron nl Fleuron heraldiek pl Fleuron ru ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material . It is most typically used as transparent glazing in architecture glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety glass safety type , which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses. File Canterbury 001 Queen Elizabeths guestchamber.jpg thumb 300px A building in Canterbury, England, which displays its long history in different building styles and glazing of every century from the 16th to the 20th included. Cast glass Cast glass windows, albeit with poor optical qualities, began to appear in the most important buildings in Rome and the most luxurious villas of Herculaneum and Pompeii. ref Glass Online http www.glassonline.com .... Prism glass Prism optics Prism glass is architectural glass used around the turn of the century to provide ... brick, is an architectural element made from glass used in areas where privacy or visual obscuration ... architectural applications. Building code s in many parts of the world restrict the use of annealed ... glazing offers many new architectural possibilities, particularly in building conservation and historicist ... requirements for nonstructural components including requirements for architectural glass. ref cite book last Behr first R A title Architectural glass to resist seismic and extreme climatic events publisher ... America GANA Architectural Glass educational documents and videos http www.glass.org industry resources ... index.php potential students faculty of applied design and engineering welsh school of architectural glass Welsh School of Architectural Glass, Swansea UK s leading centre for teaching and research in architectural glass founded in 1935 Glass forming DEFAULTSORT Architectural Glass Category ... Category Glass forming Category Transparent materials Category Architectural elements Category ... more details
impressive pieces of Roman architecture ancient Roman architecture . Architectural styles are specific ... and are documented in the subject of architectural history . At any time several styles may ... c. Bulgaria Serbian architecture Serbian Ra ka architectural school Raska School 12th 15th c. Morava architectural school Morava School Col end br hr Medieval Europe The dominance of the Church over ... architectural styles Australian styles Federation architecture Federation 1890 1920 Australian Neo Manueline ... architectural styles Baroque architecture Bauhaus Biedermeier 1815 1848 Blobitecture 2003 present ... Austrian Art Nouveau Col end See also Architectural style National Register of Historic Places Architectural ... Cathedral architecture Synagogue architecture Timeline of architecture Timeline of architectural ... Foster, History of Architectural Styles , BiblioBazaar, 2009 Carson Dunlop, Architectural Styles ... level1.php?id 0 Victoria & Albert Museum Microsite on Introduction to Styles DEFAULTSORT Architectural ... architecture Spanish Revival architecture Category Architectural history Category Architectural styles Category Architectural design de Architekturstil es Estilo arquitect nico fa he ... more details
Architectural acoustics is the science of noise control within buildings. The first application of architectural acoustics was in the design of opera houses and then concert hall s. More widely, noise suppression is critical in the design of multi unit dwellings and business premises that generate significant noise, including music venues like bars. The more mundane design of wiktionary Workplace workplace s has implications for noise health effects . Architectural acoustics includes room acoustics , the design of recording and broadcast studios, home theaters, and listening rooms for media playback. Building skin envelope This science analyzes noise transmission from building exterior envelope to interior and vice versa. The main noise paths are roofs , eaves , wall s, window s, door and penetrations. Sufficient control ensures space functionality and is often required based on building use and local municipal codes. An example would be providing a suitable design for a home which is to be constructed close to a high volume roadway, or under the flight path of a major airport, or of the airport itself. Inter space noise control The science of limiting and or controlling noise transmission from one building space to another to ensure space functionality and speech privacy. The typical sound paths are room partitions, acoustic ceiling panels such as wood dropped ceiling panels , door s, window s, flanking, Duct HVAC ducting and other penetrations. An example would be providing suitable party wall design in an apartment complex to minimise the mutual disturbance due to noise by residents in adjacent apartments. Interior space acoustics This is the science of controlling a room s surface s based on sound absorbing and reflecting properties. Excessive reverberation time , which can be calculated, can lead to poor speech intelligibility. Sound reflections create standing waves that produce natural resonances that can be heard as a pleasant sensation or an annoying one. ref ... more details
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