geology intrusion of magma into local shale and argillite within the Newark Basin . As the magma ... then stripped away overlying layers of shale and argillite to expose the durable diabase ... more details
Argillite Culture. ref Regna Darnell, Frederic Wright Gleach, Leslie Spier 1943. Celebrating a Century ... data on the argillite culture, Spier determined that this culture did not exist. He combined ... Argillite Culture. American Anthropologist, 18 2 181 89. ref Another well known archaeological ... . New York City The Trustees of Columbia University, 1917. Spier, Leslie. The Trenton Argillite ... Presidential Portraits, 2002 101 04. 9. Leslie Spier, New Data on the Trenton Argillite Culture. American ... more details
pumpkins or gourds. Stone Giwa Tile Roof Flat layered stone roofs are called argillite germpanam ... the process is continued. It can endure for a long time. These roofs can be seen commonly in the argillite ... more details
in Estonia&ndash Dictyonema argillite claystone and kukersite. ref name vali Dictyonema argillite The Marine ocean marine type Estonian Dictyonema argillite also known as Dictyonema oil shale, Dictyonema ... Estonia on an area of about convert 11000 km2 sqmi 3 . The thickness of the Dictyonema argillite ... dyni Geological reserves of Dictyonema argillite in Estonia were estimated approximately to 70 ... 2008 10 25 coauthors Palu, E. ref Although reserves of the Dictyonema argillite surpass those ... argillite is 5&ndash 8 MJ kg, and the Fischer Assay oil yield is 3&ndash 5 . ref name koel The organic content of the Dictyonema argillite of north western Estonia varies from 10 to 20 ... g t. The argillite of north western Estonia has sulfur content of 2&ndash 4 it contains fewer ... 1946&ndash 1952, Dictyonema argillite was used for uranium production in Sillam e . ref name dyni ... more details
Image East Beach 1 2006.JPG thumb right Mudstone formation on Lyme Regis East Beach. Mudstone also called mudrock is a fine grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or mud s. Particle size Grain size is up to 0.0625 mm 0.0025 in with individual grains too small to be distinguished without a microscope. With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of Fissility geology fissility or parallel layering. This finely bedded material that splits readily into thin layers is called shale , as distinct from mudstone . The lack of fissility or layering in mudstone may be due either to original texture or to the disruption of layering by burrowing organisms in the sediment prior to lithification . Mud rocks, such as mudstone and shale comprise some 65 of all sedimentary rocks. Mudstone looks like hardened clay and, depending upon circumstances under which it was formed, it may show cracks or fissures, like a sun baked clay deposit. ref name BlattOthers1996a Blatt, H., and R.J. Tracy, 1996, Petrology. New York, New York, W. H. Freeman, 2nd ed, 529 pp. ISBN 0 7167 2438 3 ref They can be separated into these categories Siltstone greater than half of the composition is silt sized particles. Claystone greater than half of the composition is clay sized particles. Mudstone hardened mud a mix of silt and clay sized particles. Mudstone can include Shale exhibits lamination or fissility. Argillite has undergone low grade metamorphism. ref name BlattOthers1996a Dunham classification of limestones In the Dunham classification of limestone s, a mudstone is a matrix supported carbonate rock that contains less than 10 allochems in a carbonate mud matrix. As defined by the Dunham classification, a mudstone is more or less synonymous with calcilutite . ref name Dunham1962a Dunham, R.J. 1962 . Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture . In Ham, W. E.. Classification of carbonate rocks. ... more details
Infobox mineral name Carpathite category Organic mineral boxwidth boxbgcolor image Carpathite 258272.jpg imagesize caption Carpathite from New Idria District , California USA formula C sub 24 sub H sub 12 sub symmetry Monoclinic prismatic br H M symbol 2 m br Space group P 2 sub 1 sub a unit cell a 10.03 , b 4.69 , c 16.01 111 Z 2 molweight strunz 10.BA.30 color Yellow, yellowish brown on exposure habit Acicular to thin tabular in bladed groups and fibrous radiating aggregates system Monoclinic twinning cleavage Perfect on 001 , 100 and overline 2 01 fracture Splintery tenacity Flexible, nearly plastic mohs 1.5 luster Vitreous adamantine refractive n sub sub 1.760 1.780 n sub sub 1.780 1.982 n sub sub 2.050 2.150 opticalprop Biaxial birefringence 0.290 0.370 pleochroism streak Yellow white gravity 1.35 density melt fusibility diagnostic solubility diaphaneity Transparent other Fluorescent electric blue to blue green references ref name Mindat http www.mindat.org min 2162.html Mindat with location data ref ref name Webmineral http www.webmineral.com data Karpatite.shtml Webmineral data ref ref name HBM http rruff.geo.arizona.edu doclib hom karpatite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy ref Carpathite also pendletonite and karpatite is a rare hydrocarbon mineral. It is the mineral form of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon coronene with formula C sub 24 sub H sub 12 sub . It was first described in 1955 for an occurrence in Transcarpathian Oblast, Ukraine . It was named for the Carpathian Mountains . It has also been reported from the Presov Region of the Slovak Republic , the Kamchatka Oblast in Russia and from San Benito County, California . ref name Mindat It occurs at the contact zone of a diorite intrusive into argillite within cavities in the Ukraine. In the California occurrence it appears as a low temperature hydrothermal phase. It is associated with idrialite , amorphous organic material, calcite , barite , quartz , cinnabar and metacinnabar . ref name HB ... more details
nofootnotes date August 2009 Image SnowyEagleKoksilah.JPG thumb 250px right Eagle Heights left and Koksilah Ridge right shortly after dawn on a December day, looking west across Patricia Bay Greater Victoria Patricia Bay and Saanich Inlet from North Saanich, British Columbia North Saanich Image Sidneyviewof EH.JPG thumb 250px right Eagle Heights as seen from downtown Sidney, British Columbia Sidney , looking west along Beacon Avenue This article is about the Eagle Heights in British Columbia, Canada. For the Eagle Heights in Queensland, Australia, please see Eagle Heights, Queensland . Eagle Heights is an elevated area located south of Koksilah Ridge on Vancouver Island , British Columbia , Canada. It is centered at 48 40 N, 123 46 W. Its summit lies about 836 meters 2,743 feet above sea level. Populated areas where it is visible include North Saanich, British Columbia North Saanich , Sidney, British Columbia Sidney , and Shawnigan Lake . Its bedrock lithology is dominated by Upper Triassic period basalt at and around the summit. This formation is bordered on the west by Jurassic period volcanics which are of more variable composition. To the north, east and south is a complex of Pennsylvanian age argillite , chert , diabase and greywacke . A band of limestone lies within this complex on the southeast side between 550 and 610 meters 1,804 2,001 feet . Most soils on Eagle Heights are shallow, stony gravelly sandy loams with podzol profile development. The forests they support belong to the Coastal Western Hemlock zone with Douglas fir , western hemlock and western red cedar as the most common trees. Lower elevations near Koksilah River Provincial Park are home to Arbutus menziesii arbutus , Garry oak and numerous rare plant species. Loggers have harvested Eagle Heights over the years, leaving clear cut areas which are most eye catching when a snow cover is present. A particularly large clear area was present around the summit in the 1970s. This has since regenerated ... more details
Infobox Rockunit name Passaic Formation period Upper Triassic image GoffleHill SandstoneCliff.jpg type Geological formation prilithology Siltstone , Mudstone , Shale otherlithology Sandstone , Conglomerate geology Conglomerate namedfor Passaic, New Jersey ref name Olsen Olsen, P.E., 1980. The Latest Triassic and Early Jurassic Formations of the Newark Basin Eastern North America, Newark Supergroup Stratigraphy, Structure, and Correlation. New Jersey Academy of Science Bulletin , v. 25, no. 2, p. 25 51. ref namedby Paul E. Olsen , 1980 ref name Olsen region Newark Basin of br Eastern North America Rift Basins caption Exposure of Passaic Formation sandstone on Goffle Hill in Hawthorne, New Jersey Hawthorne , New Jersey . unitof Newark Supergroup underlies Orange Mountain Basalt overlies Lockatong Formation thickness maximum of over convert 19,685 ft m 1 ref name Olsen extent convert 200 mi km in br New York , New Jersey , br and Pennsylvania The Passaic Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New York . It was previously known as the Brunswick Formation since it was first described in the vicinity of New Brunswick, New Jersey . It is now named for the city of Passaic, New Jersey , which is near where its type section was described by paleontologist Paul E. Olsen . ref name Olsen Description The Passaic is defined as a reddish brown shale , siltstone and mudstone with a few green and brown shale interbeds red and dark gray interbedded argillite s near the base. ref Berg, T.M., Edmunds, W.E., Geyer, A.R. and others, compilers, 1980 . Geologic Map of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Map 1, scale 1 250,000. ref In New Jersey, there are Conglomerate geology conglomerate and sandstone beds within the formation. Depositional environment The Passaic is mostly Sink geography playa and alluvial fan deposits resulting from the rifting of Pangea . The red color is often evidence that the sediments were deposited in arid conditions. ref name ... more details
Rudite is a general name used for a Sedimentary rock sedimentary rocks that are composed of rounded or angular Detritus detrital grains, i.e. Granule geology granule s, pebble s, Cobble geology cobble s, and boulder s, which are coarser than sand in Particle size grain size size . Rudites include sedimentary rocks composed of both siliciclastic , i.e. Conglomerate geology conglomerate and breccia , and Carbonate rock carbonate grains, i.e. calcirudite and rudstone. This term is equivalent to the Greek derived term, psephite . Rudite was initially proposed by Grabau ref name Grabau1904a Grabau, A.W. 1904 On the classification of sedimentary rocks. American Geologist. vol. 33, pp. 228 247. ref as rudyte. It is derived from the Latin word, rudus, for crushed stone, rubbish, debris, and rubble. ref name U.S.BureauofMines1996a U.S. Bureau of Mines Staff 1996 Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, & Related Terms. Report SP 96 1, U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C. ref ref name NeuendorfOthers2005a Neuendorf, K.K.E., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, J.A., eds. 2005 Glossary of Geology 5th ed. . Alexandria, Virginia, American Geological Institute. 779 pp. ISBN 0 922152 76 4 ref Rudites can be deposited in a variety of nonmarine and marine environments. In nonmarine settings, gravels, which later were lithified to become rudites, accumulated within fluvial channels, within alluvial fans, and as glacial deposits. In marine environments, rudites were deposited along shoreline s as part of beach es, as basal conglomerates during marine transgression s, and in the deep sea by slumps and turbidite s. Rudites composed largely of rounded siliciclastic gravel are conglomerates and others composed of angular siliciclastic gravel are breccias. Pettijohn ref Francis J. Pettijohn Pettijohn F. J. 1975 , Sedimentary Rocks , Harper & Row, ISBN 0 96 045191 2 ref gives the following descriptive terms based on grain size, avoiding the use of terms such as clay or arg ... more details
The Triassic Lockatong Formation is a mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New York . It is named after the Lockatong Creek in Hunterdon County, New Jersey . Infobox rockunit name Lockatong Formation image caption type Geological formation age prilithology otherlithology namedfor namedby region country coordinates unitof subunits underlies overlies thickness extent area map map caption Description The Lockatong is defined as a light to dark gray, greenish gray, and black very fine grained sandstone , silty argillite , and laminated mudstone . In New Jersey, the cyclic nature of the formation is noted with hornfels near diabase and basalt flows. ref Orndorff, R.C., et al., 1998 . Bedrock Geologic Map of Central and Southern New Jersey. United States Geologic Survey, Scale 1 100,000. ref Depositional environment The Lockatong is often described as lake or litoral sediments. The interfingering nature of the sediments with the surrounding Stockton Formation and Passaic Formation suggests that these litoral environments shifted as climate or as the dynamic terrane of the area developed. ref name mult Faill, R.T., 2004 . The Birdsboro Basin. Pennsylvania Geology V. 34 n. 4. ref The deposition of calcitic sediments is indicative of a climate with high evaporation rates. ref name mult Fossils Empty section date January 2011 Age Relative age dating of the Lockatong places it in the Upper Triassic , being deposited between 237 to 207 5 million years ago. It rests unconformity unconformably below many different formations of the Atlantic Coastal Plain . It interfingers with both the Stockton Formation and Passaic Formation . There are numerous diabase intrusions and basalt into the Stockton with local Metamorphic rock contact metamorphic rocks. ref Berg, T.M., et al., 1983 . Stratigraphic Correlation Chart of Pennsylvania G75, Pennsylvania Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. ref Economic uses Empty section date July 2010 See also Geology of Pennsylvani ... more details
The Belt Supergroup , is an assemblage of Mesoproterozoic sedimentary rocks , primarily mudstone s, which outcrop chiefly in western Montana , but also exposed in Idaho , Washington U.S. state Washington , Wyoming , and British Columbia . It is most famous as the formation that makes up Glacier National Park U.S. Glacier National Park in northwest Montana. It has been geologically linked to the Purcell Supergroup in British Columbia and rocks of the Udzha Basin in Siberia . It was named after the Big Belt Mountains , Little Belt Mountains and town of Belt, Montana Belt , all in western central Montana. Characteristics The Belt Supergroup was deposited from about 1470 to 1400 million years ago and is as much as 18 km thick. It is mostly made of fine grained quartzites , argillite , Carbonate rock carbonates , and mafic Sill geology sills . In the primary location, western Montana and northern Idaho, the Belt is divided into four groups youngest to oldest Missoula Group More fluvial deposition of sands and muds, similar to the Rivalli group but from the south Piegan Group Middle Belt Carbonate Carbonate muds alternating with lamina of clastic muds Ravalli Group Subaerial deposited sands and muds, mostly fluvial, also from the southwest Lower Belt Heterogeneous coarse to fine grained, clastic to carbonate rocks, mostly subaqueous, deep water deposition, with sediments derived from the southwest, with common mafic sills Formation It is generally believed that the Belt Supergroup was formed in a fault geology fault bounded rift basin within continental crust , and that the rocks are Lake lacustrine , or at least, not completely open marine. The basin was a part of a 1.45 Ga supercontinent that predated Rodinia . It shows evidence of these basin bounding faults on all sides, except the west, which rifted away in the breakup of Rodinia. Sedimentology The Belt Supergroup is known for the strange sedimentary structures it displays. ref http geology.isu.edu Digital Geology Id ... more details
File Burial Ridge Skeletons.jpg thumb 240px Skeletons of 3 warriors pierced by arrows uncovered at Burial Ridge. File Burial Ridge arrowheads.jpg thumb 160px Bones pierced by arrowheads from skeletons unearthed at Burial Ridge. Burial Ridge is a Lenape burial ground located on a Cliff bluff overlooking Raritan Bay in what is today the Tottenville, Staten Island Tottenville section of Staten Island . The burial ground, the largest pre European burial ground in New York City is unmarked and lies today within Conference House Park . Evidence of prior Native American habitation is still visible along the beach at the lowest elevations of the bluff where erosion exposes the remains of large Midden shell middens dominated by shells of the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica . small ref Burial Ridge, Tottenville, Staten Island, N.Y Archaeology at New York City s largest prehistoric cemetery by Jerome Jacobson ref small Bodies have been reported unearthed at Burial Ridge during various periods in the nineteenth century from 1858 onward. After conducting independent research which included unearthing bodies interred at the site, ethnologist and archaeologist , George H. Pepper , was contracted in 1895 to conduct paid archaeological research at Burial Ridge by the American Museum of Natural History . Many of the skeletons unearthed were buried in flexed positions with the knees drawn up to the chest, fewer were found in a laid out position. Most of the graves were fairly shallow, ranging from 1 3 ft. in depth from grade. Many of the graves contained assorted grave goods, among them arrowheads and various stone implements such as ax heads and hammerstone s. One of the burials contained the skeletons of three males, with the bones pierced by 23 arrowheads made of bone, antler, argillite and flint . small ref The Hudson Fulton Celebration New York s River Festival of 1909 and the Making of a Metropolis by Kathleen Eagen Johnson, Kenneth T. Jackson, and Mark F. Rockefeller ... more details
File Fruchtschiefer, art object d.jpg thumb Artistic sculture using Theuma Fruchtschiefer on a column around 1960 File Theuma fruchtschiefer d.jpg thumb Theuma Fruchtschiefer, ground surface File Fruchtschiefer Theuma.jpg thumb right Fruchtschiefer with cordierite porphyroblast s Fruchtschiefer is a local variety of contact metamorphic rock that is derived from argillite . Formation and mineral content Fruchtschiefer is formed under very low pressure low grade metamorphic rock and temperatures of ca. 500 C. At these temperatures cordierite grows to the size of grains of corn, which is where its name comes from Frucht being German for corn as well as fruit . It contains the following minerals cordierite , muscovite , potassium feldspar , quartz , biotite and hornblende . Occurrence Fruchtschiefer occurs in Germany as contact metamorphic rock in the Harz , Ore Mountains , Odenwald and Vogtland . The best known deposits are those near Theuma and Tirpersdorf dating to the Ordovician . Rocks quarried here have been used well beyond the local region. Use The main traditional application is in the form of rough split masonry products of a wide variety. Fruchtschiefer from Theuma is also split or ground for use as facade slabs and plinth facings. Amongst the architectural components made in this material are window and door surrounds, columns and steps. Occasionally it is used for artistic or sculptural purposes. It was also used as canal lock and well covers as well as containers for galvanization galvanised baths and acids. The use of Theuma Fruchtschiefer can be traced back to the Middle Ages . Examples include slabs in the crypt of St. John s Church, Plauen St. John s Church in Plauen built 1122 , which date to the 14th century. References Georg Dehio Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkm ler, Sachsen . Munich, Berlin Deutscher Kunstverlag 1990 ISBN 3 422 03016 6 C. G bert A. Steuer Karl Weiss Die nutzbaren Gesteinsvorkommen Deutschlands . Berlin Union Dt. Verl.ges 191 ... more details
sale, such as small argillite carvings. The end of the 19th century also saw large scale export ... Chilkat weaving Coast Salish art Kwakwaka wakw art Haida Argillite Carvings Native American art ... more details
Image Ptigmatite.jpg thumb Ptygmatic folding in migmatite Image Migmatite 2005.jpg thumb Migmatite on the coast of Saaremaa . Migmatite is a rock geology rock at the frontier between igneous rock igneous and metamorphic rock s. They can also be known as diatexite . Migmatites form under extreme temperature conditions during prograde metamorphism, where partial melting occurs in pre existing rocks. Migmatites are not crystallized from a totally molten material, and are not generally the result of solid state reactions. Migmatites are composed of a leucosome , new material crystallized from incipient melting, and a mesosome , old material that resisted melting. Commonly, migmatites occur within extremely deformed rocks that represent the base of eroded mountain chains, typically within Precambrian cratonic blocks. Migmatites often appear as tightly, incoherently folded ptygmatic folds Dike geology dikelets , veins and segregations of light colored granite granitic composition called leucosome , within dark colored amphibole and biotite rich material called the melanosome. The light colored material has the appearance of having been mobilized or molten. Once enough leucosomes join up to form a network and granite is produced, the residual material is known as restite . Textures Migmatite textures are the product of thermal softening of the metamorphic rocks. Schlieren textures are a particularly common example of granite formation in migmatites, and are often seen in restite xenolith s and around the margins of S type granites. Ptygmatic folds are formed by highly plastic ductile deformation of the gneissic banding, and thus have little to no relationship to a defined foliation geology foliation unlike most regular folds. Ptygmatic folds can occur restricted to compositional zones of the migmatite, for instance in fine grained shale protoliths versus in coarse granoblastic sandy protolith. Migmatite and the origin of Granites For migmatised Argillite argillaceous rocks ... more details
infobox lake lake name Flaming Gorge Reservoir image lake Flaming Gorge dam.jpg type Hydroelectricity Hydroelectric Reservoir water reservoir caption lake Flaming Gorge Dam from the air location Sweetwater County, Wyoming Daggett County, Utah , USA cities Manila, Utah Dutch John, Utah basin countries United States coords coord 41 09 41 N 109 33 04 W region US type waterbody scale 250000 display inline,title inflow Green River Utah Green River Blacks Fork outflow Green River Utah Green River area convert 42020 acre km2 0 depth max depth elevation 6,040 ft 1841 m volume convert 3788900 acre.ft km3 abbr on lk in Flaming Gorge Reservoir is a reservoir water reservoir in Wyoming and Utah , on the Green River Utah Green River , created by Flaming Gorge Dam . Construction on the dam began in 1958 and was completed in 1964. The reservoir stores convert 3,788,900 acre.ft m3 lk in of water when measured at an elevation of 6,040 feet 1,840 m above sea level maximum . Location The reservoir is mainly in southwest Wyoming and partially in northeastern Utah . The northern tip of the reservoir is just Convert 10 mi km 0 southeast of Green River, Wyoming , Convert 14 mi km 0 abbr on southwest of Rock Springs, Wyoming , and 43 miles 69 km north of Vernal, Utah . The lake straddles the Utah Wyoming border. The nearby town of Dutch John, Utah , was built to serve as a base camp during construction of the dam, and as an administrative site afterwards. Geology The foundation of the reservoir is a steep sided narrow canyon composed of siliceous sandstone and hard quartzite s inter bedded with softer shales, siltstones, and argillite s. About convert 1.5 mi km east of the dam, a road cut has revealed a fault scarp on the southbound side with about Convert 9 ft m 0 of slippage. Recreation Visitors enjoy hiking , boating , fishing , waterbiking , windsurfing , camping , backpacking , cross country skiing , and snowmobiling within Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area , which is operat ... more details
Image NEWSIB2Belkov.png thumb right 300px Location of Belkovsky Island in the Anzhu subgroup Belkovsky Island in Russian language Russian is the westernmost island of the Anzhu Islands subgroup of the New Siberian Islands archipelago in the Laptev Sea . The strait between Belkovsky Island and neighboring Kotelny Island is known as the Zarya Strait , after Eduard Toll s Zarya polar ship . Ostrov Strizh va is a small islet located right off Belkovsky s southern shore. Belkovsky Island is approximately 500 km in area. The highest point of the island is 120 m. Administratively, Belkovsky Island is a part of the Sakha Republic of the Russian Federation . Geology Belkovsky Island consist of tightly folded Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous stratum strata . The Upper Devonian rocks are clayey Marine ocean marine carbonates interbedded with limestone , sandstone , and Conglomerate geology conglomerate . The Lower Carboniferous rocks are composed of siltstone , argillite , and sandstone interbedded with breccia , limestone, and infrequent rhyolite rhyolitic lavas . ref name kosko1 Kos ko, M.K., B.G. Lopatin, and V.G. Ganelin, 1990, Major geological features of the islands of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas and the Northern Coast of Chukotka. Marine Geology. vol. 93, pp. 349 367. ref ref name fujita1 Fujita, K., and D.B. Cook, 1990, The Arctic continental margin of eastern Siberia , in A. Grantz, L. Johnson, and J. F. Sweeney, eds., pp. 289 304, The Arctic Ocean Region. Geology of North America, vol L, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. ref Fauna and Flora There are big bird colonies and a walrus rookery on the island. Rush grass, forb , cryptogam tundra covers the Belkovsky Island. It is tundra consisting mostly of very low growing grasses, rushes, forbs, mosses, lichens, and liverworts. These plants either mostly or completely cover the surface of the ground. The soils are typically moist, fine grained, and often hummocky. ref n ... more details
Image Stolbovoy.PNG thumb right 250px Image Siberia SB.png thumb left 200px Location of Stolbovoy Island Stolbovoy Island lang ru is a long and narrow island off the southwest side of the New Siberian Islands New Siberian archipelago in the eastern part of the Laptev Sea . It is located 184 km away from the Siberian coast and 100 km southwest of Kotelny Island , being thus quite detached from the New Siberian island group, although it belongs to the Lyakhov Islands subgroup of the New Siberian Islands. Stolbovoy Island s area is approximately 170 km . Its length is 47 km and its maximum width is 10 km. There is a 5 km long lake in the northeast of the island. It is separated from the sea by a narrow spit. The highest point of Stolbovoy Island is 222 meters. The island has 15 70 m high rocky cliffs, the lower relief down to the beach being dominated by step like stony structures. It belongs to the Sakha Republic Sakha Republic administrative division of the Russian Federation . The climate in the area is exceptionally severe, with prolonged, bitter winters, so that the waters of the Laptev Sea around Stolbovoy Island are covered by ice most of the year. Geology Tectonically deformed sedimentary rocks that accumulated during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous periods comprise Stolbovoy Island. These turbidite s, which contain the fossil s of Marine ocean marine pelecypod s, consist of beds of sandstone coarsely and rhythmically interbedded with beds of siltstone and argillite . These rocks have been folded into a syncline synclinal structure , thrust faulted, and intruded by small quartz diorite Dike geology dikes . ref name kosko1 Kos ko, M.K., B.G. Lopatin, and V.G. Ganelin, 1990, Major geological features of the islands of the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas and the Northern Coast of Chukotka. Marine Geology. vol. 93, pp. 349 367. ref ref name fujita1 Fujita, K., and D.B. Cook, 1990, The Arctic continental margin of eastern S ... more details
Image Rivi re l Assomption Saint Jean de Matha 2005 08 22.jpg 300px thumb Assomption River at Chutes Monte Peine Park in Matawinie Regional County Municipality, Quebec . The Assomption River in French Rivi re l Assomption , named after the Assumption of Mary is the most important waterway in the Lanaudi re region of Quebec , Canada , is over 200 km long, and has a drainage basin of 4220 km . Its source is the Mont Tremblant massif. Seven significant rivers flow into the Assomption de la Boule, Versailles, Noire, la Chaloupe, Ouareau, Saint Esprit, and Achigan before it flows into the Rivi re des Prairies at Repentigny, Quebec . About 150000 people live in the drainage area of this river. Geography The L Assomption River watershed overlaps two natural environments, the Laurentian Mountains and the St Lawrence lowlands, which cover about a third of the watershed area. Its relief is a uniform plain with some hills from 0 to 100 m dominated by agricultural landuse. The texture of the soil is rather fine and rests on an impermeable Argillite argillaceous clay base. The Laurentian Mountains form part of the Canadian Shield . They are separated from the lowlands by a well defined escarpment that rises about 150 metres. This escarpment has many waterfalls. The Laurentians Mountains have an average height of 230 metres in the south and 460 metres in the north. And there are even mountains of over 600 metres in the Mont Tremblant massif where the L Assomption River forms. Hydrography From north to south the average slope of the river decreases. The steeper slopes of the highlands create a fast current whereas the lowland flats produces a slower flow. Moreover, the river meander s a lot which is especially evident at the town of L Assomption, Quebec L Assomption , almost completely surrounded by a large loop of the river. The L Assomption River watershed has 490 lakes of which 24 have a surface area larger than 1 square kilometre. Most of the lakes are located in the Laurent ... more details
The nihongo Iwate Ichinohe Tunnel Iwate Ichinohe Ton neru is a 25.810 km ref name Yamaji cite journal author Yamaji, H. title World s Longest Terrestrial Railway Tunnel journal jsce int.org year 2001 url http www.jsce int.org civil engineering 2001 longest.pdf ref terrestrial railway tunnel in Japan part of the T hoku Shinkansen , linking Tokyo with Aomori Prefecture Aomori . When opened in 2002 it was the List of tunnels by length longest in use terrestrial land based tunnel in world, but the title was overtaken by the L tschberg Base Tunnel in June 2007. class wikitable style font size 90 margin 5px 5px 0px 10px align right colspan 2 Timeline 1988 Surveying commenced ref name Yamaji August 1991 Construction commenced ref name Nagai cite journal author Nagai, S. title The Iwate Ichinohe Tunnel in the Tohoku Shinkansen Railway Line journal jsce int.org newsletter month September year 2001 url http www.jsce int.org Publication newsletter no6sep2001 nl vol6.htm ref September 2000 Holed through ref name Nagai 1 December 2002 Line opened ref name Kyodo cite news title Shinkansen service extended to Aomori Pref. publisher Kyodo News date 1 December 2002 ref The tunnel is located 545 km away from Tokyo Station on the T hoku Shinkansen line, midway between Morioka, Iwate Morioka and Hachinohe, Aomori Hachinohe . ref name Nagai Surveying commenced in 1988. In 1991 construction began, and the tunnel holed through in 2000. The tunnel became operational when the railway line opened in 2002. Maximum depth is about 200 m. Geography and geology The tunnel passes through hilly terrain near the Kitakami and Ou mountains. The Mabuchi and Kitakami rivers run near the tunnel s Tokyo portal. ref name Yamaji Geology along the tunnel route can be divided into three sections 17 km from the Tokyo end Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata argillite , granodiorite , hornfels and chert 5 km central section Neogene volcanic tuff , which was susceptible to swelling and caus ... more details
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